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Cognitive Neuroscience > Midterm Review > Flashcards

Midterm Review Flashcards

1
Q

Alcemaeon - (___ BC) First neuroscientist, real observations of anatomy through ____.

A

450

dissection

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2
Q

Hippocrates - (___ BC) First physician who took a ____ approach to medicine.

A

452

scientific

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3
Q

Hippocrates disproved idea of epilepsy as ____ - proposed ____ instead.

A

possession

physiological basis

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4
Q

Aristotle - (____ BC) Performed systematic study of ____ via dissecting 49 different animals.

A

450

animal behavior

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5
Q

Aristotle thought ____ was seat of sensation.

A

heart

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6
Q

Aristotle believed the heart was the seat of sensation because the heart is affected by ____, all animals have one, source of ____, connected through ____, essential for life, formed first, centralized.

A

emotion
blood
blood vessels (he couldn’t understand nerve fibers)

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7
Q

Galen (____ AD) - 1st to produce ____, first ____ experiments (in pigs).

A

129-199
accurate anatomical drawing of brain (of an ox)
lesion

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8
Q

Galen believed the soul/mind located in ____ because essense of “self”/”soul”/”spirit” is a kind of gas that needs housing.

A

ventricles

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9
Q

Medieval times - ____ AD

A

199-1200

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10
Q

Medieval cell doctrine - ventricles had assigned jobs: ____ in front, ____ in middle, ____ in back. Supports “____” idea from church of this time.

A

common sense
reason/thought
memories
non material nature of the soul

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11
Q

Andreas Vesalius (____) - neuroanatomy through ____

A

1514-1564

dissection

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12
Q

Andreas Vesalius’ book was called ____.

A

Making of the human body

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13
Q

Andreas Vesalius was known for doing ____.

A

public dissections

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14
Q

Thomas Willis (____) - wrote an anatomy book with brain drawing by ____ that was so accurate it looks the same as drawings today.

A

1664

Christopher Wren

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15
Q

Descartes (____) - soul lives in ____ because it is the only part that is singular.

A

1662

pineal gland

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16
Q

Gall and Spurzheim (____) - founded ____.

A

early 1800s

Phrenology

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17
Q

Broca (____) - localization of ____ (studied patient called Tan, found lesion on ____)

A

1824-1880
speech
left hemisphere in frontal lobe

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18
Q

Phineas Gage - Railroad worker who got spike through ____. His ____ memory was affected. He died from ____. We learned that frontal lobe is probably responsible for certain aspects of ____ and ____.

A 
frontal lobe
long-term
a seizure
personality
inhibition
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19
Q

TMS is used to simulate temporary ____.

A

lesions

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20
Q

The homunculus was discovered through use of ____.

A

DBS

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21
Q

Letvin (____) recorded from cells in the retina of ____. He found that their retinal cells respond to ____.

A

1959
frogs
small, moving objects

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22
Q

Hubel and Wiesal (____) discovered ____ in felines.

A

1962

ocular dominance columns/visuospatial cell organization

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23
Q

Telencephalon

A

Neocortex

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24
Q

Diencephalon

A

Limbic system

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25
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Midbrain

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26
Q

Metencephalon

A

Brainstem/Cerebellum

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27
Q

Myelencephalon

A

Spinal cord

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28
Q

Entorhinal cortex function

A

Primal sensory brain

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29
Q

Thalamus function

A

Sensory relay

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30
Q

Amygdala function (2)

A

Emotion detection

Fear response

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31
Q

Superior colliculus function

A

Receives visual input

Orients eyes when moving head

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32
Q

Hebb (____) - Neurons that ____ together, ____ together.

A

1949
fire
wire

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33
Q

William James (____)

A

1892

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34
Q

Rosenblatt (____) proposed ____.

A

1958

perceptron

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35
Q

Anderson (____) took perceptron and organized it into ____.

A

1980s

a neural network

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36
Q

The left hemisphere is ____, ____, and ____.

A

logical
calculating
linguistic

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37
Q

The right hemisphere is ____, ____, ____.

A

Emotional
Holistic
Intuitive

38
Q

The left hemisphere has more ____, and the right has more ____.

A

gray matter

white matter

39
Q

Speech is lateralized to the ____.

A

left hemisphere

40
Q

Visual motor tasks and face recognition are lateralized to the ____.

A

right hemisphere

41
Q

Aperceptive agnosia

A

Inability to recognize shape/form (triangle vs. circle)

42
Q

Associative agnosia

A

Inability to recognize objects (wife vs. hat)

43
Q

Dyscalculia is caused by damage to the ____.

A

left angular gyrus

44
Q

Capgras syndrome

A

Loved one is an imposter

45
Q

Emotion crosses the midline through the ____.

A

anterior commissure

46
Q

Sperry and Gazzaniga studied ____ through ____ (3) responses to questions

A

split-brain patients

visual/verbal/tactile

47
Q

Gazzaniga and LeDoux studied ____ through ____ responses to questions.

A

emotion processing

verbal

48
Q

In alien hand syndrome, the ____ has self-harm intentions and the ____ tried to inhibit them.

A

right hemisphere

left

49
Q

Gazzaniga and LeDoux discovered that the left hemisphere ____ when it doesn’t know an answer.

A

improvises/lies

50
Q

The ____ hemisphere is better at statistics because it is ____.

A

right

unbiased

51
Q

Marr (____) proposed that the purpose of vision was to ____.

A

1982

create a 3D representation of 2D input

52
Q

Gibson (____) proposed that the purpose of vision was to ____.

A

1966

interact with the world

53
Q

____ infers that an object is approaching.

A

Asymmetrical expansion

awful baseball pun

54
Q

Gibson vs. Marr
Subcortical (,)
General purpose (,)
Flexible (,)

A

+,-

  • ,+
  • ,+
55
Q

Focal length of the eye

A

17mm

56
Q

A diopeter a unit of ____ that is equal to the reciprocal of the ____ of a given lens

A 
refractive power
focal length (in meters)
57
Q

Cornea diopeters

A

42

58
Q

Lens diopeters

A

15-20

59
Q

The ____ controls the quantity of light in the eye.

A

pupil

60
Q

The ____ absorbs excess light and minimizes scatter within the eye.

A

pigment epithelium

61
Q

Tapetum

A

Present in some animals

Scatters light

62
Q

Rods work best at ____nm.

A

500

63
Q

Cones sense ____.

A

RGB

64
Q

L cones work best at ____nm.

A

550

65
Q

M cones work best at ____nm.

A

535

66
Q

S cones work best at ____nm.

A

419

67
Q

RGB = ____.

Red/Green/Blue

A

LMS

Long/Medium/Short

68
Q

Scotopic vision uses ____.

A

rods

69
Q

Photopic vision uses ____.

A

cones

70
Q

Mesopic vision uses ____.

A

rods and cones

71
Q

Purkinje effect:

____ changes as ____.

A

Relative color brightness

light decreases

72
Q

The magnocellular pathway is ____.

A

dorsal

rods/motion/where

73
Q

The parvocellular pathway is ____.

A

ventral

cones/form/color/where

74
Q

LGN parvocellular layers

A

4

75
Q

LGN magnocellular pathways

A

2

76
Q

A decrease in ____ allows the visual system to notice changes.

A

redundancy

77
Q

Gestalt approach

A

Whole > sum of parts

78
Q

(____)

Good figure principle

A

Pragnanz

Stimuli are perceived as simply as possible

79
Q

Similarity principle

A

Objects of similar shape/color/orientation should be grouped

80
Q

Proximity principle

A

Objects in close proximity to each other should be grouped

81
Q

Common fate principle

A

Objects of similary trajectory should be grouped

82
Q

Meaningfulness and familiarity principle

A

Groups should look similar/familiar

83
Q

Attention is primarily a ____ process.

A

serial

84
Q

Marr’s bottom-up approach

A

3D objects are built from 2D perceptions such as edges and shadows

85
Q

Biederman (____) recognition by components

A

1986

Geons pieced together

86
Q

Poggio and Edelman (____) Image-based models

A

1991

3D representation constructed from multiple 2D images

87
Q

Yuille and Kersten (____)

A

2009

Essentially feature-analysis theory

88
Q

Bayesian models are ____, relying on ____.

A

both top-down/bottom-up

statistical experience

89
Q

Hinton/LeCun (____)

A

2012

convolutional neural networks

90
Q

Convolutional neural networks extract features through ____.

A

image compression

91
Q

Convolutional neural networks are trained by ____.

A

error feedback loops

92
Q

Change blindess is the result of ____.

A

distraction and efficiency of attention

Cognitive Neuroscience (1 decks)

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