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Dysphagia > Midterm Review > Flashcards

Midterm Review Flashcards

1
Q

A disorder of difficulty with swallowing

A

Dysphagia

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2
Q

narrowing of the pharynx or esophagus

A

Constricta

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3
Q

Eophageal compression by the right sub-clavian artery

A

Lusoria

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4
Q

difficulty with propulsion from the mouth to the esophagus

A

Oropharyngeal

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5
Q

Paralysis of muscles of mouth, pharynx, or esophagus

A

Paralytica

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6
Q

Dysphagia from spasm of the pharynx or esophagus

A

Spastica

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7
Q

Clinical characteristics of Dysphagia:

A

coughing & choking during or after a meal, food sticking, regurgitation, odynophagia, drooling, unexplained weight loss, nutritional deficiencies

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8
Q

The result of a physiological change in the muscles needed for swallowing

A

Dysphgia

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9
Q

Two hallmarks of Dysphagia include:

A
  1. Delay in propulsion of a bolus as it transits from the mouth the the stomach
  2. Misdirection of bolus
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10
Q

bolus material entering the upper airway and/or lungs or material that enters the mouth, pharynx, esophagus during swallowing attempts but fails to reach the stomach

A

Misdirection

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11
Q

An impairment of emotional, cognitive, sensory, and/or motor acts involved with transferring a substance from the mouth the stomach, resulting in failure to maintain hydration and nutrition, and posing a risk of choking and aspiration

A

Dysphagia

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12
Q

an impairment in the process of food transport outside the alimentary system

A

feeding disorder

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13
Q

______ is a symptom of a disease, not a primary disease.

A

Dysphagia

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14
Q

This is characterized by a delay or misdirection of something swallowed as food moves from the mouth to the stomach

A

Dysphagia

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15
Q

Dysphagia has both _______ and _________ consequences on a patients quality of life

A

medical

psychosocial

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16
Q

The prevalence of dysphagia is highest in patients with ____________

A

neurologic disease

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17
Q

Patients in _______ and _____ tend to be at highest risk for dysphagia.

A

acute-care intensive care units

skilled nursing facilities

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18
Q

There may not be a clear link between dysphagic symptoms and the patients primary medical diagnosis in patients who reside in skilled nursing facilities.

A

.

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19
Q

Patients in _______ are medically fragile, and their wallowing response can be easily decomponsated by fatigue or an acute medical condition such as infection

A

skilled nursing facilities

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20
Q

_________ is the consequence of liquid and food entering the airway below the level of the vocal folds

A

Aspiration

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21
Q

Aspirtion of liquid or food may or may not produce this lung infection

A

Aspiration Pneumonia

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22
Q

Four stages of swallowing are:

A

Oral preparatory
Oral Stage
Pharyngeal
Esophageal

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23
Q

Food is masticated in preparation for transfer

A

Oral Preparatory

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24
Q

Transfer of material from the mouth to the oropharynx

A

Oral

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25
Q

material is transported away from the oropharynx, around an occluded laryngeal vestibule and through a relaxed cricopharyngeus muscle into the upper esophagus

A

Pharyngeal

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26
Q

material is transported through the esophagus into the gastric cardia

A

Esophageal

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27
Q

_______ Americans show some degree of Dysphagia

A

6-10 million

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28
Q

anorexia, bulimia, nervosa
Typically have difficulty with poor appetite, changes in dietary selections, and problems with the oral preparation of the bolus

A

Eating Disorder

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29
Q

impairment in the process of food transport outside the alimentary system
Result of weaknes or incoordination in the han or arm used to move the food from the plate to mouth

A

Feeding Disorder

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30
Q

Goal of most Dysphagia Treatment plans:

A

Goal of most treatment plans is to ensure that the patient can consume enough food and liquid to remain nourished and hydrated and that the consumption of these materials does not pose a threat to airway safety resulting in aspiration pneumonia.

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31
Q

lead role in managing dysphagia related to poor oral and pharyngeal swallowing mechanics

A

SLP

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32
Q

skilled in the evaluation of the upper digestive tract; may be involved with surgical placement and removal of tracheostomy tube

A

Otolaryngologist:

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33
Q

special interest in the esophagus; familiar with GERD or heartburn; perform the 24 hour pH monitoring test; responsible for the placemet of PEG tubes

A

Gastroenterologist:

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34
Q

provide dynamic and static imaging of the aerodigestive tract and lung fields; works with the SLP during modified barium swallow

A

Radiologist

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35
Q

important role in the identification and subsequent management of swallowing disorders

A

Neurologist:

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36
Q

may be the first to identify issue; can make appliances that will aid in the patients swallow

A

Dentist:

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37
Q

monitoring the amount of intake and recording it in the medical records

A

Nurse:

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38
Q

assesses the patients nutritional and hydration needs and monitors the patients response to those needs

A

Dietition:

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39
Q

retraining the parent to self-feed

A

OT

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40
Q

proper infant positioning to support neurodevelopmental tone and maturations

A

Neurodevelopmental Specialist:

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41
Q

Digestion involves braking down the food in what two ways:

A

Mechanical & Chemical

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42
Q

Primitive pattern =

Secondary Pattern =

A

Munching

Rotary Jaw Movement

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43
Q

3 Types of Salivary Glands:

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

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44
Q

Connects the pharynx to the stomach

A

Esophagus

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45
Q

allows the esophagus to pass through the diaphragm

A

Oesophageal Hiatus

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46
Q

where the stomach the esophagus connect

A

Cardiac region

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47
Q

Circular muscle in the body that keeps a passage closed(relaxed to open and contracts to close)

A

Cardiac sphincter

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48
Q

Begins in the larynx and continues on down into the esophagus like a wave

A

Peristalsis

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49
Q

Nonmovement of bolus (retention; residual)

A

Stasis

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50
Q

the bolus moves past the tongue base and sits in the vallecular space before the swallow

A

Premature posterior leakage (PPL)

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51
Q

when the bolus is divided into one or more bolus

A

Segmented bolus transfer

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52
Q

though of something stuck in the throat

A

Globus

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53
Q

Drool

A

Sialorrhea

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54
Q

dy mouth

A

Xerostomia

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55
Q

UMN=

LMN =

A

Spastic

Flaccid

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56
Q

Sensorimotor Considerations for Swallowing Deficits in Hemispheric Stroke Patients:

A

Volitional motor control, paresis/ paralysis, sensory recognition, communication deficits

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57
Q

Swallowing Deficits in patients after Hemispheric Stroke:

A
  1. Reduced ability to initiate a saliva swallow
  2. Delayed triggering of pharyngeal swallow
  3. Incoordination of oral movements in swallow
  4. Increased pharyngeal transit time
  5. Reduced pharyngeal constriction
  6. Aspiration
  7. Pharyngoesophagel segment dysfunction
  8. Impaired lower esophageal sphincter relaxation
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58
Q

Swallowing Deficits seen in patients with Dementia:

A

1.Unexplained weight loss
2.Oral stage dysfunction
3.Phayngeal-stage dysfunction
4.Combined oral and pharyngeal dysfunction
Minor aspiration
Major aspiration
5.Feeding limitations

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59
Q

Swallowing Deviation seen in Mild-Stage Dementia:

A

Slow oral movement
Slow or delayed pharyngeal response
Overall Slow swallowing duration

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60
Q

Feeding Deviations seen in Mild-Stage Dementia:

A

Increased self-feeding cues (specifically related to food preparation or utensil use)
Direct assistance with utensil use for food preparation or convenience
Imitation of feeding behavior from the meal partner

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61
Q

Dysphagia considerations for patients with BG deficits:

A
  1. Poor Bolus Control
  2. Residue from inefficient Swallow
  3. Difference among swallow types
  4. Severity Dependent
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62
Q

Orpharyngeal swallowing Deficits seen in patients with BG Deficits (Parkinsonism):

A 
Oral Stage = Lingual tremor 
Repetitive tongue pumping 
Prolonged ramplike posture 
Piecemeal deglutition 
Velar tremor 
Buccal retention 
Pharyngeal Stage = Vallecular retention 
Piriform sinus retention 
Impaired laryngeal elevation 
Airway (supraglottic) penetration 
Aspiration 
Pharyngoesophageal segment dysfunction
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63
Q

Pharyngeal Swallowing Deficits in Patient after Brainstem Stroke:

A 
Absent or delayed pharyngeal response
Reduced hyolaryngeal elevation
Reduced oropharyngeal constriction 
Reduced pharyngeal constriction 
Reduced laryngeal closure 
Reduced pharynogoesophageal segment opening 
Brief swallow event 
Generalized incoordination (including respiration)
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64
Q

Hallmark of all dementias is:

A

progressive deterioration in cognitive abilities, including memory, judgment, abstract reasoning, and personality change.

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65
Q

form of dementia in which language and communication abilities deteriorate and are initially followed by deterioration of other functions

A

Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA)

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66
Q

Treatment Considerations for Swallowing in Dementia Patients:

A 
Special food preparations 
Diet restrictions 
Enhance taste and Flavor 
Changing the mealtime environment  
Increased mealtime supervision and cueing
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67
Q

Tests used in assessing the severity of neurotrauma:

A

Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), Rancho Los Amigos Scale (RLAS), or the Functional Independence Measure (FIM)

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68
Q

typically results in diffuse neurologic deficits that affect several aspects of behavioral control.

A

TBI

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69
Q

Treatment considerations for Dysphagia in TBI:

A

Diet modifications, postural adjustments, feeding adaptations, and behavioral maneuvers and compensations

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70
Q

Damage to the _________ results in sensory deficits to the head and neck region in addition to motor deficits associated with both upper and lower motor neuron damage

A

brainstem

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71
Q

Two aspects to dysphagia in brainstem stroke:

A

incoordination presumably related to disruption of the swallowing center
Weakness resulting from damage to the cortibulbar system
Resulting swallow is called “incomplete swallow”

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72
Q

adjacent to the brainstem and is located posterior and slightly superior to most brainstem structures

A

Cerebellum

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73
Q

Damage to the Cerebellum results in:

A

Unsteadiness (ataxia)
Intention tremor (tremor that is exaggerated at the initiation of movement)
Hypotonia (low muscle tone)

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74
Q

Motor impairments at the muscle level

A

Myopathies

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75
Q

disease that reflects the relation between lower motor neuron impairment and dysphagia.

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

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76
Q

Treatment of neurogenic dysphagias is often __________but relies heavily on a strong understanding of the underlying neurologic process. In many cases behavioral treatment interacts significantly with medical treatment.

A

symptomatic

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77
Q

Result of cell growth that is out of control

A

Cancer

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78
Q

Proliferation of cell growth

A

Hyperplasia

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79
Q

Traveling cells

A

Metastasis

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80
Q

Cancer is typically in the formation of this

A

Tumor

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81
Q

Two types of Tumor:

A

Benign and malignant

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82
Q

Process of determining how far the cancer has spread

A

Staging

83
Q

TNM System stands for:

A

Tumor Nodes Metastasis

84
Q

Teams with Head and Neck Cancer patients will typically include:

A 
Head/Neck Surgeon
Radiation Oncologist
Medical Oncologist
Dentist
Social Workers 
Rehabilitation Specialists
85
Q

Warning Signs of Head/Neck Cancer:

A 
Unexplained rapid weight loss 
Fever
Fatigue
Pain
Change in bowel or bladder function 
Sores that do not heal 
Unusual bleeding or discharge 
Thickening or a lump in any part of the body 
Ingestion or difficulty swallowing 
Recent change in a wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness
86
Q

Three primary treatment options for head/neck cancers:

A

Surgery, Radiation, Chemotherapy

87
Q

removal of cancerous tumor and some of the surrounding healthy tissue referred to as the margin

A

Surgery

88
Q

use of high energy x-rays to kill cancer cells

A

Radiation

89
Q

Two ways Radiation can be administered:

A

External beam radiation

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy

90
Q

aiming a high-energy radiation beam at the tumor and surrounding tissues

A

External-beam radiation

91
Q

allows more effective doses of radiation to be delivered to the tumor while hitting less healthy tissue

A

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy

92
Q

involves implanting small pellets or rods containing radioactive material into the caner or near the cancer site

A

Internal radiation therapy (Brach therapy)

93
Q

use of drugs to kill cancer

A

Chemotherapy

94
Q

Side Effects of Surgery to treat Head/Neck Cancer:

A

Swelling of the mouth and/or throat, resulting in difficulty breathing
Impaired speech and/or voice
Difficulty chewing and swallowing
Facial disfigurement
Numbness in the face, neck, or throat
Reduced mobility in the neck and shoulder area
Decreased function of the thyroid gland

95
Q

Side Effects from Radiation:

A

Redness and skin irritation in area treated
Permanent change to salivary gland leading to persistent dry mouth or thickened saliva
Bone Pain
Nausea and Vomiting
Fatigue
Mouth sores and/or sore throat
Dental problems
Painful swallowing
Loss of appetite
Reduced sense of taste (sometimes smell)
Earaches resulting from hardening of ear wax
Hypothyroidism
Fibrosis leading to reduced movement
Peripheral neuropathy
Bone, cartilage, soft tissue necrosis

96
Q

Side effects of chemotherapy:

A 
Fatigue 
Nausea and vomiting 
Hair loss 
Dry mouth
Loss of appetite 
Reduced sense of taste 
Weakened immune system 
Diarrhea and/or constipation 
Open sore in the mouth potentially leading to infection
97
Q

General Characteristics of Dysphagia Associated with Radiation Therapy:

A 
Bolus control deficits (63%)
Small amounts per bolus and multiple swallow attempts 
Increased meal times 
Reduced frequency of swallowing 
Dry mouth – Xerostomia (92%)
Pain (58%)
Altered tasted (75%)
98
Q

patient characteristics that directly or indirectly have a negative impact on swallowing functions

A

Impact Factors

99
Q

Some Impact Factors include:

A

Pain, Xerostomia, taste and smell deviation, fibrosis, nutritional status, psychological status

100
Q

General Dysphagia Considerations in Patients with ALS:

A

Oral control of bolus
Reduced Transport
Residue
Airway Protection

101
Q

Oropharyngeal Swallowing Deficits seen in patients with ALS:

A

Oral Stage: leakage, mastication, bolus formation, bolus transport, residual pooling
Pharyngeal Stage: nasopharyngeal regurgitation, valleculae pooling, piriform sinus pooling, airway spillage, ineffective airway clearance, shortness of breath

102
Q

A muscular tube whose primary function is to transport food from oropharynx to stomach via peristalsis (Primary / Secondary)

A

Esophageal Structure

103
Q

The esophagus has two sphincters which are:

A
  • The upper esophageal sphincter (UES)

- The lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

104
Q

_______ Shares physiologic functions with the hypo pharyngeal musculature.

A

UES

105
Q

The Muscular Wall of the esophageal structure is defined by:

A

Inner circular layer & Outer longitudinal layer

106
Q

At the onset of swallow the longitudinal muscles ________ and _______ the esophagus

A

contract and shorten

107
Q

At the onset of swallow the UES/LES become

A

active, open in relaxed state

108
Q

At the onset of swallow the circular muscles initiate a _______proximally to distally

A

sequential peristaltic wave

109
Q

At the onset of swallowing bolus propulsion from the pharynx to the stomach typically takes _____-

A

10-12 seconds

110
Q

Esophageal/ GI Trends in Geriatric Popluation:

A

Strength of esophageal peristalsis decreases
Tension in the UES decreases
Capacity of stomach to resist damage decreases
Stomach cannot accommodate as much food because of decreased elasticity
Rate of GI clearance increases
Risk of acquired disease affecting GI system increases

111
Q

Classifications of Esophageal disorders in Aging:

A

NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS
INTRINSIC OBSTRUCTIVE
EXTRINSIC OBSTRUCTIVE

112
Q

Symptoms of Reflux include:

A

heartburn, regurgitation, chest pressure/pain, throat fullness, vocal changes, eructation (burping)

113
Q

Nueromuscular Esophageal Disorders include:

A

Achalasia
Spastic Motor Disorder
Schleroderma

114
Q

Incomplete LES/UES relaxations; Aperistalsis; Slow progressive dysphagia of solids and liquids, Obstruction; Restrograde aspiration; dilated with “bird beak” LES

A

Achalasia

115
Q

condition in which non relaxing or incompletely relaxing LES prevents the passage of swallowed material into the stomach

A

Achalasia

116
Q

Intermittent Dysphagia for liquids and solids

A

Esophageal Spasm

117
Q

occasional painful muscle contractions affecting the esophagus accompanied by regurgitation of foods and liquids

A

Esophageal Spasm

118
Q

Esophageal Spasm can progress to ________

A

Achalasia

119
Q

a state of increased contraction pressures in the LES

A

Hypertensive LES

120
Q

is the term for painfully strong contractions in the esophageal muscles; less likely to cause regurgitation of food and liquids.

A

Nutcracker Esophagus

121
Q

Progressive systematic sclerosis; rare disease of the connective tissues of the entire body

A

Scleroderma

122
Q

Some Intrinsic Obstructive Disorders:

A 
Tumors 
Diverticula
Strictures 
Lower esophageal rings (Schatzki's ring) 
Esophageal webs 
Foreign bodies
123
Q

Majority of these are acquired in adulthood as a consequence of esophagitis.

A

Benign esophageal stricture

124
Q

inflammation of the lining of the esophagus

A

Esophagitis

125
Q

Herniated sac or pouch in the esophagus of stretched tissue pushing outward through its muscular wall

A

Diverticulum

126
Q

At risk for food collection and obstruction; risk of retrograde aspiration

A

Diverticulum

127
Q

Pouch in the back of the throat above the circopharyngeal muscle; food and saliva can accumulate in the pouch causing it to grow

A

Zenkers Diverticulum

128
Q

is a narrowing or tightening of the esophagus that causes swallowing difficulties

A

Esophageal Stricture

129
Q

narrowing of the lower part of the esophagus caused by changes in the esophageal mucosa (lining of the esophagus)

A

Schatzkis Ring

130
Q

A band of tissue composed of mucosa and submucosa located in the esophagus or hypopharynx

A

Esophageal Web

131
Q

A band of tissue composed of mucosa and submucosa located at the esophagogastric junction

A

Esophageal Ring

132
Q

Extrinsic Obstructive Disorders:

A

Vascular Compression
Mediastinal Masses
Cervical Osteoarththropy

133
Q

Malformation of the aortic arch that results in vascular branches encircling the trachea and esophagus

A

VASCULAR RING

134
Q

Can be caused by a change in the ability of the esophagus to fully open during swallowing, resulting a blockage of bolus passage.

A

Esophageal Dysphagia

135
Q

a narrowing or restriction of the lumen of the esophagus that slows or impedes the passage of fluid and foods from the oral cavity to the stomach.

A

Esophageal Stenosis

136
Q

normal movement of gastric contents into the esophagus

A

GER

137
Q

occurs when stomach contents reach the laryngeal level, frequently resulting in odynophagia, hoarseness, sore throat, globes sensation, and chronic throat clearing q

A

Laryngopharyngeal Reflux

138
Q

Medical and/or surgical complications that result in dysphagic complications can be classified as:

A

iatrogenic

139
Q

Patients with compromised Respiratory Status may require special interventions to support basic life functions which include:

A

endotracheal or tracheostomy tubes

140
Q

Long plastic, flexible tubes that are inserted through the mouth, through the vocal folds, and into the trachea to aid the patient in respiratory distress

A

Endotracheal tubes

141
Q

These are connected to a respirator to help the patient breath

A

Endotracheal Tubes

142
Q

Requires surgical placement between the second and third tracheal rings do that the tube is below the level of the vocal folds

A

Tracheostomy Tube

143
Q

The larger the diameter of a Tracheostomy tube the more difficult it is to get air past the tube up to the vocal folds.

A

.

144
Q

Different Tracheostomy Tube Sizes are:

A

8 6 and 4 mm

145
Q

Complications of a trach include:

A

decreased sense of smell and taste, infection, increases secretions

146
Q

Trachs can be cuffed or non cuffed.

A

.

147
Q

portion on the end of the tracy tube that can be inflated with air externally by a syringe that seals off the entrance to the lungs

A

Cuff

148
Q

A hole placed in the top of the tracheostomy tube to allow increased airflow to the upper airway, primarily for speaking

A

Fenestration

149
Q

Factors that may place patients with a trach at greater risk for aspiration include:

A
  • loss of subglottic air pressure
  • poor laryngeal elevation
  • loss of upper airway sensitivity
  • loss of the normal laryngeal closure reflex during swallow
150
Q

Surgical procedures Dysaphagia can result from include:

A
  1. Edema that retracts movement of swallowing structures such as the pharynx
  2. Interference to the peripheral nerve supply to the muscles of swallowing
  3. loss of CNS innervation
  4. Replacement of swallowing structures that also may interfere with peripheral CN
151
Q

Disorders of _______ often affect swallowing because of the close relation between the two.

A

Breathing

152
Q

Patients who require placements of trach may be at risk for_____ particularly if they have multiple medical complication.

A

Aspiration

153
Q

________ that result in fractures of swallowing structures, dental trauma, and thermal burn injuries all may increase patients risk of swallow safety

A

Traumatic Injury

154
Q

The side effects from ______ used to treat medical conditions may be the primary causative factor of dysphasia or may complicate preexisting dysphagia.

A

Medications

155
Q

Patients with _______________ are at risk for dysphagia, especially during periods of acute exacberation, because of compromise to the respiratory system

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

156
Q

Three main components of the clinical evaluation of the patient with dysphagia:

A
  1. medical history
  2. physical inspection of the swallowing musculature
  3. observations of swallowing competence with test swallows
157
Q

Symptoms associated with Dysphagia:

A

Difficulty chewing, initiating swallow, drooling, nasal regurgitation, swallow delay, food sticking, coughing and choking, coughing when not eating, regurgitation, weight loss

158
Q

Aspects of the swallowing process that the patient reports are problematic

A

Symptoms

159
Q

aspects of the swallowing process that are objectively measured and determined to connote a swallowing Disorder

A

Signs

160
Q

Common Dysphagic Symptoms include:

A

Globus sensation, heartburn, loss of pleasure associated with eating,special preparation such as excessive chewing, regurgitation, and chagnes in diet level.

161
Q

Common Dysphagic Signs include:

A

drooling, choking, respiratory congestion after eating, increased need for suctioning, fatigue when eating, poor position when eating, loss of cognitive controls over the eating circumstance, under-nutrition and muscle wasting, and the presence of feeding, trach, and endotracheal tubes

162
Q

Measures the oxygen saturation levels, cervical ausulation

A

Water Test

163
Q

Standardized Tests for Oropharyngal dysphagia include:

A

Mann Assessment of Swalowing ability and the McGill Ingestive Skills Assessment

164
Q

Removal or tumor and surrounding tissue

A

Primary Tumor Surgery

165
Q

Removal of a piece of the jaw bone

A

Mandibulectomy

166
Q

Splitting the mandible to gain access to tumor

A

Mandibulotomy

167
Q

Removing all or parts of the hard palate

A

Maxillectomy

168
Q

Removal of a tumor in thin slices, evaluating each slice under a microscope for cancer cells until all cancer cells are gone

A

Mohs surgery

169
Q

Using a narrow, intense beam of light to remove cancer

A

Laser surgery

170
Q

Removal of the entire larynx

A

Laryngectomy

171
Q

removal of part of the larynx; supraglottic, hemilaryngectomy, supracricoid, vocal cord

A

partial laryngectomy

172
Q

removal of larynx and pharynx

A

laryngopharyngectomy

173
Q

establishing a hole in the anterior neck (stoma) into the trachea to establish an airway

A

tracheostomy

174
Q

creating a fistula int the stomach by way of the abdominal wall often used to place a feeding tube

A

Gastrostomy

175
Q

Removal of lymph nodes and other tissue in the neck considered at risk for metastatic disease

A

Neck Dissection

176
Q

Any surgery that attempts to replace missing anatomy to improve function and/or appearance

A

Reconstructive Surgery

177
Q

Different levels of Liquids

A

Pudding, Honey, Nectar, Thin

178
Q

Different Diet Levels include:

A 
Normal
Mechanical Soft
Mechanical Chopped
Mechanical Soft Ground
Textured Puree
 Puree
179
Q

removal of less than 50% of the tongue

A

Partial Glossectomy

180
Q

Removal of more than 50% of the tongue

A

Total Glossectomy

181
Q

Removal of less than 50% of soft palate

A

Palatal Resection

182
Q

Reduce pharyngeal wall con stricture reduced elevation of hyoid/ larynx

A

Partial Pharyngeal Resection

183
Q

Unilateral resection; Partial Airway Closure

A

Hemilaryngectomy

184
Q

Incomplete posterior tongue movment, retricted artenoid motion, partial airway closure

A

Supraglottic Laryngectomy

185
Q

Removal of vibratory source

A

Total Laryngectomy

186
Q

Aspiration vs. Penetration

A

Penetration occurs above vocal folds
It happens first and is the pathway to aspiration
Aspiration occurs below the vocal folds

187
Q

Overt Signs of Aspiration Include:

A 
Coughing
Vomiting
SOB (shortness of breath) 
Decreased oxygen sat (oxygen saturation level) – can use pulse oxymeter to measure this
Wet voice/respirations (gurgling)
188
Q

Covert Signs of Aspiration include:

A 
Tearing eyes/eye blinking
Sneezing (usually seen in babies)
Nasal flaring
Color change 
Increased respiration rate
189
Q

Not enough oxygen or too much carbon dioxide leads to inadequate oxygenation and inadequate ventilation

A

.

190
Q

A ____________measures the amount of oxygen in your blood – typically 98

A

pulsox machine

191
Q

The _______ of swallowing is the portion where you are not breathing

A

apnic period

192
Q

________will show you both carbon dioxide and oxygen. ______ will only show you oxygen

A

Blood gases

Pulsox

193
Q

Congenital Stenosis

A

Narrowing

194
Q

Blood filled sac or contusion

A

Hematoma

195
Q

General swelling

A

Edema

196
Q

Feeding tube typically used if the person is trached

A

Perchostomousgastronomy Tube

197
Q

Hole in the trachea that goes through into the esophagus

A

Tracheoesophagel Fistulas

198
Q

One way valve where air is facilitated upward and passes the vocal folds to give voicing

A

Passy-muir valve

199
Q

Space between vocal folds

A

Glottis

200
Q

Above the Epiglottis

A

Vallecular Space

201
Q

Below epiglottis up to the point of the vocal folds

A

Laryngeal Vestibule

202
Q

Segmented bolus transfer

A

Piecemeal deglutition

203
Q

Alternating your liquids and your solids

A

Cyclic Ingestions

Dysphagia (2 decks)

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