MIDTERM REVIEW Flashcards
Human geography
branch of geography that studies people and their communities, cultures, economies, and interactions with the environment by studying their relations across space and place
Human geo focus 1
how people make places
human geo focus 2
how we organize space and society
human geo focus 3
how we interact with each other
human geo focus 4
how we make sense of ourselves and others
map
flat scale model of the real world
physical reference map
shows physical features of a place
political reference map
shows boundaries, major cities, and capitals
thematic map
tells story of distribution of certain geographic phenomena around the world
mental map
person’s perception of their area of interaction
activity space
person’s area of interaction
scale
ratio of distance on a map vs real world
ratio/fraction scale
1:800, 1/800
written scale
1 inch equals 800 miles
graphic scale
marked bar line to show distance on earth’s surface
map projection
transformation of locations from the surface of a sphere into locations on a plane
all map projections:
distort the surface in some way
mercator projection
standard rectangular map projection with most distortion around the poles
Goode homolosine projection
projection that zig zags so that it can be wrapped into a sphere
Robinson projection
map projection with rounded edges
geographic grid
system of imaginary arcs drawn in a grid pattern on earths surface
meridians
arcs drawn between the north and south poles
longitude
numbered system of meridians
0º longitude
pime meridian
180º longitude
international date line
parallel
arcs drawn between parallel to the equator
latitude
numbered system of parallels
0º latitude
equator
latitude range
0º to 90º
longitude range
0º to 180º
time zone
region of the globe that recognizes uniform standard time for legal, commercial, and social purposes
UCT (universal coordinated time)
time at the prime meridian
GIS (geographic informational system)
system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present spatial or geographic data
remote sensing
acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object
GPS (global positioning system)
global navigation satellite system that provides geolocation and time information to receivers anywhere on or near Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to 4+ satellites
place
point on earth
region
area on earth defined by one or more distinctive characteristics
location
the position that something occupies on earths surface
toponym
name given to a place
site
physical character of a place
situation
location of a place relative to other places
cultural landscape
combination of cultural features, physical features, and economic features
formal region
area in which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics
vernacular region
place that people believe exists as part if their cultural identity
functional region
area organized around a focal point
culture
customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that are distinct tradition of a group of people
environmental determinism
physical environment determines the outcome to trajectory of human social development
possibilism
physical environment may limit some human actions, but people have the ability to adjust their environment
globalization
force or process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope
diffusion
the process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over time
hearth
the place from which innovation originates
relocation diffusion
spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another
expansion diffusion
the spread of a feature from one place to another in a snowballing process
expansion diffusion processes
hierarchical diffusion, contagious diffusion, stimulus diffusion
resource
substance in the environment that is useful to people, economically and technologically feasible to access, and socially acceptable to use
renewable resource
produced in nature more rapidly than it is consumed by humans
nonrenewable resource
produced in nature more slowly that it is consumed by humans
demography
social science which entails the statistical study of human populations
RNI (rate of natural increase)
statistic that expressed a country or region’s annual growth rate
RNI expressed as
percentage
RNI calculated
CBR - CDR
TFR (total fertility rate)
synthetic rate that expresses the fertility of a country or region, average number of children a woman will have
TFR 1
halving rate
TFR 2
replacement rate
TFR 4
doubling rate
young/old population
proportion of young people (under 15) compared to the proportion of old people (65+), illustrated by population pyramids
dependency ratio
young and old populations combined
population pyramid
visual representation that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population
rapid growth pop. pyramid
pyramid shape
slow/stable growth pop. pyramid
roughly even all the way through the graph
negative growth pop. pyramid
upside down pyramid shape
life expectancy
average number of years a person is expected to live from birth
indicator of how healthy a pop. set is:
life expectancy
DT (demographic transition)
transition from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as a country develops from pre industrial to post industrial
stage 1 demographic transition
pre industrial
stage 2 demographic transition
early industrial
stage 3 demographic transition
late industrial
stage 4 demographic transition
post industrial
infant mortality rate
number of deaths of infants under 1 in a given year per 1000 live births
epidemic/pandemic disease
results in high mortality rates which prohibit progress in demographic transition
epidemiologic transition
distinctive health traits in each stage of the demographic transition
