Midterm Review Flashcards
What does ACREOS stand for?
Attention, Cognition, Receptive Language, Expressive Language, Oral Motor, Speech/Swallowing
combining together; given a list and asked to categorize them; one correct answer
Convergent
multiple correct answers; given a category and have to name items that belong to that category
Divergent
The brainstem involves what three structures:
Midbrain, Pons, Medulla
This controls many sensory and motor functions, including eye movements, postural reflexes, and coordination of visual and auditory reflexes.
Midbrain
This is in control of interpreting auditory signals and balance
Pons
This controls the autonomic functions of digestion, breathing (impacting phonation) , blood pressure, and heart rate
Medulla
This coordinates and modulates the force and range of body movements
Cerebellum
Damage to the cerebellum is associated with which type of dysarthria and what is affected?
Ataxic Dysarthria
Articulation & prosody
What does an ataxic dysarthric sound like?
Drunken speech
This is the structure in between the brainstem and the cerebral hemispheres; home to the thalamus
Diencephalon
This integrates sensory experiences and relays ten to cortical areas; plays a major role in consciousness and alertness
Thalamus
This structure plays an important role in modulating movement because they produce important neurotransmitters.
Basal Ganglia
The basal ganglia produces which neurotransmitters:
Dopamine, GABA, Acetylcholine
The motor disorders associated with impaired function of the basal ganglia include:
Dyskinesia, hypokinesia, bradykinesia
abnormal movement; such involuntary movements as tremors
Dyskinesia
low tone movement; more tone influenced; retracted range of movement
Hypokinesia
slow movement; more speed influenced;
Bradykinesia
Responsible for all higher brain functions including everyday thinking; logical, abstract, and mathematical reasoning, memory, language production, artistic and scientific achievements, judgement and emotional experience
Cerebrum/ Neocortex
Controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles on the contralateral side of the body
Primary Motor Cortex
Controls the motor movements involved in the production of speech
Broca’s area
Where is the Broca’s Area located:
Left Inferior lateral frontal lobe
Broca’s area is associated with Impaired language___________
expression
Impaired auditory perception is larger in the left
Primary Auditory Cortex
This area is important in comprehension of written and spoken language.
Wernicke’s Area
Where is the wernicke’s area located:
Left posterior superior temporal lobe
Wernicke’s area is associated with Impaired language ___________
comprehension
When you have damage to the parietal lobe, what do you expect?
impaired proprioception (touch/position in space / body awareness) Left Neglect (damage to the right parietal lobe)
A condition in which the patient is unaware of objects and person on the left side
Left Neglect
Damage to the super marginal gyrus results in
Agraphia (writing problems)
Damage to the angular gyrus results in
transcortical sensory aphasia (naming, reading and writing)
Prevents cerebral penetration of harmful chemicals and bacteria from the blood
Blood Brain Barrier
WHAT ARE THE FACTORS THAT CAN LEAD TO APHASIA?
Stroke, high blood pressure, stress, high cholesterol, arterial sclerosis
mini strokes that last a few seconds and the patient recovers without more permanent disability
Transient Ischemic Attacks
Symptoms of TIA:
Suddent weakness, numbness, or paralysis in facial muscles, are, or leg; sudden impairment n understanding speech; slurred or garbled speech; sudden blindness or double vision; dizziness, impaired balance, or disturbed consciousness
Blockage or interruption in blood flow
Ischemic Stroke
Ruptured blood vessels causing cerebral bleeding
Hemorrhagic Stroke
blood clot
Thrombis
arteries harden and narrow
Atherosclerosis
moving or traveling fragments of arterial debris blocks a small artery and cannot pass
Embolism
Hemorrhage caused by ruptures within the brain or brainstem
Intracerebral
Hemorrhage caused by ruptures within the meninges
Extracerebral
Other causes of stroke include:
brain trauma, inter cranial neoplasms, bacterial/ viral infections, brain abscess, toxemia
Believe aphasia is a unitary disorder whose somewhat varied symptoms do not justify a classification into types
Ex: You have a patient with Mild Aphasia
Nontypological
Trying to categorize aphasia in distinct types
Ex: Brocas vs. Wernickes aphasia
Typological
Definitions are based on the idea that cognition underlies language and that, if language is impaired, some aspect of cognition my also be impaired
Ex. If he patient is able to functionally use a comb even though they are unable to describe it accurately.
Cognitive
How does it affect them?
Are the goals functional to the patient??
Social
injury in the posterior portions of the cortex
Wernicke’s Aphasia and Transcortical sensory aphasia
Fluent Aphasia
Lesions in the frontal regions of the cortex
Broca’s Aphasia and Transcortical motor aphasia
Non-fluent Aphasia
contrasts persons with more severe problems in spoken language comprehension against those with language expression.
Receptive and Expressive Aphasia
Inability to put things in a proper order; errors in speech consisting of unintended word or sound substitutions
Paraphasia
The entire word is substituted
Verbal paraphasia
substituted word is semantically related [“friend” for” husband”]
Semantic paraphasia
substituted words not semantically related [“sleep” for “school”]
Random paraphasia
patients who cannot recall the name of an object and uses an invented, nonsensical terms
Neologistic paraphasia
Substitution of one sound for another or addition of a sound [“sood” for “food”; “strudy” for “study”]
Phonemic/Literal paraphasia
Criteria for disfluency includes:
less than 50 words a minute
Speech that approximates the normal rate, typical word output, length of sentences, and the melodic contour.
Fluency
Ability to repeat words, phrases, sentences
Conduction Aphasia ________
Transcortical motor and sensory ________
Repetition
impaired
intact
word finding and naming difficulty
Anomia
Naming in response to a verbal demand (What is this?)
Confrontational naming
When the object is not shown (you write with a _____?)
Responsive naming
Telegraphic speech is using more filler words- > uhm, the, like
.
may match language impairment; Inability to Write
Agraphia
Inability to Read
Alexia and Dyslexia
The Aphasic speaks:
- Little with ______ :______
- Abundantly with _____; __________
struggle; telegraphic speech
jargon Anomic; stereotypical speech
The Aphasic will present with:
Word-finding; paraphasia; circumlocution/ preservation; latency of response; poor listener perspective
Aphasic Patients can be Characterized by:
Communication is either sparse and meaningful or abundant but full of meaningless jargon.
Slow, halting speech -> Invent meaningless “words”
Substitute sounds
Omit Sounds within words or whole words
Repeat themselves or hesitate during speech
Stereotypes expressions
Incorrectly repeat what they hear
Cicumlocution
Unaware listeners do not understand them
Language comprehension deficits
Difficulty pointing to objects named
Word “Deafness”
Omit details when retelling a story