Midterm Review Flashcards
Alcemaeon - (___ BC) First neuroscientist, real observations of anatomy through ____.
450
dissection
Hippocrates - (___ BC) First physician who took a ____ approach to medicine.
452
scientific
Hippocrates disproved idea of epilepsy as ____ - proposed ____ instead.
possession
physiological basis
Aristotle - (____ BC) Performed systematic study of ____ via dissecting 49 different animals.
450
animal behavior
Aristotle thought ____ was seat of sensation.
heart
Aristotle believed the heart was the seat of sensation because the heart is affected by ____, all animals have one, source of ____, connected through ____, essential for life, formed first, centralized.
emotion
blood
blood vessels (he couldn’t understand nerve fibers)
Galen (____ AD) - 1st to produce ____, first ____ experiments (in pigs).
129-199
accurate anatomical drawing of brain (of an ox)
lesion
Galen believed the soul/mind located in ____ because essense of “self”/”soul”/”spirit” is a kind of gas that needs housing.
ventricles
Medieval times - ____ AD
199-1200
Medieval cell doctrine - ventricles had assigned jobs: ____ in front, ____ in middle, ____ in back. Supports “____” idea from church of this time.
common sense
reason/thought
memories
non material nature of the soul
Andreas Vesalius (____) - neuroanatomy through ____
1514-1564
dissection
Andreas Vesalius’ book was called ____.
Making of the human body
Andreas Vesalius was known for doing ____.
public dissections
Thomas Willis (____) - wrote an anatomy book with brain drawing by ____ that was so accurate it looks the same as drawings today.
1664
Christopher Wren
Descartes (____) - soul lives in ____ because it is the only part that is singular.
1662
pineal gland
Gall and Spurzheim (____) - founded ____.
early 1800s
Phrenology
Broca (____) - localization of ____ (studied patient called Tan, found lesion on ____)
1824-1880
speech
left hemisphere in frontal lobe
Phineas Gage - Railroad worker who got spike through ____. His ____ memory was affected. He died from ____. We learned that frontal lobe is probably responsible for certain aspects of ____ and ____.
frontal lobe long-term a seizure personality inhibition
TMS is used to simulate temporary ____.
lesions
The homunculus was discovered through use of ____.
DBS
Letvin (____) recorded from cells in the retina of ____. He found that their retinal cells respond to ____.
1959
frogs
small, moving objects
Hubel and Wiesal (____) discovered ____ in felines.
1962
ocular dominance columns/visuospatial cell organization
Telencephalon
Neocortex
Diencephalon
Limbic system
Mesencephalon
Midbrain
Metencephalon
Brainstem/Cerebellum
Myelencephalon
Spinal cord
Entorhinal cortex function
Primal sensory brain
Thalamus function
Sensory relay
Amygdala function (2)
Emotion detection
Fear response
Superior colliculus function
Receives visual input
Orients eyes when moving head
Hebb (____) - Neurons that ____ together, ____ together.
1949
fire
wire
William James (____)
1892
Rosenblatt (____) proposed ____.
1958
perceptron
Anderson (____) took perceptron and organized it into ____.
1980s
a neural network
The left hemisphere is ____, ____, and ____.
logical
calculating
linguistic
The right hemisphere is ____, ____, ____.
Emotional
Holistic
Intuitive
The left hemisphere has more ____, and the right has more ____.
gray matter
white matter
Speech is lateralized to the ____.
left hemisphere
Visual motor tasks and face recognition are lateralized to the ____.
right hemisphere
Aperceptive agnosia
Inability to recognize shape/form (triangle vs. circle)
Associative agnosia
Inability to recognize objects (wife vs. hat)
Dyscalculia is caused by damage to the ____.
left angular gyrus
Capgras syndrome
Loved one is an imposter
Emotion crosses the midline through the ____.
anterior commissure
Sperry and Gazzaniga studied ____ through ____ (3) responses to questions
split-brain patients
visual/verbal/tactile
Gazzaniga and LeDoux studied ____ through ____ responses to questions.
emotion processing
verbal
In alien hand syndrome, the ____ has self-harm intentions and the ____ tried to inhibit them.
right hemisphere
left
Gazzaniga and LeDoux discovered that the left hemisphere ____ when it doesn’t know an answer.
improvises/lies
The ____ hemisphere is better at statistics because it is ____.
right
unbiased
Marr (____) proposed that the purpose of vision was to ____.
1982
create a 3D representation of 2D input
Gibson (____) proposed that the purpose of vision was to ____.
1966
interact with the world
____ infers that an object is approaching.
Asymmetrical expansion
awful baseball pun
Gibson vs. Marr
Subcortical (,)
General purpose (,)
Flexible (,)
+,-
- ,+
- ,+
Focal length of the eye
17mm
A diopeter a unit of ____ that is equal to the reciprocal of the ____ of a given lens
refractive power focal length (in meters)
Cornea diopeters
42
Lens diopeters
15-20
The ____ controls the quantity of light in the eye.
pupil
The ____ absorbs excess light and minimizes scatter within the eye.
pigment epithelium
Tapetum
Present in some animals
Scatters light
Rods work best at ____nm.
500
Cones sense ____.
RGB
L cones work best at ____nm.
550
M cones work best at ____nm.
535
S cones work best at ____nm.
419
RGB = ____.
Red/Green/Blue
LMS
Long/Medium/Short
Scotopic vision uses ____.
rods
Photopic vision uses ____.
cones
Mesopic vision uses ____.
rods and cones
Purkinje effect:
____ changes as ____.
Relative color brightness
light decreases
The magnocellular pathway is ____.
dorsal
rods/motion/where
The parvocellular pathway is ____.
ventral
cones/form/color/where
LGN parvocellular layers
4
LGN magnocellular pathways
2
A decrease in ____ allows the visual system to notice changes.
redundancy
Gestalt approach
Whole > sum of parts
(____)
Good figure principle
Pragnanz
Stimuli are perceived as simply as possible
Similarity principle
Objects of similar shape/color/orientation should be grouped
Proximity principle
Objects in close proximity to each other should be grouped
Common fate principle
Objects of similary trajectory should be grouped
Meaningfulness and familiarity principle
Groups should look similar/familiar
Attention is primarily a ____ process.
serial
Marr’s bottom-up approach
3D objects are built from 2D perceptions such as edges and shadows
Biederman (____) recognition by components
1986
Geons pieced together
Poggio and Edelman (____) Image-based models
1991
3D representation constructed from multiple 2D images
Yuille and Kersten (____)
2009
Essentially feature-analysis theory
Bayesian models are ____, relying on ____.
both top-down/bottom-up
statistical experience
Hinton/LeCun (____)
2012
convolutional neural networks
Convolutional neural networks extract features through ____.
image compression
Convolutional neural networks are trained by ____.
error feedback loops
Change blindess is the result of ____.
distraction and efficiency of attention
