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Law and Ethics > Midterm Review > Flashcards

Midterm Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Duty

A

action or conduct based on moral or legal obligation

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2
Q

Characteristics of a true profession

A 
specialized body of knowledge of value to society
intensive academic course of study
standards of practice
external recognition by society
code of ethics
organized association
service orientation
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3
Q

Dental hygienist

A

preventative oral healthcare professional; provide educational, clinical, and therapeutic services supporting total health of patient

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4
Q

Professionalism

A

quality of performing with the skill, knowledge and abilities of a professional person

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5
Q

Commercial model

A

dentistry is a commodity; buying and selling of services. dental needs of patient are not as important as what patient is willing to pay for/or what gives dentist the greatest return on time, effort, and materials

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6
Q

Guild model

A

dentistry as an all-knowing profession, members of group control knowledge, skill, and competency. Patient has dental needs and dentist provides care to meet needs of patient

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7
Q

Interactive model

A

patient and dentists are equal and have roles of equal moral status in the process of dental care and delivery

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8
Q

Competency

A

having the knowledge, skill, and ability to perform a prescribed set of tasks or duties independently and with confidence.

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9
Q

Accreditation

A

nongovernmental process for ensuring that a predetermined set of standards has been met; used to assure the public that the graduates of a particular program are prepared to practice

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10
Q

Professional traits of the dental hygienist

A
  • Honesty and integrity
  • Caring and compassion
  • Reliability and responsibility
  • Maturity and self-analysis
  • Loyalty
  • Interpersonal communication
  • Respect for others
  • Respect for self
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11
Q

Factors that influences legislative care

A
  • Need and demand for dental care
  • Distribution of dental health care providers
  • Federal health legislation
  • Goals of organized dental and dental hygiene associations advocacy groups
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12
Q

Ethical theory

A

systematic examination of morals involving critical reflection and analysis about what is right and wrong.

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13
Q

Morality

A

that which is right and good; quality of an action with regard to right and wrong

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14
Q

Piaget’s four-stage model

A
  1. Amoral stage (0-2 years)
  2. Egocentric Stage (2-7 years); bends rules and reacts to environment instinctively
  3. Heteronomous Stage (7-12 years); accepts the moral authority of others
  4. Autonomous Stage (12 and older); a morality of self based on cooperation; rules tested and become internalized.
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15
Q

Kholberg’s three-level model

A
  1. Preconventional reasoning, in which externally established rules determine right and wrong. Stage 1- punishment and obedience orientation. Stage 2- instrumental relativist orientation
  2. Conventional reasoning, in which expectations of family and groups are maintained and where loyalty and conformity are considered important. Stage 3- interpersonal concordance orientation. Stage 4- law and order orientation.
  3. Postconventional or principled, in which the person autonomously examines and defines moral values with decisions of conscience dictating the right action. Stage 5- social contract legalistic orientation. Stage 6- universal ethical principle orientation.
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16
Q

Gilligan’s model of moral development

A
  1. Orientation to individual survival and being moral is surviving by being submissive to society.
  2. Goodness as self-sacrifice, in which being moral is first not hurting others with no thought of hurt to self.
  3. Morality of nonviolence; avoiding hurt becomes the moral guide governing all moral reasoning
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17
Q

Cognitive development theory

A

that people operate on their experiences to make sense of them, and those experiences, as we make sense of them, in turn change the basic conceptual structures by which people construct meanings.

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18
Q

Character

A

collectively, the qualities that define a person or group of persons; a person’s moral nature.

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19
Q

Moral reasoning

A

the formulation of a morally ideal course of action; the process of judging what one ought to do in a specific situation.

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20
Q

Ethics

A

the inquiry into the nature of morality or moral acts; values by which human beings live in relation to other human beings, nature, a higher power, and/or themselves.

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21
Q

Consequentialism

A

he theory that the rightness or wrongness of action is determined by consequences; also called teleology

22
Q

Utilitarianism/deontology

A

theory that an action is right when it conforms to a rule of conduct or judgment providing the greatest balance of good or evil.

23
Q

Virtue ethics

A

theory that focuses on the character traits of an individual rather than on the individual’s specific behavior.

24
Q

Ethical dilemma

A

a situation when one or more ethical principles are in conflict.

25
Q

Nonmaleficence principle

A

principle that states the duty to avoid harming the patient, summarized in the phrase “do no harm”. One ought not to inflict harm, one ought to prevent harm. One ought to remove harm, one ought to do or promote good.

26
Q

Beneficence

A

principle of promoting good or well-being

27
Q

Autonomy

A

self-determination and the ability to be self-governing and self-directing. The deontologist holds that the health care provider has a duty to allow patient to make decisions about actions that will affect their bodies.

28
Q

Justice

A

providing individuals or groups with what is owed, due, or deserved. Distributive justice is concerned with the allocation of resources in large social systems.

29
Q

Paternalism

A

the health care professional acts as a parent and makes decisions for the patient on the basis of what the professional believes is in the best interest of the patient.

30
Q

Veracity

A

being honest and telling the truth. Benevolent deception is the name given to the practice of withholding information from a patient because the clinician’s belief that the information may harm the individual.

31
Q

Informed consent

A

act of providing information to and ensuring the understanding of a patient regarding treatment risks, treatment options, and the nature of the disease or problem.

32
Q

Confidentiality

A

which is entrusted or held in secret; the precept by which information shared by a patient during the course of receiving health care is kept in confidence by the health care provider.

33
Q

Prima Facie

A

at first glance

34
Q

Prima facie duties

A

Always do the act that is in accord with the stronger prima facie duty. Always do the act that has the greatest of prima facie rightness over prima facie wrongness.

35
Q

Five fundamental principles

A
  • Universality
  • Complementarity
  • Ethics
  • Community
  • Responsibility
36
Q

Seven core values

A
  • Autonomy
  • Confidentiality
  • Trust
  • Nonmaleficence
  • Beneficence
  • Justice
  • Veracity
37
Q

Major findings of oral health in America

A
  • Oral diseases and disorders affect health and well-being throughout life
  • Safe and effective measures exist to prevent common oral diseases
  • The mouth reflects general health and well-being
  • Lifestyle behaviors that affect general health affect oral health and craniofacial health
  • Profound and consequential oral health disparities are present in the U.S. population
  • More information is needed to improve oral health and eliminate health disparities
  • Research is the key to further reduction in the burden of diseases and disorders that affect the craniofacial complex.
38
Q

American dental education association recommendations for improving oral health status of all americans

A
  • Monitor future oral health care workforce needs
  • Improve the effectiveness of the oral health care delivery system
  • Prepare students to provide oral health services to diverse populations
  • Increase the diversity of the oral health workforce
  • Improve the effectiveness of allied dental professionals in reaching the underserved.
39
Q

Suggestions to address societal disparities

A
  • Provide dental hygiene services at a safety net clinic
  • Work on a community campaign to install fluoridation in the local water district
  • Participate in state organized caries-prevention programs
  • Work with local dental groups to address oral health disparities
  • Support school-based fluoride and sealant programs
  • Volunteer at general and dental health fairs
40
Q

Code of ethics

A

guideline for members of a professional group used for self-regulation of the group.

41
Q

professional code of ethics

A

binds the members of a group together by expressing their goals and aspirations, as well as define expected standards of behavior

42
Q

dental hygiene basic beliefs

A
  • The services we provide contribute to the health and well-being of society
  • Our education and licensure qualify us to serve the public by preventing and treating oral disease and helping individuals achieve and maintain optimal health
  • Individuals have intrinsic worth, are responsible for their own health, and are entitled to make choices regarding their health
  • Dental hygiene care is an essential component of overall health care and we function interdependently with other health care providers
  • All people should have access to health care, including oral health care
  • We are individually responsible for our actions and the quality of care we provide
43
Q

standards of professional responsibility

A
  • To ourselves as individuals
  • To ourselves as professionals
  • To family and friends
  • To clients
  • To colleagues
  • To employees and employers
  • To the dental hygiene profession
  • To the community and society
  • To scientific investigation
44
Q

moral weakness

A

moral responsibilities conflict with personal inclinations

45
Q

moral uncertainty

A

question as to whether a moral obligation exists

46
Q

moral dilemma

A

obligations and responsibilities are in conflict

47
Q

moral distress

A

frustration from perceived powerlessness when what is happening appears to be wrong and are unable to act ethically

48
Q

Four “A”’s to rise above moral stress

A
  • Ask- ask about distress. Are you showing signs of work-related distress? Become aware of the problem.
  • Affirm- affirm your distress and the commitment to take care of yourself. Affirm the professional obligation to act.
  • Assess- Identify sources of distress and determine severity. Analyze risks and benefits.
  • Act- Prepare personally and professionally to take action
49
Q

Six-step decision making model

A
  • Identify the ethical dilemma or problem
  • Collect information
  • State the options
  • Apply the ethical principles to the options
  • Make the decision
  • Implement the decision
50
Q

Categories of ethical dilemmas most commonly encountered by dental hygienists

A
  • Substandard care
  • Overtreatment
  • Scope of practice
  • Fraud
  • Confidentiality
  • Impaired professional
  • Sexual harassment
  • Abuse

Law and Ethics (1 decks)

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