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GEOG 210 > Midterm review > Flashcards

Midterm review Flashcards

1
Q

Exogenic Vs. Endogenic

A

Exogenic: Outside processes - Processes that occur on the earth’s surface - generally reducing relief Eg) Erosion

Endogenic: Inside - Processes that occur in the earth’s interior - creates relief by elevating mountains

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2
Q

Geosphere

A

Rocks comprising the earths crust and global tectonic systems

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3
Q

Hydrosphere

A

Oceans, atmosphere, surface and subsurface water

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4
Q

Biosphere

A

living organisms apart of the ecosystems

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5
Q

Overview of a land form

A

1) Volcanic and tectonic processes (Endogenic) - Processes bring fresh rock to the surface and create primary land forms

2) Geomorphic processes (Exogenic) - Cause land denudation: Weathering and erosion
- Denudation of primary landforms produces secondary landforms

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6
Q

Fold Belts

A

Fold belts are formed due to the compression of flat sedimentary strata initiated by continental collision

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7
Q

Types of folds

A
  • Symmetrical
  • Asymmetrical
  • Overturned
  • Recumbent
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8
Q

What is a normal fault?

A

Vertical movement of crustal blocks along steep fault plane

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9
Q

Reverse fault?

A

One block riding up over the other , producing very steep fault scarps

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10
Q

Overthrust fault

A

One block rides up on top of the other along a reverse fault plane

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11
Q

Transcurrent Fault

A

Horizontal movement of crustal blocks along a nearly vertical plane

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12
Q

Define Weathering

A

Breakdown of rock and mineral material by physical and chemical means, without transportation

2 breakdowns: Physical and chemical

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13
Q

What are some factors that control the process of weathering?

A 
Climate
Orientation of slope
Bedrock geology
Vegetation cover
Surface area
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14
Q

Define Physical weathering

A

Rock disintegration without chemical alteration

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15
Q

Some types of physical weathering

A

1) Frost action
2) Salt crystal growth
3) Unloading
4) Thermal expansion
5) Root growth

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16
Q

What is chemical weathering?

A

Breakdown of minerals and rocks as a result of chemical alteration

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17
Q

Types of chemical weathering

A

1) Hydration
2) Hydrolysis
3) Oxidation
4) Chelation
5) Solution and carbonation

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18
Q

What is the formation of soil called?

A

Pedogenesis

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19
Q

What are the types of soil forming processes?

A

1) enrichment (Gain)
2) Removal (loss)
3) Translocation
4) Transformation

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20
Q

What is the recurrence interval?

A

Reciprocal of the chance or probability that the event will occur in any year
- p = 1/RI

21
Q

What are the precip generation mechanisms? (3)

A

1) Creation of saturated conditions
2) Condensation of water vapour into liquid water
3) Growth of small droplets by collision and coalescence until they become large enough to precipitate

22
Q

Frontal system

A

A weather front is a boundary separating two masses of air of different densities, and is the principal cause of meteorological phenomena.

23
Q

Cold front

A
  • A cold air mass lifts a warm air mass aloft
  • Upward motion sets off a line of thundertstorms
  • Cold front approaching = high intensity
24
Q

Warm front

A
  • Warm air advances toward cold air and rises up and over the cold air
  • Rain falls from the dense stratus cloud layers
  • Warm front approaching = Low intensity
25
Q

What is field capacity?

A

Moisture content remaining when the soil has been drained by gravity - Eg) over a time period - 48hrs

26
Q

Difference between soil and ground water?

A

Ground water has no air space (No pore space available) the water is saturated

27
Q

Soil water potential

A

The potential for water to flow - water will move from higher head to the lower head

28
Q

Hydraulic gradient

A

The difference in hydraulic head per unit of distance

29
Q

Hydraulic conductivity

A

The measure of the ability for water flow in a ports media

- smaller the pore the smaller the conductivity

30
Q

What are the retention forces?

A

Adhesion: Attraction of water to the pore sides

Cohesion -Attraction to water

31
Q

Darcy’s Law

A

A description of the flow of fluid through a porus medium

32
Q

Darcy’s Law - Equation

A

Q = -KA dh/dl

Q = Rate of flow
K = Hydraulic conductivity 
A = Cross sectional area
dh/dl = hydraulic gradient, that is, the change in head over the length of interest.
33
Q

infiltration rate

A

The rate at which water infiltrates the surface of a soil

34
Q

infiltration capacity

A

Max rate at which water can infiltrate a soil

35
Q

Factors affecting the infiltration rate

A
  • Soil conditions (Texture,structure,porosity,density,compaction,moisture)
  • Precip characteristics
  • Surface geography
  • Human impacts
36
Q

Matrix flow

A

Slow and even movement of water through a soil

37
Q

Preferential flow

A

Rapid and uneven flow through soil

38
Q

Runoff

A

Surface runoff (also known as overland flow) is the flow of water that occurs when excess water flows over the Earth’s surface.

39
Q

What is a hydrography?

A

-Measures stream discharge - A graph showing the m3/sec and the time taken (hrs)

40
Q

What is a hillslope?

A

A strip of land surface that is inclined - elevated land between valley bottoms

41
Q

Hillslope process?

A

Movement of rock and soil by mass wasting, rain splash, and overland flow

42
Q

Hortons hypothesis?

A

In soil science, Horton overland flow describes the tendency of water to flow horizontally across land surfaces when rainfall has exceeded infiltration capacity and depression storage capacity.

43
Q

Some hillslope erosional processes

A

Rainsplash
Sheet wash
Soil creep
Mass wasting

44
Q

Main factors of mass wasting

A

Gravity, slope and cohesion

45
Q

When does slope failure occur?

A

When the driving forces are greater than the resisting forces

46
Q

Difference between Rotational and translational slides?

A

Rotational: Downward and outward movement of a mass on top of concave upward failure surface

Translational: Translational landslide is a mass that slides downward and outward on top of an inclined planar surface

47
Q

What factors affect the type of mass wasting?

A
  • Material type
  • Water content
  • Rate of mass movement
  • Movement type
48
Q

debris flow

A

Flow of muddy water with a large amount of coarse material

49
Q

What is solificution?

A

Rapid soil creep

  • soil and rock are saturated and flow downslope
  • Common in sub polar regions

GEOG 210 (4 decks)

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