Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 302 > Midterm Review > Flashcards

Midterm Review Flashcards

1
Q

Order the following metric system units in order from largest to smallest:

Picometer, Milliliter, Nanoliter, Microliter

A
  1. Milliliter
  2. Microliter
  3. Nanoliter
  4. Picoliter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In the Collins paper, you learned about a cell line derived from a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia. What is the name of this cell line?

A

HL-60

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the steps of the scientific method in order.

A
  1. Observation
  2. Hypothesis
  3. Experimental Design
  4. Data Collection
  5. Data Analysis
  6. Conclusion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A _______ article is a scientific literature source that is written by people who actually performed the experiments and are presenting their own data.

A

Primary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

A ______ article summarizes and analyzes the work of several different groups of scientists.

A

Review

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

You are viewing a stained blood cell with a compound light microscope under the 40X objective lens and the 10X ocular lens. What is the total magnification of the stained cell when viewed at these parameters?

A

400x

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In the Xie paper, the authors described a certain collagenase/gelatinase enzyme called _________, which is found to be highly expressed in HL-60 cells that have differentiated into monocytes.

A

MMP-9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Our microscopes are _______ and _______ (the first means the microscope stays relatively in focus between objectives, while the second means the sample will stay relatively in the center of the field of view).

A
  1. Parfocal

2. Paracentral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are HL-60 cells, and why do they make a good model system for stem cell research?

A

HL-60 cells are cells derived from a woman with acute promyelocytic leukemia that have been made into a cell line (they are immortal). They are a good model system for stem cell research because they are multipotent cells, able to differentiate into a variety of different cell types.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

PMA induces differentiation of HL-60 cells, and activation of the production of a protein called MMP-9. It does this by binding to a receptor on the surface of the cell, and activating a second messenger called ­­­________.

A

PKC-B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The May-Grunwald/Giemsa staining procedure was used to view changes in the HL-60 cells’ ________.

A

Morphology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

List the 2 types of apoptotic pathways

A
  1. Extrinsic

2. Intrinsic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology is:

A

DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Name the 2 chemicals we have used to induce HL-60 cells to differentiate, and the cell types they were expected to differentiate primarily into based on the treatment

A
  1. PMA = Monocytes

2. DMSO = Granulocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Enzymes called _______ are special proteases that cleave DNA and cellular components into fragments during apoptosis.

A

Caspases (or executioner caspases)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Like stem cells, HL-60 cells are capable of becoming a different cell type upon the proper inductive stimulus. HL-60 cells are ________ and can be induced to differentiate into cells of the white blood cell lineage.

A

Multipotent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

MMP-9 is a member of a family of enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases, released by ________, that digest the ______ in order to improve cell motility during immune response.

A

Monocytes, extracellular matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

________ is a housekeeping gene, and therefore very abundant in all cell types. For this reason, we used it as our control for PCR.

A

B-actin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In order to visualize our PCR results, we used _______, a method for separating molecules based on size and charge.

A

Gel electrophoresis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does PCR stand for?

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do we used PCR for?

A

To amplify a certain segment of DNA that is of interest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Name the PCR step:

Addition of nucleic acid bases complementary to a template strand, to the end of an oligonucleotide primer by Taq polymerase

A

Extending the primers to generate a PCR product

23
Q

Name the PCR step:

Pairing of short strands of DNA by hydrogen bonding to form complementary double-stranded sequences targeting the sequence of interest

A

Annealing of Primers

24
Q

Name the PCR step:

Splitting the hydrogen bonds between complementary strands of DNA to form single strands

A

Denaturing the DNA

25
Q

We typically make cDNA in order to view changes in:

A

Transcription

26
Q

An agarose gel is used to separate (DNA, proteins) by size

A

DNA

27
Q

Put the following signaling pathway components in order from start to finish

PKC-B
MMP-9
PMA
Transcription Factor
Membrane Receptor
A 
PMA
Membrane Receptor
PKC-B
Transcription Factor
MMP-9
28
Q

We used RT-PCR to view changes in:

A

Transcription

29
Q

For statistical reason, it is necessary to state a ________ and an _______.

A

Null hypothesis, alternate hypothesis

30
Q

What is a null hypothesis?

A

A statement of no change

31
Q

What is an alternate hypothesis?

A

A statement that describes any possible outcome in addition to your prediction

32
Q

What is the function of a positive control?

A

Ensures the experimental method is functional

33
Q

What is the function of a negative control?

A

Eliminates the potential for a false positive

34
Q

A ______ is a special slide used to determine the density of cells

A

Hemacytometer

35
Q

The _____________ is used to determine the number of viable cells present in a cell suspension

A

Dye exclusion test

36
Q

The HL-60 cell line has been used as an (in vitro, in vivo) model system

A

In vitro

37
Q

Cells of the white blood cell lineage are known as ________.

A

Hematopoietic

38
Q

Define signal transduction

A

Intermolecular reactions involved in transferring and amplifying extracellular signals detected by the cell

39
Q

What are 3 kinds of granulocytes?

A

Basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils

40
Q

Apoptosis is programmed cell death and differs from the other 2 types of cell death, __________ and _______.

A

Autophagy and necrosis

41
Q

What is autophagy?

A

Self-ingestion of the cell, may occur when apoptosis is blocked

42
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Cell death by which a cell swells, bursts, and decomposes

43
Q

Apoptosis begins with nuclear fragmentation followed by the formation of cellular fragments known as __________.

A

Apoptotic bodies

44
Q

Apoptotic bodies are engulfed by:

A

Phagocytosis

45
Q

Describe the general apoptotic pathway, including where it takes place

A
  1. Adaptor proteins bind with 2 identical initiator caspases to form an active enzyme
  2. The initiator caspases cleave and activate the executioner caspases
  3. The executioner caspases cleave hundreds of substrates resulting in cellular apoptosis, fragmenting the cell into small apoptotic bodies
  4. Phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies.

Takes place in cytoplasm

46
Q

When cells are treated with PMA or DMSO, apoptosis takes place via the _______ pathway.

A

Extrinsic

47
Q

Describe the steps in extrinsic apoptosis

A
  1. Death ligands attach to
  2. Death receptors attracting
  3. Adaptor proteins form death-inducing complex (DISC) resulting in
  4. Caspase activation: Initiator cascade and executioner caspase
  5. Substrate cleavage follows and leads to
  6. Cell death
48
Q

Why is RNA so unstable?

A

It is single-stranded (making it susceptible to ribonuclease, RNases) with a free hydroxyl group on the 2’ carbon (making the RNA molecule susceptible to hydrolysis)

49
Q

What is an oligonucleotide?

A

A short single-stranded nucleic acid of fewer than 20 bases

50
Q

Why is a forward and reverse primer necessary?

A

So that a region of interest will be specifically amplified

51
Q

Why is Taq polymerase commonly used in RT-PCR?

A

It is heat-stable, and resists denaturation from the heat used in the denaturation step

52
Q

Why does DNA have an overall negative charge?

A

Due to the phosphate backbone of DNA

53
Q

To separate proteins, ____________ gels are used rather than agarose

A

Polyacrylamide

54
Q

How did we know how large the proteins were when the zymogram gel was run?

A

Regions where MMPs had degraded the gelatin appeared white on the blue gel.

BIOL 302 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions