Midterm Review Flashcards
Who was the Enlightenment philosopher who published “Letter on the Blind for the Use of Those Who See” in 1749, which laid the foundation for the education of blind students?
Denis Diderot
Who established the Institute for Blind Youths in Paris in 1784, the goal being to provide opportunities for the blind to be educated and employed?
Valentin Huay
Who was the first student at Huay’s institute?
Francois Lesueur
Who developed the six-dot code known as braille?
Louis Braille
Who was the inventor of a braille typewriter which became a significant factor in establishing the dominance of braille over other embossed codes?
Frank H Hall
Who was the founder of what became the Perkins Institute, and supported the first program for the deafblind (Laura Bridgman). His notes on techniques for teaching students with deafblindness helped Anne Sullivan teach Helen Keller.
Samuel Gridley Howe
Who was the first blind graduate of the UW and wrote a book called “The War of the Dots” about the standardization of an embossed code? Director of VI program for Cleveland schools, separated totally blind and low vision students. Did research on the ideal size of print for persons with low vision.
Robert B. Irwin
Who was probably the most famous deafblind person in history, first blind person to receive a degree from Radcliffe, worked at AFB as a fundraiser and remained a staff member there until her death. She was a lecturer and writer and advocated for social and civil rights. Gave sighted people proof that the blind and deaf were quite capable of doing anything.
Helen Keller
Who wrote “Textbook on the Education of the Blind” which described a harness for a guide dog and a training method resembling those used today. Wrote extensively on his theories, which included placing children who were blind in local school programs
Johann Wilhelm Klein
Graduate of Perkins, was instrumental in teaching Helen Keller, remained Helen’s teacher, companion and guide until her death.
Anne Sullivan Macy
Who was the educational consultant at AFB who conducted studies of programs for preschool children who were blind, and revealed uneven quality of services.
Georgie Lee Abel
Whose research recognized the advantages of encouraging use of low vision by students with visual impairments, which resulted in expanded services for these students? She initiated one of the first TSVI programs. Coined the term “visual efficiency?” Proved that sight saving was not appropriate, but that eyesight could be improved through use.
Natalie Carter Barraga
Who was an advocate of day school programs for the education of children who were blind, and taught classes in such a program in Chicago in 1900, the first well-organized, planned VI resource room. Original problems: Didn’t group students with like vision loss together, employed some sight saving techniques
John Curtis
Who was the O&M instructor who wrote an essential textbook for the field as well as the “Hill Performance Test of Selected Positional Concepts.” He re-created the O&M process to make them appropriate for young children.
Everett “Butch” Hill
Who wrote “Our Blind Children” and “the Changing Status of the Blind.” Was superintendent of CA school for the blind and conducted research around the use of recorded books. Leader in talking books, wrote about three basic limitations imposed on people with blindness
Berthold Lowenfeld
Who was the professor of mathematics who created the Nemeth Code for Math and Science Notation, which became the official code for US, Canada, and New Zealand.
Abraham Nemeth
Who edited/wrote the Foundations of Education for Blind and Visually Handicapped Children and Youth: Theory and Practice, the first textbook published for preservice TSVIs.
Geraldine Scholl
Who headed the special education section of the US Department of Education and helped develop funding for university programs to establish TSVI training programs. Advocated for public day schools for students with VI in New Jersey.
Josephine L Taylor
What were the first three US residential schools for the blind?
New England Asylum by Samuel Gridley Howe in 1829, New York Institution in 1831, and Pennsylvania Institution in 1832.
The first school for the blind established with state funds was in which state?
Ohio, 1837
In 1871, at the convention of the American Association of Instructors of the Blind, for what did Samuel Gridley Howe advocate?
He advocated for public day school education in all subjects not requiring visible illustration
How did the programs for African American students with VI compare to the programs for white students?
Education followed the integration/segregation pattern of the geographic area. Generally programs for African American had inferior equipment, materials, and teachers had limited access to training.
When and where were the first classes in public schools for students with VI?
Chicago, 1900
When did some high school students with VI begin to attend classes at their local public high schools?
1930s
When was the RLF/ROP epidemic?
1940s - 1954
What was the cause of RLF/ROP?
Oxygen administration to premature babies
The RLF population changed education for children with VI due to which three factors?
- Sheer number - many communities had enough students with VI to justify a teacher & resources. 2. Upper class advocacy - many students with ROP were from middle/upper class families that didn’t want their children sent away for school and exerted pressure on local school boards. 3. Readiness - other day schools had already been established and were successful.
What was the Pine Brook Report (1954)?
A monograph that addressed the “problem” of education children with VI and gave clear definitions of several approaches to the education of students with VI.
What were the three approaches included in the Pine Brook Report?
The Cooperative Plan - VI room is main room, but student goes to regular ed part of the day. Integrated Plan - regular ed room is main room, but TSVI and resource room are available to help teachers adapt and provide specialized instruction. Itinerant Teacher Plan - regular ed room is main room, needs are met through cooperative efforts of gen ed teacher and itinerant teacher.
When did O & M instruction begin?
1965
How did the role of residential schools for students with VI change in the mid 1950s?
Decline in enrollment of VI only students, more students with multiple disabilities. Students from rural areas may have to attend residential schools since there were’t enough students with VI to provide services at their local schools.
Definition of LRE?
the concept that children with disabilities ought to be educated alongside their typically developing peers to the maximum extent possible
Early term from IDEA (1975) that meant to include students with disabilities in education alongside their peers - originally looked like students with VI in their own room most of the day except lunch and recess.
Integration
In 1980, the term integration was changed to…
Mainstreaming, which meant placement in a regular classroom with nondisabled classmates, often for non-academic subjects.
Late in the 1980’s, mainstreaming was changed to…
Inclusion, which meant that a child with a disability spends the majority of the day in the regular ed classroom.
Challenge of providing services in a public schools setting: Providing instruction to all students in the areas of…
…the expanded core curriculum
Challenge of providing services in a public schools setting: Ensuring that all instructional materials are…
… accessible to students with visual impairments
Challenge of providing services in a public schools setting: Ensuring that students with VI have high-quality instruction …
by qualified teachers in all areas of the curriculum
Challenge of providing services in a public schools setting: Serving students effectively in…
…rural and sparsely populated regions
Challenge of providing services in a public schools setting: Obtaining an adequate supply of…
…appropriately trained teachers
Edward Alan observed what practice related to the education of students with VI in France, which he initiated in the US in 1913?
Separating braille reading students from those who could use vision to read and write. Students with all degrees of vision were no longer kept together.
What is the legal definition of blindness?
Central VA of 20/200 or less with corrective glasses, or visual field defect that widest visual field is no greater than 20 degrees in the better eye.
What is the visual acuity of students with “partial sight”?
20/70 - 20/200
What was the thought between “sight-saving” or “sight-conservation” classes?
Instructors thought that vision could be “used up.” School activities alternated between using eyes and resting eyes.
What was the problem with using just the determination of “legal blindness” to assign services?
Some students with low vision were taught as though they had no vision, ophthalmologists were prescribing braille to all with legal blindness even if students had vision, “one size fits all” never fits anyone!
What did Barraga’s landmark study in 1964 find?
In people with low vision, a program of visual stimulation could improve the utilization of remaining vision.
How did Barraga’s study affect the education of students with VI?
Educators used a functional definition of vision rather than using just the legal definition. Definition of partial sight was broadened, so more students could use vision as their primary avenue of learning rather than being automatically assigned braille.
Up through the 1950’s, why were students under the age of 14 with low vision rarely provided with optical devices?
Eye doctors were reluctant to provide expensive devices while a child’s eyes were still growing.
How did the role of the optometrist change in the 1960’s and 70’s?
In the 1950’s optometrists were considered to have less professional experience, and students with low vision were referred only to ophthalmologists. But after Barraga’s study, optometrists became important to help provide optical devices and lenses for children.
Clinical low vision evaluation vs. functional low vision assessment?
Clinical low vision assessment is conducted by a licensed eye care specialist, functional low vision assessment conducted by professionals in education
Who developed the first point system for reading and writing in the dark (6 dots high and two dots wide)?
Charles Barbier
When did Louis Braille develop his braille code system?
1834, by the age of 25
How was New York Point (William Wait) different from braille?
it was two points high, one to four points wide, and smaller points were assigned to more frequently occurring letters
How was American braille (Joel Smith) different from braille?
Same number of points, but assigned letter based on frequency of occurrence
How was British Revised braille different from braille?
Three levels, the third level is highly contracted
In 1912, after surveying 1200 blind American and British readers, what system of braille was found to be the most preferred among them?
British Revised… but the Uniform Type Committee would not accept many of the grade 2 contractions and called it Grade 1 1/2 (aka Standard Dot)
Who was the first director of the AFB, who was a supporter of braille and one who wanted to end the controversy surrounding the adoption of a single code?
Robert Irwin
Which philanthropist was willing to invest money that would result in the adoption of braille?
MC Migel
When was the conference that led to the production of the handbook for Standard English Braille?
1932
BANA - What & when?
1976, Braille Authority of North America
UEB - What and when?
Unified English Braille Code, implemented in 2016 on birthdate of Louis Braille.
When were LMAs implemented?
1990’s
Why were many students with VI graduating in 1970s and 80s with very low print reading rates?
Many were print readers with low vision, that may have been able to read more efficiently using braille, difficult to implement wider braille instruction due to many factors.
What were the three tenets upon which residential schools for the blind were originally structured upon?
- each child must be considered an individual, 2. curriculum should conform as closely as possible to gen ed (emphasis on music and crafts??) and 3. students must be prepared to take their places in the social and economic lives of the community
What is a sheltered workshop?
Provided employment and shelter to people with disabilities, work environment was controlled to minimize the impact of disability on employee success
What were the two factors important in describing the curriculum/academic success of early schools for the blind?
- Schools could be highly selective, so chose the students with most academic potential. 2. Few TSVIs so teachers were grounded more in subject matter than special ed
What two areas of employment were common for blind students not pursuing post-high school education?
Piano tuning and basket weaving
What is the ECC?
Body of knowledge beyond the core academic curriculum that students with VI need to learn in order to lead full, independent lives.
What are the 9 ECC areas?
- Assistive technology, 2. Career education, 3. Compensatory and functional academic skills, 4. Independent living skills, 5. Orientation and mobility, 6. Recreation and leisure skills, 7. Self-determination, 8. Sensory efficiency skills, 9. Social interaction skills
What event(s) drove the need for a formalized program of O & M training?
World War II/ Pearl Harbor
What was the tactile reading and writing system developed by Valentin Huay?
Raised modified letters
Describe “foot travel instruction” prior to the 1960’s?
Instructors were usually blind, no canes/devices
How did the use of white canes become prominent?
Cane use rather than guide dogs was the norm at the training centers for veterans, also state white can laws which required drivers to yield the right of way
When did O&M (formerly peripatologist) training begin in summer institutes at universities?
late 1950’
When and where was the first university O & M training program?
Boston College, 1960
