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BIOL 200 AU > Midterm Review > Flashcards

Midterm Review Flashcards

1
Q

Light

A

electromagnetic radiation that can be detected by the human eye

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2
Q

Photon

A

particles which transmit light

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3
Q

electromagnetic radiation

A

energy that is transmitted at the speed of light through oscillating electric magnetic fields

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4
Q

pigment

A

substanced produced by living organisms that have a colour resulting from selective colour absorption

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5
Q

wavelength

A

horizontal distance between the crests or between the troughs of two adjacent light waves

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6
Q

action spectrum

A

a graph of the rate of biological effectiveness plotted against wavelength of light

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7
Q

absorption spectrum

A

the range of a pigments ability to absorb various wavelengths of light

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8
Q

photoreceptors

A

special cells in the retina that are responsible for converting light signals sent to the brain; rods and cones

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9
Q

eye

A

each pair of globular organs which allows animals to see

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10
Q

rhodopsin

A

a pigment in rod cells which causes light sensitivity

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11
Q

retina

A

produced visual images in the eye

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12
Q

circadian rhythms

A

24 hour biological clock found in many species

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13
Q

bioluminescence

A

the production and emission of light by a living organism

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14
Q

fluorescence

A

material that absorbs light at one wavelength and emits light ar a longer wavelength

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15
Q

the most common photoreceptor for light sensing

A

rhodopsin

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16
Q

possesses enough energy to damage biological molecules

A

short wavelength ultraviolet (UV) radiation

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17
Q

ecological light pollution

A

excessive artificial light at night which can harm night dwelling organisms

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18
Q

cell theory

A
  • are organisms are made of cells
  • cells are the basic units of life
  • cells come from pre-existing cells that may have multiplied
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19
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate; main energy source that cells use to do their work

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20
Q

RNA

A

single stranded nucleic acid containing ribose sugar

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21
Q

DNA

A

one of 3 essential macromolecules; DNA makes RNA protein

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22
Q

proteins

A

nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues

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23
Q

prokaryotes

A

cells that do not contain a nuclei; unicellular organisms

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24
Q

eukaryotes

A

organisms made up of one or more cells that have a necleus and membrane bound organelles

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25
Q

reducing atmosphere

A

an atmospheric condition in which oxidation is prevented by removal of oxygen and other oxidizing gases or vapours, which may contain actively reducing gases such as hydrogen and carbon dioxide

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26
Q

oxidizing atmosphere

A

an atmosphere that contains molecular oxygen

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27
Q

miller-urey experiment

A

experiment that found organic molecules can form in a strongly reducing atmosphere

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28
Q

protobionts

A

collections of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a membrane-like structure

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29
Q

ribozymes

A

RNA molecules that function as enzymes

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30
Q

stromatolites

A

oldest known fossils formed from many layers of bacteria and sediment

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31
Q

panspermia hypothesis

A

building blocks for life came from an asteroid or meteor

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32
Q

nucleus

A

part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and is responsible for growth and development

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33
Q

nucleoid

A

a dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell

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34
Q

theory of endosymbiosis

A

this theory states that cell organelles, like mitochondria, were once tiny, free living organisms that took up pernament residence inside larger prokaryotic organisms

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35
Q

vesicles

A

small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell

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36
Q

exocytosis

A

process of vesicles fusing with the other plasma membrane and releasing their contents to the outside of the cell

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37
Q

endocytosis

A

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

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38
Q

endoplasm resticulum

A

a cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another

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39
Q

golgi complex

A

a cell organelle that helps make and package materials to be transported out of the cell

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40
Q

mitochondria

A

organelle that is the site of ATP/energy production

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41
Q

chloroplast

A

an organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

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42
Q

cytoskeleton

A

a network of long protein strands in the cytosol that helps support the cell

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43
Q

microtubule

A

a hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that make up part of the cytoskeleton eukaryotic cells

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44
Q

intermediate filament

A

a component of the cytoskeleton that includes filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments

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45
Q

microfilament

A

long, thin fibers that function in the movement and support of the cell

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46
Q

flagella

A

a slender threadlike structure, that allows bacteria, and sperm to swim

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47
Q

9+2 structure

A

flagella and cilia have 9+2 tubule arrangements; 9 fused microtubules, 3 unfused microtubules

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48
Q

the earliest life forms

A

anaerobic prokatyotes

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49
Q

Biodiversity

A

the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem

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50
Q

autotroph

A

an organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide

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51
Q

heterotroph

A

organism that obtains energy from the food it consumes; also called a consumer

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52
Q

chemotroph

A

an organism that gets its energy from chemicals taken from the environment

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53
Q

phototroph

A

an organism that gets its energy from sunlight

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54
Q

selection

A

a process in which environmental or genetic influences determine which types of organism thrive better than others

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55
Q

evolution

A

the gradual chance in a species over time

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56
Q

adaptive radiation

A

the diversification of a group of organisms into forms filling different ecological niches

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57
Q

biosphere

A

part of earth in which llife exists including land, water, and air

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58
Q

solar radiation

A

radiant energy emitted by the sun from a nuclear fusiom reaction that creates electromagnetic energy

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59
Q

seasonality

A

a repeated pattern of spikes and drops in weather at certain times of the year

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60
Q

air circulation

A

air is always trying to equalize pressure and temperature

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61
Q

coriolis effect

A

the effect of earths rotation on the direction of winds and currents

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62
Q

adiabatic cooling

A

the cooling effect of reduced pressure on air as it rises higher in the atmosphere

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63
Q

maritime climate

A

temperature range is small, and precipitation is high

64
Q

continental climate

A

dry with very hot summers and very cold winters

65
Q

monsoon

A

seasonal wind

66
Q

microclimate

A

climate within an area which significantly differs from the climate of the surrounding area

67
Q

producers

A

organisms that make their own food, such as plants

68
Q

consumers

A

an organism that obtains energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains

69
Q

decomposers

A

organisms that break down the dead remains of other organisms

70
Q

potential energy

A

stored energy that results from the position or shape of an object

71
Q

kinetic energy

A

the energy an object has due to its motion

72
Q

thermodynamics

A

the transfer of enrgy from one plaec to another and one form to another

73
Q

entropy

A

a measure of disorder or randomness

74
Q

enthalpy

A

the heat content of a system at constant pressure

75
Q

free energy

A

energy that is available to do work

76
Q

spontaneous reaction

A

energy that will proceed without any outside energy

77
Q

exothermic

A

chemical reaction in which energy is primarily given off in the form of heat

78
Q

endothermic

A

a reaction that ABSORBS energy in the form of heat

79
Q

catabolic pathway

A

a metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds

80
Q

anabolic pathway

A

a metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler compounds

81
Q

energy coupling

A

the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction

82
Q

enzymes

A

proteins that speed up chemical reactions

83
Q

activation energy

A

the minimum amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction

84
Q

active site

A

a region of an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction

85
Q

co-factor

A

non-protein compound that interacts with another substance to facilittate a transformation

86
Q

co-enzyme

A

a small molcule, sometimes a vitamin, essential for the activity of some enzymes

87
Q

non-competitive inhibition

A

substances that ttach to the binding site of an enzyme other than active site, causing a loss of affinity for its substrate

88
Q

allosteric regulation

A

when a proteins function at one site is affected by the binding of a regulatory molecule to a seperare site

89
Q

feedback inhibition

A

a method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathwat acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway

90
Q

what are the two forms that energy exists in

A

potential and kinetic energy

91
Q

two forms of metabolic reaction

A

catabolic reaction (release energy) and anabolic reaction (use energy)

92
Q

plasma membrane

A

the membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier

93
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

structural model of the plasma membrane where molecules are free to move within a lipid bilayer

94
Q

mombrane asymmetry

A

lipids are unequally distributed between leaflets

95
Q

phospholipids

A

a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule

96
Q

hydrophillic

A

attracted to water

97
Q

hydrophobic

A

water fearing

98
Q

amphipathic bilayer

A

contains both polar and nonpolar parts

99
Q

membrane fluidity

A

the property by which most of the plasma membrane lipids and proteins easily rotate and move side ways in their own hald of the lipid bilayer

100
Q

integral membrane proteins

A

proteins that are at least partially embedded in the plasma membrane

101
Q

peripheral membrane proteins

A

proteins associated with but not embedded within the plasma membrane

102
Q

cholesterol

A

a sterol lipid found in body cells and animal products

103
Q

passive transport

A

requires NO ENERGY; movement of molecules from high to low gradient

104
Q

channel proteins

A

provide corridors that allow a specific molecule or ion to cross the membrane

105
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

106
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

107
Q

active membrane transport

A

requires ATP

108
Q

proton pump

A

an active transport protein that uses ATP to transport hydrogen ions out of a cell AGAINST their concentration gradient

109
Q

exchange diffusion

A

a secondary active transport mechanism in which a molecule moves through a membrane channel into a cell and powers the active transport of a second molecule out of a cell

110
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

the diffusion gradient of an ion, which is affected by the concentration difference of an ion across a membrane

111
Q

aquaporins

A

water channel proteins

112
Q

symport

A

two molecules travel in the SAME direction

113
Q

antiport

A

two substances move in OPPOSITE directions

114
Q

membrane potential

A

the voltage difference across a membrane

115
Q

diffusion

A

movement of molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration

116
Q

desaturases

A

adds double bonds

117
Q

carrier proteins

A

a protein that transports substances across a cell membrane

118
Q

exocytosis

A

release of substances out of a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane

119
Q

endocytosis

A

cell takes in materal by the infolding of the cell membrane

120
Q

receptor mediated endocytosis

A

uptake of specific molecules based on receptor proteins

121
Q

pinocytosis

A

cell drinking ; takes in fluid along with particles

122
Q

phagocytosis

A

cell eating ; takes in other cells or particles

123
Q

cellular respiration

A

process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

124
Q

redox reaction

A

a chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another ; oxidation reduction reaction

125
Q

NADH

A

electron carrier that stores energy used to make ATP

126
Q

Glycolysis

A

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid

127
Q

citric acid cycle / krebs cycle

A

completes the breakdown of glucose

128
Q

pyruvate oxidation

A

conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and CO2 that occurs in the mitochondrial matrix in the presence of oxygen

129
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

the production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; third major stage of cellular respiration

130
Q

electron transport chain

A

series of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high energy electrons duirng ATP generating reactions

131
Q

chemiosmosis

A

the use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work

132
Q

mitochondrion

A

singular version of mitochondria; makes energy

133
Q

ATP synthase

A

enzyme that catalyzies the reaction that adds a high energy phosphate group to ADP to form ATP

134
Q

ATP synthesis in cellular respiration occurs via

A

substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation

135
Q

uncoupling

A

a dissociation between mitochondrial membrane potential generation and its use for mitochondria dependent ATP synthesis

136
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

respiration that does NOT require oxygen

137
Q

strict anaerobes

A

an organisms that can only live in environments that lack oxygen

138
Q

strict aerobes

A

can only grow/survive in oxygen

139
Q

faculative anaerobes

A

can survive with or without oxygen

140
Q

fermentation

A

process by which cells release energy in the absense of oxygen

141
Q

photosynthesis

A

conversion of light energy from the sn into chemical energy

142
Q

light reactions

A

the steps in photosyntheiss that occur in the presence of light; converts solar energy into chemical energy of ATP and NADPH

143
Q

dark reactions / calvin cycle

A

second step of photosyntheis where chemical energy is used to make sugar (glucose)

144
Q

thylakoid

A

a memnrane system within the chloroplast that contains the components for photosynthesis

145
Q

inductive resonance

A

the energy of the excited electron is transferred to a neighbouring pigments molecule and the first molecule returns to its ground state

146
Q

carotenoids

A

an accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, found in the cholorplast

147
Q

photosystem I

A

a light capturing unit in a chloroplasts thylakoid membrane; has two molecules of P700 chlorophyll

148
Q

photosystem II

A

light capturing unit in chloroplast; has two molecules of P680 chlorophyll

149
Q

antenna complex

A

part of a photosystem, containing an array of chlorophyll molecules and accessory pigments ; recieves light energy

150
Q

reaction center

A

a complex of proteins and pigments that contains the primary electron acceptor

151
Q

cyclic electron transport

A

in light reactions, the flow of electrons that produces ATP but does not produce NADPH or O2

152
Q

rubisco

A

an enzyme in chloroplasts involved in fixing atmospheric carbon dioxdide during photosynthesis

153
Q

photorespiration

A

a metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen, releases carbon dioxide, and does not generate ATP ; occurs on hot and dry days

154
Q

C4 pathway

A

a carbon fixing process in which carbon dioxide is bound to a compound to form a four carbon intermediate

155
Q

CAM pathway

A

a water conserving carbon fixing process ; CAM plants take in carbon at night and fix it into various organic compounds to be released during the day

156
Q

PEP carboxylase

A

an enzyme that adds carbon dioxide to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to from oxaloacetete

157
Q

what are the two steps of photosynthesis

A

light reactions and dark reactions (calvin cycle)

BIOL 200 AU (1 decks)

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