Midterm Review Flashcards

1
Q

What does ACREOS stand for?

A

Attention, Cognition, Receptive Language, Expressive Language, Oral Motor, Speech/Swallowing

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2
Q

combining together; given a list and asked to categorize them; one correct answer

A

Convergent

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3
Q

multiple correct answers; given a category and have to name items that belong to that category

A

Divergent

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4
Q

The brainstem involves what three structures:

A

Midbrain, Pons, Medulla

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5
Q

This controls many sensory and motor functions, including eye movements, postural reflexes, and coordination of visual and auditory reflexes.

A

Midbrain

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6
Q

This is in control of interpreting auditory signals and balance

A

Pons

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7
Q

This controls the autonomic functions of digestion, breathing (impacting phonation) , blood pressure, and heart rate

A

Medulla

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8
Q

This coordinates and modulates the force and range of body movements

A

Cerebellum

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9
Q

Damage to the cerebellum is associated with which type of dysarthria and what is affected?

A

Ataxic Dysarthria

Articulation & prosody

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10
Q

What does an ataxic dysarthric sound like?

A

Drunken speech

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11
Q

This is the structure in between the brainstem and the cerebral hemispheres; home to the thalamus

A

Diencephalon

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12
Q

This integrates sensory experiences and relays ten to cortical areas; plays a major role in consciousness and alertness

A

Thalamus

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13
Q

This structure plays an important role in modulating movement because they produce important neurotransmitters.

A

Basal Ganglia

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14
Q

The basal ganglia produces which neurotransmitters:

A

Dopamine, GABA, Acetylcholine

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15
Q

The motor disorders associated with impaired function of the basal ganglia include:

A

Dyskinesia, hypokinesia, bradykinesia

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16
Q

abnormal movement; such involuntary movements as tremors

A

Dyskinesia

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17
Q

low tone movement; more tone influenced; retracted range of movement

A

Hypokinesia

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18
Q

slow movement; more speed influenced;

A

Bradykinesia

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19
Q

Responsible for all higher brain functions including everyday thinking; logical, abstract, and mathematical reasoning, memory, language production, artistic and scientific achievements, judgement and emotional experience

A

Cerebrum/ Neocortex

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20
Q

Controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles on the contralateral side of the body

A

Primary Motor Cortex

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21
Q

Controls the motor movements involved in the production of speech

A

Broca’s area

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22
Q

Where is the Broca’s Area located:

A

Left Inferior lateral frontal lobe

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23
Q

Broca’s area is associated with Impaired language___________

A

expression

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24
Q

Impaired auditory perception is larger in the left

A

Primary Auditory Cortex

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25
Q

This area is important in comprehension of written and spoken language.

A

Wernicke’s Area

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26
Q

Where is the wernicke’s area located:

A

Left posterior superior temporal lobe

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27
Q

Wernicke’s area is associated with Impaired language ___________

A

comprehension

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28
Q

When you have damage to the parietal lobe, what do you expect?

A
impaired proprioception (touch/position in space / body awareness) 
Left Neglect (damage to the right parietal lobe)
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29
Q

A condition in which the patient is unaware of objects and person on the left side

A

Left Neglect

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30
Q

Damage to the super marginal gyrus results in

A

Agraphia (writing problems)

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31
Q

Damage to the angular gyrus results in

A

transcortical sensory aphasia (naming, reading and writing)

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32
Q

Prevents cerebral penetration of harmful chemicals and bacteria from the blood

A

Blood Brain Barrier

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33
Q

WHAT ARE THE FACTORS THAT CAN LEAD TO APHASIA?

A

Stroke, high blood pressure, stress, high cholesterol, arterial sclerosis

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34
Q

mini strokes that last a few seconds and the patient recovers without more permanent disability

A

Transient Ischemic Attacks

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35
Q

Symptoms of TIA:

A

Suddent weakness, numbness, or paralysis in facial muscles, are, or leg; sudden impairment n understanding speech; slurred or garbled speech; sudden blindness or double vision; dizziness, impaired balance, or disturbed consciousness

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36
Q

Blockage or interruption in blood flow

A

Ischemic Stroke

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37
Q

Ruptured blood vessels causing cerebral bleeding

A

Hemorrhagic Stroke

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38
Q

blood clot

A

Thrombis

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39
Q

arteries harden and narrow

A

Atherosclerosis

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40
Q

moving or traveling fragments of arterial debris blocks a small artery and cannot pass

A

Embolism

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41
Q

Hemorrhage caused by ruptures within the brain or brainstem

A

Intracerebral

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42
Q

Hemorrhage caused by ruptures within the meninges

A

Extracerebral

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43
Q

Other causes of stroke include:

A

brain trauma, inter cranial neoplasms, bacterial/ viral infections, brain abscess, toxemia

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44
Q

Believe aphasia is a unitary disorder whose somewhat varied symptoms do not justify a classification into types
Ex: You have a patient with Mild Aphasia

A

Nontypological

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45
Q

Trying to categorize aphasia in distinct types

Ex: Brocas vs. Wernickes aphasia

A

Typological

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46
Q

Definitions are based on the idea that cognition underlies language and that, if language is impaired, some aspect of cognition my also be impaired
Ex. If he patient is able to functionally use a comb even though they are unable to describe it accurately.

A

Cognitive

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47
Q

How does it affect them?

Are the goals functional to the patient??

A

Social

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48
Q

injury in the posterior portions of the cortex

Wernicke’s Aphasia and Transcortical sensory aphasia

A

Fluent Aphasia

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49
Q

Lesions in the frontal regions of the cortex

Broca’s Aphasia and Transcortical motor aphasia

A

Non-fluent Aphasia

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50
Q

contrasts persons with more severe problems in spoken language comprehension against those with language expression.

A

Receptive and Expressive Aphasia

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51
Q

Inability to put things in a proper order; errors in speech consisting of unintended word or sound substitutions

A

Paraphasia

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52
Q

The entire word is substituted

A

Verbal paraphasia

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53
Q

substituted word is semantically related [“friend” for” husband”]

A

Semantic paraphasia

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54
Q

substituted words not semantically related [“sleep” for “school”]

A

Random paraphasia

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55
Q

patients who cannot recall the name of an object and uses an invented, nonsensical terms

A

Neologistic paraphasia

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56
Q

Substitution of one sound for another or addition of a sound [“sood” for “food”; “strudy” for “study”]

A

Phonemic/Literal paraphasia

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57
Q

Criteria for disfluency includes:

A

less than 50 words a minute

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58
Q

Speech that approximates the normal rate, typical word output, length of sentences, and the melodic contour.

A

Fluency

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59
Q

Ability to repeat words, phrases, sentences
Conduction Aphasia ________
Transcortical motor and sensory ________

A

Repetition
impaired
intact

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60
Q

word finding and naming difficulty

A

Anomia

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61
Q

Naming in response to a verbal demand (What is this?)

A

Confrontational naming

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62
Q

When the object is not shown (you write with a _____?)

A

Responsive naming

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63
Q

Telegraphic speech is using more filler words- > uhm, the, like

A

.

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64
Q

may match language impairment; Inability to Write

A

Agraphia

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65
Q

Inability to Read

A

Alexia and Dyslexia

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66
Q

The Aphasic speaks:

  • Little with ______ :______
  • Abundantly with _____; __________
A

struggle; telegraphic speech

jargon Anomic; stereotypical speech

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67
Q

The Aphasic will present with:

A

Word-finding; paraphasia; circumlocution/ preservation; latency of response; poor listener perspective

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68
Q

Aphasic Patients can be Characterized by:

A

Communication is either sparse and meaningful or abundant but full of meaningless jargon.
Slow, halting speech -> Invent meaningless “words”
Substitute sounds
Omit Sounds within words or whole words
Repeat themselves or hesitate during speech
Stereotypes expressions
Incorrectly repeat what they hear
Cicumlocution
Unaware listeners do not understand them
Language comprehension deficits
Difficulty pointing to objects named
Word “Deafness”
Omit details when retelling a story

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69
Q

The two hemispheres of the brain are anatomically and functionally ___________.
Morphological differences are greatest in certain areas surrounding the ___________

A

asymmetrical

lateral sulcus

70
Q

The Right brain is responsible for these things:

A
Arousal, orientation, and attention.
Visual perception
Emotional experience and expressions. 
Perception of temporal order.
Perception of musical harmony.
Certain aspects of communication.
71
Q

Factors that cause RHD:

A

Cerebrovascular accidents
Tumors
Head Trauma
Various neurological diseases

72
Q

Patients who sustain RHD because of frontal lobe injury do have _______________.

A

motor disabilities

73
Q

Perceptual and Attentional Deficits include:

A

Left Neglect; Visuospatial impairment; forms of disorientation

74
Q

Reduced sensitivity to stimuli, reduced awareness of space, or absence of previously learned responses to stimuli in certain visual fields.

A

Left Neglect

75
Q

Facial Recognition Deficits

A

Prosopagnosia

76
Q

patients who entertain a delusional belief that their friends and family members are not their real selves but imposters or doubles.

A

Capgras syndrome

77
Q

Form of visuospacial impairment
Characterized by:
Problems constructing block designs, difficulty reproducing two-dimensional stick figures, errors in drawing or copying geometric shapes

A

Constructional impairment

78
Q

Characterized by:

Reduced state of arousal, difficulty in sustaining attention, difficulty in paying selective attention

A

Attentional Deficits

79
Q
Characterized by:
Topographic disorientation (confusion about space),  geographic disorientation, reduplicative paramnesia (a belief in the existence of multiple and identical persons, places, and body parts)
A

Disorientation

80
Q

Difficulty recognizing line-drawn pictures or incomplete drawings
Drawings that distort the representation by showing unusual size, dimension, or orientation
Drawings that are superimposed on other drawings

A

Visuoperceptual Deficits

81
Q

The right hemisphere is largely responsible for mediating the expression of emotions and appreciation of emotions other people express.

A

Affective Deficits

82
Q

Prosodic deficits in a RHD patient include:

A

monotonous, impaired stress patterns, reduced in rate, devoid of emotions, impaired in prosodic comprehension.

83
Q

Impaired discourse in a RHD patients includes:

A

discourse is a set of social communication skills; difficulty narrating events, pictures, or personal experiences in coherent, well-organized, and precise manner

84
Q

Semantic problems in a RHD patient includes:

A

difficulty understanding implied, alternative, or abstract meaning; failure to grasp overall meaning of situations, events, stories, or story pictures; failure to understand the meaning of proverbs, idioms, and metaphors; problems in naming abstract categories in contrast to the names of items within; difficulty understanding irony, humor, and sarcasm; problems in undersanding logical errors in sentences.

85
Q

Pragmatic deficits in a RHD patient includes:

A

Difficulty in conversational turn-taking; difficulty in topic maintenance; difficulty in maintaining eye contact; insensitivity to communicative contexts

86
Q
LHD = focal pattern of deficits 
RHD= diffuse pattern of deficits
A

.

87
Q

Communication deficits of patients with ______ may partly be due to other deficits; ____ may be more direct result of their brain injury

A

RHD

LHD

88
Q

RHD comm deficits are further complicated by their denial of illness, indifference to their impairments, confabulation, left-neglect, impulsive behavior, reduced attention and increased distractability, and deficits in reasoning skills
LHD patients are less motivated than RHD patients

A

.

89
Q

Injury to the brain sustained by physical trauma or external force

A

TBI

90
Q

Penetrating is ________

Nonpenetrating is ________

A

Open head

Closed head

91
Q

Open wound in the head due to some crushing or penetrating agent

A

Penetrating brain injury

92
Q

High and low velocity injuries; fractured/ perforated skull; torn meninges; various degrees of brain tissue damage

A

Penetrating brain injury

93
Q

What are the results of Penetrating brain injury?

A

Increased intracranial pressure, death/ brain tissue death, fluctuating blood pressure, reduced cerebral blood flow, bleeding/ infection/ hydrocephalus

94
Q

Intact meninges; closed head injury; less quantifiable; skull may be fractured; induced more complex symptoms than the other type

A

Nonpenetrating Brain injury

95
Q

A striking force at midline

A

Linear

96
Q

A striking force off midline with head rotation

A

Angular

97
Q

Point of impact due to skull compression

A

Coup

98
Q

Additional injury opposite the point of impact

A

Contrecoup

99
Q

muscle restraint; structure that hold the head and the neck will cause it to decelerate or decrease in speed

A

Deceleration

100
Q

Cranial deformity (meninges intact); moving object strikes the head or the moving head strikes a stationary object

A

Impression/ Impact Trauma

101
Q

moving object hits restrained head (crushing blow)

A

nonacceleration

102
Q

Name the different biomechanics of NPI:

A
  1. Acceleration
  2. Deceleration
  3. Impression/ Impact trauma
  4. Nonacceleration
103
Q

Primary Effects of TBI:

A

Lacerations of fractures of the skulls; Diffuse axonal injury; Primary brainstem injury; Diffuse vascular injury; primary focal lesions

104
Q

Secondary Effects of TBI:

A

Intracranial hematoma; increased intracranial pressure; ischemic brain damage; seizures; infection

105
Q

Behavioral effects of TBI include:

A

altered consciousness, confusion/ disorientation, memory compromise, speech and language compromise, dysphagia, behavioral and psychiatric changes

106
Q

Speech Disorder related to TBI include:

A

Dysarthria (spastic most common), voice disorders, dysfluency, poor prosody

107
Q

TBI in comparison to Aphasia:

A

More confusion, less organization; more similar to RHS (frontal lobe damage); cognition affects language

108
Q

Neurological syndrome associated with progressive deterioration

A

Dementia

109
Q

Which skills are seen to deteriorate in dementia:

A

language; cognition/ memory; visuospacial skills; emotion/ personality

110
Q

Improving the ______ of life needs to go hand in hand with ___________ life

A

quality

prolonging

111
Q

impaired consciousness associated with cognitive deficits; quick onset and may be temporary

A

Delirium

112
Q

Dementia has a more diffuse cerebral pathology than ______.

A

Aphasics

113
Q

The typical onset of persistent dementia is _______ whereas that of confusion and aphasia is more ________

A

gradual

acute

114
Q

What are the three major types of dementia:

A

cortical
subcortical
mixed

115
Q

DAT and dementia due to Picks disease can be classified as _______

A

cortical

116
Q

Dementia associated with Parkinsons disease and human immunodeficiency virus can be classified as ________

A

subcortical

117
Q

these are due to treatable diseases or disorders; if caught early and treated effectively

A

Reversible Dementia

118
Q

Give an example of something that contributes to Reversible Dementia:

A

Post-anoxic dementia; B1/B12 Deficiency; Low/high calcium; drug/alcohol abuse; toxic metal exposure; aids/creutzfeldt-jakob disease

119
Q

Common risk factors associated with progressive dementias:

A

advanced age, family history, down syndrome, head trauma, limited education/intellectual activity, reduced cerebral blood flow/inflammation

120
Q

Some examples of progressive dementias include:

A

alzheimers, parkinsons disease, picks disease, huntingtons disease

121
Q

DAT = Dementia of the Alzheimer’s Type

A

.

122
Q

Damage is predominant in the temporoparietal-occipital junctions and inferior temporal lobe

A

DAT

123
Q

What are the three dominant structural neuropathology’s associated with DAT:

A

neurofibrillary tangles, neuritic plaques, neuronal loss

124
Q

Filamentous structures in the nerve cell’s body dendrites and axons; In DAT these are T/T/T

A

Neurofibrillary tangles

125
Q

what does T/T/T stand for

A

Thickened twisted and tangled

126
Q

cortical and subcortical tissue degeneration (no synapses)

A

Neuritic plaques

127
Q

Concentrations of this suggest a potential metabolic impairment that may contribute to the cerebral pathology in patients with Alzheimer’s diseases

A

B-amyloid protein

128
Q

Cerebral cortex shrinks

A

Neuronal loss

129
Q

Cause or effect of neuronal death?

A

Neurochemical changes

130
Q

Patients with neurofibillary tangles in substantial nigra are likely to exhibit _____________

A

Parkinsons symptoms

131
Q

What are the early stage symptoms of DAT:

A

Memory deficit, visuospacial/language deficits, divided attention compromise, poor resigning and judgment, disorientation, behavioral change/depression

132
Q

What are the later stage symptoms of DAT:

A
Restlessness / Agitation increases
Agnosia
Delusions with aberrant behaviors
Loss of initiation / initiative
Periodic incontinence / physical deterioration
Dysphagia
133
Q

What are the Early Language and Communication problems seen in patients with DAT:

A
Anomia
Verbal paraphasia / circumlocution
Decreased ABSTRACT comprehension
Impaired picture description
Difficulty with topic maintenance
More fluent speech
134
Q

What are the Later Language and Communication problems seen in patients with DAT:

A

Literal paraphasia
Jargon / Confabulation / Language of Confusion
NON-CONTINGENT
Hyperfluency
Verbal incoherence / Impaired conversation
Multi-modes impairment
ECHOLALIA / PALILALIA / LOGOCLONIA

135
Q

Degeneration in the frontal and temporal lobes; Early Onset; Location is different from DAT

A

Frontotemporal Dementia and Pick’s Disease

136
Q

significant behavioral change poor recognition initially with right-sided atrophy; left-dominant atrophy presents as language disturbances; shifting moods and behaviors

A

Frontotemporal Dementia and Pick’s Disease

137
Q

Some general symptoms of FTD and PiD include:

A

APATHY/EUPHORIA/DEPRESSION/DELUSION/ REPETITION/ UNINHIBITION/ difficulty recognizing names,faces and voices of known people

138
Q

Language disorders associated with FTD and PiD

A

language disturbances are predominant
Anomia
progessive shrinkage in expressive vocabulary
spontaneous conversation reduced
echolalia
nonfluent speech with phonological problems
muteness

139
Q

Parkinsons is a parkinsonism disease but not all parkinsonism diseases are parkinsons

A

.

140
Q

idiopathic because the auses are unknown

A

Parkinson’s

141
Q

Parkinson’s alone has _____ bodies which are a brain protein

A

Lewy

142
Q

Parkinson’s alone responds positively to _______

A

dopamine therapy

143
Q

Degeneration of nuclei and widened sulci; loss of cells in substantial nigra; neurofibrillary tangles/ neuritic plaques; lewy bodies; reduced dopamine

A

Parkinson’s Disease

144
Q

Which disease is the only one with decreased dopamine levels?

A

Parkinsons

145
Q

How does a person with Parkinsons disease present?

A

Bradykinesia; tremor/rigidity; disturbed gait and posture; falls/freezing; dysphagia

146
Q

What is the most common prescribed drug treatment for patients with parkinson’s disease?

A

Levadopa for long-term

147
Q

What are the types of treatment associate with Parkinson’s disease patients?

A

Functional neurosurgery, deep brain stimulation, stem cells, drugs

148
Q

Genetic neurodegenerative disease

A

Huntington’s disease

149
Q

a malformed protein that kills brain cells that control movement and memory

A

Huntington

150
Q

Loss of neurons primarily in the basal ganglia

A

Huntington’s disease

151
Q

Patients with hunting tons disease will experience what types of problems:

A

behavioral change, chorea, tics, rigidity, gait disturbances, slow movement, impaired memory, dysarthria

152
Q

degenerative neurological disorder whose symptoms are similar to those found in parkinsons disease

A

Progressive supranuclear palsy

153
Q

The basal ganglia and the briainstem are mainly associated with this:

A

Progressive supraanuclear palsy

154
Q

characterized by early onset of dysarthria and impair downgaze and eye movements; jerky movement of the face and jaw; hypertonia of face

A

Progressive supranuclear palsy

155
Q

Progressive supra nuclear palsy is classified as a form of ____________

A

subcortical dementia

156
Q

No tremors associated with this

A

Progressive supranuclear pasly

157
Q

What are the three types of stoke:

A

ischemic, thrombic, hemorrahagic

158
Q

What is the difference between and infarct vs DAT?

A

DAT: plaque is caused by B-amyloid protein
Infarct: mini stroke

159
Q

Give me an example of neurodegenerative disease with early onset?

A

Picks and Huntingtons

160
Q

Worse aphasia:

Best Aphasia:

A

Global

Anomic

161
Q

Telegraphic speech is consistent with Broca’s aphasia

A

.

162
Q

List the nonfluent aphasia’s:

A

Broca’s, Transcortical motor, Mixed transcortical, global

163
Q

List the fluent aphasia’s:

A

Wenicke’s, transcortical sensory, conduction, anomic

164
Q

Non-fluent and agrammatic speech with relatively preserved auditory comprehension

A

Broca’s

165
Q

Non fluent speech with good repetition

A

Transcortical Motor

166
Q

Severe impairment in production and comprehension of language, with the preservation of repetition.

A

Mixed Transcortical

167
Q

Severe impairment in production and comprehension of language effecting all modes of communication, including nonverbal.

A

Global

168
Q

Fluent but jargon-filled speech and defective auditory comprehension are the hallmarks of this syndrome

A

Wernicke’s

169
Q

Fluent, well-articulated, paraphasic, somewhat echolalic, empty speech in the context of poor auditory comprehension. Repetition is preserved in these patients.

A

Transcortical Sensory

170
Q

Fluent and paraphasic speech with naming difficulties and impaired repetition.

A

Conduction

171
Q

Overriding feature is a persistent and severe naming problem in the context of relatively intact language skills

A

Anomic