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Midterm Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Energy is measured in _____.

a. kilograms
b. joules
c. electron volts
d. B or C

A

Joules

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2
Q

Atoms and molecules are the fundamental building blocks of _____.

a. energy
b. radiation
c. matter
d. gravity

A

Matter

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3
Q

The formula E=mc^2 is the basis for the theory that led to the development of _____.

a. x-rays
b. electromagnetic radiation
c. nuclear power
d. cathode ray tubes

A

Nuclear power

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4
Q

Radio waves, light, and x-rays are all examples of _____ energy.

a. nuclear
b. thermal
c. electrical
d. electromagnetic

A

Electromagnetic

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5
Q

What is the removal of an electron from an atom called?

a. ionization
b. pair production
c. irradiation
d. electricity

A

Ionization

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6
Q

The energy of x-rays is _____.

a. thermal
b. potential
c. kinetic
d. electromagnetic

A

Electromagnetic

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7
Q

The biggest source of man-made ionizing radiation exposure to the public is _____.

a. atomic fallout
b. diagnostic x-rays
c. smoke detectors
d. nuclear power plants

A

Diagnostic x-rays

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8
Q

The basic quantities measured in mechanics are _____, _____, and _____.

a. volume, length, meters
b. mass, length, time
c. radioactivity, dose, exposure
d. meters, kilos, seconds

A

Mass, length and time

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9
Q

_____ is a special quantity of radiologic science.

a. Mass
b. Velocity
c. Radioactivity
d. Momentum

A

Radioactivity

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10
Q

Exposure is measured in units of _____.

a. becquerel
b. sieverts
c. meters
d. grays

A

Grays

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11
Q

Today, radiology is considered to be a(n) _____ occupation.

a. safe
b. unsafe
c. dangerous
d. high-risk

A

Safe

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12
Q

What does ALARA mean?

a. All Level Alert Radiation Accident
b. As Low As Reasonably Achievable
c. Always Leave A Restricted Area
d. As Low As Regulations Allow

A

As Low As Reasonably Achievable

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13
Q

The smallest particle that has all the properties of an element is a(n) _____.

a. neutron
b. proton
c. electron
d. atom

A

Atom

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14
Q

A positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons in well-defined orbits is the _____ model of the atom.

a. Bohr
b. Thomson
c. Rutherford
d. Dalton

A

Bohr

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15
Q

What are the fundamental particles of an atom?

a. quark, positron, negatron
b. nucleon, electron, proton
c. proton, neutron, quark
d. proton, electron, neutron

A

Proton, neutron, electron

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16
Q

An atom in a normal state has an electrical charge of _____.

a. one
b. zero
c. positive
d. negative

A

Zero

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17
Q

The binding energies, or energy levels, of electrons are represented by their _____.

a. atomic numbers
b. atomic mass units
c. shells
d. isotopes

A

Shells

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18
Q

When an atom has the same number of protons as another, but a different number of neutrons, it is called an _____.

a. isomer
b. isobar
c. isotone
d. isotope

A

Isotope

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19
Q

An atom that loses or gains one or more electrons is a(n) _____.

a. ion
b. molecule
c. isotope
d. isomer

A

Ion

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20
Q

The maximum number of electrons that can exist in an electron shell is calculated with the formula _____.

a. 2n
b. 2n^2
c. 2/n
d. 2/n^2

A

2n^2

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21
Q

The innermost electron shell is symbolized by the letter _____.

a. J
b. K
c. L
d. M

A

K shell

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22
Q

The atomic number of an element is symbolized by the letter _____.

a. A
b. X
c. Z
d. n

A

Z

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23
Q

Two identical atoms which exist at different energy states are called _____.

a. isotopes
b. isomers
c. isotones
d. isobars

A

Isomers

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24
Q

During beta emission, an atom releases _____.

a. electrons
b. positrons
c. protons
d. neutrons

A

Electrons

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25
Q

The only difference between x-rays and gamma rays is their _____.

a. energy
b. size
c. origin
d. name

A

Origin

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26
Q

The four properties of photons are _____, _____, _____ and _____.

a. size, shape, spin, mass
b. frequency, mass, amplitude, wavelength
c. frequency, wavelength, velocity, amplitude
d. refraction, velocity, spin, amplitude

A

Frequency, wavelength, velocity, amplitude

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27
Q

The smallest quantity of any type of electromagnetic radiation is a(n) _____.

a. photon
b. electron
c. neutrino
d. quark

A

Photon

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28
Q

What is the velocity of all electromagnetic radiation?

a. 8 × 10^3 m/s
b. 2 × 10^8 m/s
c. 3 × 10^8 m/s
d. 4 × 10^3 m/s

A

3 x 10^8 m/s

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29
Q

The rate of rise and fall of a sine wave is called its _____.

a. amplitude
b. frequency
c. wavelength
d. velocity

A

Frequency

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30
Q

If the wavelength of a beam of electromagnetic radiation increases by a factor of 2, then its frequency must _____.

a. double
b. increase four times
c. decrease by half
d. remain constant

A

Decrease by half

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31
Q

The intensity of radiation _____ in _____ proportion to the square of the distance of the object from the source.

a. increases, direct
b. decreases, direct
c. increases, inverse
d. decreases, inverse

A

Decreases, inverse

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32
Q

If the intensity of light from a flashlight is 4 millilumens (mlm) at a distance of 3 feet, what will the intensity be at 6 feet?

a. 0.4 millilumens
b. 1 millilumen
c. 2 millilumens
d. 16 millilumens

A

1 millilumen

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33
Q

The energy of a photon is directly proportional to its _____.

a. amplitude
b. frequency
c. velocity
d. wavelength

A

Frequency

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34
Q

X-rays are usually identified by their _____.

a. energy
b. velocity
c. wavelength
d. hertz

A

Energy

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35
Q

Photons with the highest frequencies have the _____.

a. highest velocity
b. lowest energy
c. longest wavelengths
d. shortest wavelengths

A

Shortest wavelengths

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36
Q

The smallest unit of electrical charge is the _____.

a. electron
b. proton
c. neutron
d. neutrino

A

Electron

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37
Q

Electrification occurs through the movement of _____.

a. protons only
b. protons and electrons
c. electrons only
d. electrons and neutrons

A

Electrons only

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38
Q

Like charges _____ and unlike charges _____.

a. repel, repel
b. attract, attract
c. attract, repel
d. repel, attract

A

Repel, attract

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39
Q 
Electrostatic force is \_\_\_\_\_ proportional to the distance between charges, and \_\_\_\_\_ proportional to
the product of the charges.
a. directly, inversely
b. inversely, directly
c. inversely, inversely
d. directly, directly
A

Inversely, directly

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40
Q

The charges on an electrified object are distributed _____.

a. in the center of the object
b. on the side nearest the charge
c. on the topside of the object
d. evenly throughout the object

A

Evenly throughout the object

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41
Q

On the surface of an electrified object, the charges concentrate on the _____.

a. top side
b. underside
c. sharpest curvatures
d. smoothest curvatures

A

Sharpest curvatures

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42
Q

A _____ is a source of direct current.

a. wall socket
b. battery
c. generator
d. spark

A

Battery

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43
Q

What is the unit of electric potential?

a. watt
b. amp
c. volt
d. ohm

A

Volt

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44
Q

An electric potential applied to a conductor produces _____.

a. an electric current
b. a magnetic field
c. an electric insulator
d. both A and B

A

Both an electric current and magnetic field

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45
Q

An alternating (AC) current is represented by a _____ line.

a. sinusoidal
b. horizontal
c. vertical
d. descending

A

Sinusoidal

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46
Q

. A _____ uses direct current.

a. hair dryer
b. toaster
c. microwave
d. flashlight

A

Flashlight

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47
Q

Alternating current is produced by a _____.

a. battery
b. generator
c. capacitor
d. semiconductor

A

Generator

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48
Q

What is Ohm’s law?

a. I = V/R
b. V = I/R
c. R = VI
d. I = VR

A

I = V/R

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49
Q

A charged particle in motion creates a(n) _____.

a. negative charge
b. positive charge
c. magnetic field
d. electrostatic charge

A

Magnetic field

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50
Q

Electrical power is measured in _____.

a. coulombs
b. amperes
c. volts
d. watts

A

Watts

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51
Q

Rubber and glass are _____.

a. semiconductors
b. conductors
c. insulators
d. superconductors

A

Insulators

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52
Q

The rotation of electrons on their axis is the property called _____.

a. magnetic force
b. electron spin
c. unified field theory
d. magnetic induction

A

Electron spin

53
Q

When a group of dipoles are aligned, they create _____.

a. a magnetic domain
b. paramagnetic material
c. magnetic resonance
d. a north pole

A

Magnetic domain

54
Q

In the United States, alternating current goes through a complete cycle every _____ second.

a. 1/120
b. 1/100
c. 1/60
d. 1/30

A

1/60 second

55
Q

What is the SI unit of magnetic field strength?

a. ampere
b. tesla
c. dipole
d. ohm

A

Tesla

56
Q

. The force between magnetic poles is proportional to the _____ of the magnetic pole strengths,
divided by the _____ of the distance between them.
a. square, sum
b. sum, square
c. square, product
d. product, square

A

Product, square

57
Q

What type of material can be made magnetic when placed in an external magnetic field?

a. diamagnetic
b. ferromagnetic
c. paramagnetic
d. nonmagnetic

A

Ferromagnetic

58
Q

Like magnetic poles _____ and unlike magnetic poles _____.

a. attract, attract
b. repel, repel
c. repel, attract
d. attract, repel

A

Repel, attract

59
Q

Water is a _____ material.

a. paramagnetic
b. magnetic
c. diamagnetic
d. ferromagnetic

A

Diamagnetic

60
Q

The magnetic intensity of an electromagnet is greatly increased by the addition of a(n) _____ core.

a. wood
b. iron
c. aluminum
d. copper

A

Iron core

61
Q

The transformer changes:

a. on AC but not on DC
b. on both DC and AC
c. on DC but not on AC
d. only above its critical current
e. only on a constant voltage

A

On AC but not on DC

62
Q

The output current in a step-up transformer is:

a. higher than the input current
b. independent of the input current
c. independent of the turns ratio
d. lower than the input current
e. the same as the input current

A

Lower than the input current

63
Q

If DC is applied to the primary coil of a step-up transformer, what is the result in the secondary coil?

a. AC
b. Increased current
c. Increased magnetic field
d. Increased voltage
e. Nothing

A

Nothing

64
Q

Power to the primary side of the high-voltage transformer comes from the:

a. Filament transformer
b. Line-voltage compensator
c. Primary side of the autotransformer
d. Rectifier
e. Secondary side of the autotransformer

A

Secondary side of the transformer

65
Q

The autotransformer has only one:

a. Coil
b. Meter
c. Rectifier
d. Switch
e. Turns ratio

A

Coil

66
Q

Line compensation:

a. Adjusts the line frequency to 60 Hz
b. Compensates for rectification
c. Is necessary for proper exposure timing
d. Is necessary to convert AC to DC
e. Is required to stabilize voltage

A

Is required to stabilize voltage

67
Q

The filament transformer:

a. Has four windings
b. Increases current
c. Increases voltage
d. Is an autotransformer
e. Must have precision resistors

A

Increases current

68
Q

The design of fixed mA stations requires the use of which of the following?

a. A center-tapped meter
b. DC power
c. Major and minor taps
d. Precision resistors
e. Primary and secondary windings

A

Precision resistors

69
Q

A change in the voltage waveform from the primary side to the secondary side of the high-voltage transformer produces a change in:

a. Amplitude
b. Frequency
c. Phase
d. Velocity
e. Wavelength

A

Amplitude

70
Q

Which of the following is an advantage of three-phase power over single-phase power?

a. Improved spatial resolution
b. Increased kVp
c. Increased mAs
d. Increased x-ray intensity per mAs
e. Lower capital cost

A

Increased x-ray intensity per mAs

71
Q

Oil is used in the high-voltage section of an x-ray imaging system for which of the following functions?

a. Electrical insulation
b. Reduction of rotor friction
c. Reduction of voltage ripple
d. Thermal conduction
e. Voltage rectification

A

Electrical insulation

72
Q

If 60 Hz AC power is full-wave rectified, output voltage consists of:

a. 60 pulses per second
b. 90 pulses per second
c. 120 pulses per second
d. 70% ripple
e. Zero ripple

A

120 pulses per second

73
Q

True/False

As the kinetic energy of the incident electron increases, so does the efficiency of the photon production.

A

TRUE

74
Q

True/False

In the diagnostic range, the kinetic energy of the incident electrons is high enough to eject an outer-shell electron causing ionization.

A

TRUE

75
Q

True/False

In a bremsstrahlung interaction, the closer the incident electron travels to the nucleus, the lower the energy of the resultant x-ray photon.

A

FALSE

76
Q

True/False

The electron ejected during a characteristic interaction is also known as the x-ray photon.

A

FALSE

77
Q

True/False

The creation of a characteristic photon is always the result of a K-shell electron ejection.

A

FALSE

78
Q

True/False

The creation of a characteristic photon in the diagnostic range is always the result of a K-shell electron ejection.

A

FALSE

79
Q

True/False

As the tube ages, the anode begins to pit and the glass envelope may gain a mild coating of vaporized metal. This will cause a decrease in inherent filtration.

A

FALSE

80
Q

True/False

Inherent filtration is the filtration found within the tube design.

A

TRUE

81
Q

True/False

In diagnostic radiology, filtration is typically added between the source and the patient.

A

TRUE

82
Q

Almost all of the kinetic energy of the incident electrons is converted to

a. a bremsstrahlung photon c. light
b. a characteristic x-ray photon d. heat

A

Heat

83
Q

What percentage of target interaction results in the production of x-ray photons?

a. 1 percent c. 99 percent
b. 50 percent d. 100 percent

A

1 percent

84
Q

The transfer of the incident electrons’ kinetic energy to the outer-shell electrons causing vibration of the outer-shell electron results in the emission of

a. infrared radiation. c. light.
b. ultraviolet radiation. d. sound.

A

Infared radiation

85
Q

The types of target interaction that occur in the production of diagnostic-range x-ray photons are dependent upon

a. electron kinetic energy.
b. nuclear binding energy.
c. electron potential energy.
d. both a and b

A

Electron kinetic energy

86
Q

The energy of a bremsstrahlung photon is

a. equal to the kinetic energy of the entering electron.
b. equal to the kinetic energy of the exiting electron.
c. the sum of the entering and exiting kinetic energy of the electron.
d. the difference between the entering and exiting kinetic energy of the electron.

A

The difference between the entering and exiting kinetic energy of the electron

87
Q

Bremsstrahlung interactions may occur only when the incident electron interacts with

a. an inner-shell electron.
b. an outer-shell electron.
c. the force field of the nucleus.
d. none of the above

A

The force field of the nucleus

88
Q

Characteristic interactions may occur only when the incident electron interacts with

a. an inner-shell electron.
b. an outer-shell electron.
c. the force field of the nucleus.
d. none of the above

A

An inner shell electron

89
Q

During a characteristic interaction, the energy of the incident electron must be ____ the electron it knocks from its orbit.

a. less than that of
b. greater than that of
c. proportional to that of
d. characteristic of

A

Greater than that of

90
Q

During a characteristic interaction, the dropping of a higher-energy state electron into a lower-energy state “hole” results in the emission of

a. a photon of energy.
b. a high-energy electron.
c. a low-energy electron.
d. more than one of the above

A

A photon of energy

91
Q

The energy of a characteristic photon is

a. equal to the binding energy of the entering electron.
b. equal to the binding energy of the exiting electron.
c. the sum of the binding energy of the outer and inner shells between which the electron dropped.
d. the difference between the binding energy of the outer and inner shells between which the electron dropped.

A

The difference between the binding energy of the outer and inner shells between which the electron dropped.

92
Q

At the end of the characteristic cascade, the ____ shell is missing an electron.

a. innermost
b. K
c. outermost
d. characteristic

A

Outermost

93
Q

The K-shell can hold a maximum of ____ electrons.

a. 1
b. 2
c. 6
d. 8

A

2 electrons

94
Q

Filtration is the process of eliminating undesirable ____ by the insertion of absorbing materials into the primary beam.

a. high-energy x-ray photons
b. high-energy incident electrons
c. low-energy x-ray photons
d. low-energy incident electrons

A

Low energy x-ray photons

95
Q

Filtration permits the radiographer to ____ the photon emission spectrum into a more useful beam.

a. narrow
b. widen
c. soften
d. There is no effect.

A

Narrow

96
Q

Filtration has what effect on patient dose?

a. It has no effect on patient dose.
b. It increases patient dose.
c. It decreases patient dose.
d. It increases occupational worker dose.

A

It decreases patient dose

97
Q

Which of the following materials is/are used as a filter?

a. glass
b. oil
c. aluminum
d. all of the above

A

All of the above

98
Q

All filtration can be expressed in terms of the thickness of

a. HVL.
b. Pb/Eq.
c. Al/Eq.
d. Sn/Eq..

A

Al/Eq

99
Q

The amount of material that will reduce the intensity of the primary beam to one-half its original value is the

a. half-value layer.
b. radioactive half-life.
c. aluminum equivalency
d. half-life equivalency.

A

Half value layer

100
Q

Which of the following is affected by half-layer value?

a. anode construction
b. image quality
c. target longevity
d. patient exposure

A

Patient exposure

101
Q

How many half-value layers must be added to the primary beam to reduce its intensity to less than 20 percent of its original value?

a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4

A

3

102
Q

Which one of these statements is true?

a. The thickest portion of the wedge filter is placed over the densest part of the patient.
b. The thickest portion of the wedge filter is placed over the less dense part of the patient.
c. The thinnest portion of the wedge filter is placed over the less dense part of the patient.
d. A wedge filter should not be used to compensate for unequal subject density.

A

The thickest portion of the wedge filter is placed over the less dense part of the patient.

103
Q

The reduction in the number and energy of photons as radiation passes through matter is termed:

a. Irradiation
b. Deflection
c. Photoelectrolysis
d. Attenuation

A

Attenuation

104
Q

The production of scatter radiation wen x-radiation strikes an object principally results from:

a. Compton interaction
b. Brem’s event
c. Characteristic event
d. Photoelectric interaction

A

Compton interaction

105
Q

The type of interaction in the diagnostic range responsible for the radiographic contrast between soft tissue and bone is:

a. Compton interaction
b. Coherent scattering
c. Pairs production
d. Photoelectric absorption

A

Photoelectric absorption

106
Q

At photon energies above 1.02 MeV, the creation of a negatron and a positron may occur in an event termed:

a. Photodisintegration
b. Pairs production
c. Annihilation reaction
d. Van de Graff production

A

Pairs production

107
Q

The photoelectric interaction most commonly occurs when the incident photon strikes a/an:

a. Inner shell electron
b. Outer shell electron
c. Protons
d. Neutron

A

Inner shell electron

108
Q

The interaction of a x-ray photon and an orbital electron, which results in partial transfer of energy is

a. Photoelectric effect
b. Pairs production
c. Compton scatter
d. Thomas scatter

A

Compton scatter

109
Q

At 70 KeV photon strikes and inner shell electron, all of the photon energy is transferred to the electron. This describes:

a. Coherent scattering
b. Compton scattering
c. Photoelectric effect
d. Photodisintegration

A

Photoelectric effect

110
Q

The incoming photon before any interaction with matter takes place is called the :

a. Incident photon
b. Scatter photon
c. Inherent photon
d. Recoil photon

A

Incident photon

111
Q

Which of the following interactions contributes to image noise?

a. Brems
b. Characteristic
c. Compton
d. Photodisintegration
e. Photoelectric effect

A

Compton

112
Q

Compton scatter is:

a. Independent of Z#
b. Inversely proportional to Z#
c. Proportional to E
d. Proportional to Z#2

A

Independent of Z#

113
Q

The probability that a photon will undergo attenuation :

a. Decreases with increasing energy
b. Increases with decreasing electron energy
c. Increases with increasing electron energy
d. Increase with increasing x-ray energy

A

Decreases with increasing energy

114
Q

The photoelectric effect is principally associated with which of the following?

a. Absorption of an x-ray
b. Brems production
c. Characteristic production
d. Scattering of an x-ray

A

Absorption of an x-ray

115
Q

During photoelectric interactions:

a. An electron is emitted from an atom
b. An x-ray is emitted from the atom
c. Electron excitation results
d. The atom is made radioactive

A

An electron is emitted from an atom

116
Q

A 35 KeV x-ray will most likely undergo a k-shell PE interaction with which of the following?

a. Barium, BE of 37 keV
b. Calcium, BE of 4 keV
c. Iodine, BE of 33 keV
d. Tungsten, BE of 69 keV

A

Iodine, BE of 33 keV

117
Q

The probability of the PE effect varies as what function of x-ray energy?

a. E^-3
b. E^-2
c. E
d. E^2
e. E^3

A

E^-3

118
Q

A 39 keV photon interacts through PE absorption with a k-shell electron having a BE of 37 keV. Therefore:

a. The photoelectron will have 2 keV of energy
b. The photoelectron will have 37 keV of energy
c. The photoelectron will have 39 keV of energy
d. The scatter x-ray will have 2 keV of energy

A

The photoelectron will have 2 keV of energy

119
Q

Differential absorption between bone and soft tissue occurs principally for which of the following reasons?

a. The difference in Z#
b. The difference in mass density
c. The polychromatic x-ray beam
d. The monochromatic x-ray beam

A

The difference in Z#

120
Q

The passage of x-ray photons through a patient without interaction is called:

a. Absorption
b. Attenuation
c. Scattering
d. Direct transmission

A

Direct transmission

121
Q

In which of the following x-ray interactions with matter is the energy of the incident photon completely absorbed?

a. Compton
b. Photoelectric
c. Incoherent
d. Rayleigh

A

Photoelectric

122
Q

Compton scattered electron:

a. Annihilated another electron
b. Is absorbed within a few microns of the site of the original Compton interaction
c. Causes pair production
d. Engages in the process of photodisintegration

A

Is absorbed within a few microns of the site of the original Compton interaction

123
Q

Within the energy range of diagnostic radiology that includes mammography, when kVp is decreased, the patient dose:

a. Decreases
b. Increases
c. Remains the same
d. Doubles

A

Decreases

124
Q

The quality, or penetrating power, of an x-ray beam is controlled by:

a. The absorption characteristics of the patient being radiographed
b. Flourescent yield
c. mAs
d. kVp

A

kVp

125
Q

kVp controls:

a. Absorption characteristics of the body part being radiographed
b. Fluorescent yield
c. Random interaction of x-ray photons with the image receptor
d. Quality, or penetrating power, of the photons in the x-ray beam

A

Quality, or penetrating power, of the photons in the x-ray beam

126
Q

The process most responsible for the contrast between bone and soft tissue in a diagnostic radiographic image is:

a. Coherent scattering
b. Compton scattering
c. Photoelectric absorption
d. Photodisintegration

A

Photoelectric absorption

127
Q

True/False

In the radiographic kilovoltage range, compact bone with a high calcium content by weight undergoes much more photoelectric absorption than an equal mass of soft tissue and air

A

TRUE

128
Q

What is photoelectric effect?

A

The incident x-rays interacts with an inner-shell electron and ejects it from the atom, ionizing the atom.

129
Q

What are characteristic x-rays in the photoelectric effect?

A

Characteristic x-rays are then produced as outer-shell electrons fill the void left by the inner shell electron

Rad Physics (2 decks)

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