Midterm Review Flashcards
Design Brief
A written plan that identifies a problem to be solved, its criteria, and its constraints.
The design brief is used to encourage thinking of all aspects of a problem before attempting a
solution.
Problem Identification
The recognition of an unwelcome or harmful matter needing to be dealt
with
Design Statement
A part of the design brief that challenges the designer, describes what design
solution should do without describing how to solve the problem, and identifies the degree to which
the solution must be executed
Iterative
Describing a procedure or process that repeatedly executes a series of operations until
some condition is satisfied
Client
A person using the services of a professional person or organization
Target Consumer
A person or group for which product or service design efforts are intended
Product
A tangible artifact produced by means of either human or mechanical work, or by
biological or chemical process
Constraint
A limit to a design process. Constraints may be such things as appearance, funding,
space, materials and human capabilities. (A limitation or restriction)
Numeric Constraint
a number value or algebraic equation that is used to control the size or
location of a geometric figure
Geometric Constraint
Constant, non-numerical relationships between parts of a geometric figure.
Examples: parallelism, perpendicularity, concentricity
Parallel
two or more straight lines that do not intersect
Perpendicular
intersecting lines which form right angles
Concentric
two or more circular features which share the same center point
Coincident
having the same position in space (usually used for points)
Collinear
passing through the same straight line
Equal
congruent shapes or lines of the same length / angles of same measure
Fixed
maintaining a set position in space
Tangent
A line or curve that meets another line or curve at one common point
Criteria
Principles or standards by which something may be judged or decided
Annotate
To add explanatory notes to.
Fillet
– A rounded interior blend between two surfaces
Chamfer
– A small angled surface formed between two surfaces
Model
A visual, mathematical, or three-dimensional representation in detail of an object or
design, often smaller than the original. A model is often used to test ideas, make changes to a
design, and to learn more about what would happen to a similar, real object.
Prototype
A full-scale working model used to test a design concept by making actual
observations and necessary adjustments
Mockup
Also referred to as an Appearance Model. A model or replica of a machine or structure
for instructional or experimental purposes
Process
A systematic sequence of actions that combines resources to produce an output.
Sequential
Forming or following a logical order or sequence.
Ergonomic
The study of workplace equipment design or how to arrange and design devices,
machines, or workspace so that people and things interact safely and most efficiently.
Aesthetic
1) Concerned with beauty or the appreciation of beauty, 2) Of pleasing appearance.
Elements of Design
Components used in the creation of a design. [8 elements – point, line,
shape, form, color, value (tone), space and texture]
Gestalt
The principle that maintains that the human eye sees objects in their entirety before
perceiving their individual parts
Variety
A thing which differs in some way from others of the same general class
Principles of Design
The components that encompass a design [7 principles – balance, rhythm,
emphasis, proportion, unity (harmony), economy, contrast]
Balance
A condition in which different elements are equal or in the correct proportions. There
are three types of visual balance: symmetry (a.k.a. formal balance), asymmetry (a.k.a. informal
balance), and radial.
Horizontal Balance
Left and right side of a design is in similar proportion
Vertical Balance
Top and bottom of a design is in similar proportion
Radial Balance
Design is in similar proportion in a circular manner around an axis
Contrast
1) The state of being noticeably different from something else when put or considered
together, 2) Enhancement of appearance provided by juxtaposing different colors or textures
Rhythm
A regularly recurring sequence of events or actions, usually to represent movement
o Regular – An element is repeated at the same interval
o Random – the repetition of the element is random or situated at irregular intervals
o Gradated – the repeated element is identical with the exception of one detail increasing or
decreasing gradually with each repetition
o Graduated – the repeated element becomes closer or further apart
Emphasis
Special importance, value, or prominence given to something
Proportion
The relationship of one thing to another in size, amount, etc
Unity/Harmony
The state of being united or forming a whole
Statistics
Collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, organizing,
summarizing, presenting, analyzing, interpreting, and drawing conclusions based on data
Assessment
An evaluation technique for technology that requires analyzing benefits and risks,
understand the trade-offs and them determining the best action to that in order to ensure that the
desired positive outcomes outweigh the negative consequences
Research
The systematic study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new
conclusions.
Data
Facts and statistics used for reference or analysis
Data Set
– A group of individual values or bits of information that are related in some way or have
some common characteristic or attribute
Mean
The average or central value of a set of quantities
Median
Referring to the middle term or mean of the middle two terms of a series of values
arranged in order of magnitude
Mode
The value that occurs most frequently in a given data set
Range
The difference between the highest and lowest values in a data set
Dot plot (Line plot)
A method of visually displaying a distribution of data values where each
data value is shown as a dot or mark above a number line. Also known as a line plot.
Histogram
A graph of vertical bars representing the frequency distribution of a set of data
Class Interval
A group of values that is used to analyze the distribution of data
Frequency
The rate at which something occurs over a particular period or in a given sample
Normal Distribution
A function that represents the distribution of variables as a symmetrical
bell-shaped graph
Technical Writing
A type of expository writing that is used to convey information for technical
or business purposes.
Technical Report
A document that conveys the results of scientific and technical research, and
provides recommendations for action.
Engineer’s Notebook
Also referred to as an Engineer’s Logbook. A record of design ideas
generated in the course of an engineer’s employment that others may not claim as their own.
Standard
Something considered by an authority or by general consent as a basis of comparison.
American Nation Standards Institute (ANSI)
A private, non-profit organization that coordinates
the development and use of voluntary consensus standards in the United States
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
A non-governmental global organization
whose principal activity is the development of technical standards through consensus
Variation
A change or slight difference in condition, amount or level
Unit
A standard quantity in terms of which other quantities may be expressed.
English System
The measuring system based on the inch/foot, seconds and pound as units of
length, time and weight or mass.
Inch
A unit of linear measure equal to 1/12 of a foot.
Metric System
The decimal measuring system based on the meter, liter, and gram as units of
length, capacity and weight or mass.
Millimeter
A metric unit of linear measure equal to 1/1000 of a meter
Conversion rate from English System to Metric System
1 inch = 25.4 mm
Annotate
To add explanatory notes to
Perspective Drawing
A form of pictorial drawing in which vanishing points are used to provide
the depth and distortion that is seen with the human eye. Perspective drawings can be drawn using
one, two, and three vanishing points.
Computer Aided Design (CAD)
For design, the use of a computer to assist in the process of
designing a part, circuit, building, etc. or for drafting, the use of a computer to assist in the process
of communicating a technical drawing
Solid modeling
– Solid Modeling is a type of 3D CAD process that represents the volume of an
object, not just its lines and surfaces
Wireframe Modeling
Wireframe Modeling is a 3D CAD process that represents the lines and
surfaces of a design.
Pictorial Sketch
A sketch that shows an object’s height, width, and depth in a single view, i.e.
shows a design in 3D
Isometric Drawing
A form of pictorial drawing in which all three drawing axes form equal angles
of 120 degrees with the plane of projection.
Two Point Perspective
- A pictorial drawing in which receding lines converge at vanishing points
on the horizon; the most natural of all pictorial drawings.
Orthographic Projection/Multiview Drawing
A method of representing three-dimensional objects
on a plane having only length and breadth (ie. 2D) The most commonly used technical drawing for
production purposes
Technical Working Drawing
A drawing that is used to show the material, size, and shape of a
product for manufacturing purposes
Manufacture
To make something, especially on a large scale using machinery
Object Line
Represents outline of object (solid line)
Hidden Line
Represents an edge that is not directly visible (dotted line)
Center Mark
Denotes center of circular shapes
Centerline Bisector
Denotes axis of cylindrical shapes
Leader Line
Used to dimension radius/diameter of circles
Dimension Line
Lines with arrowheads used to show dimensions
Extension Line
Used to identify the extent of a dimension
Miter Line
45-degree line from corner from front view used to project lines
Line Convention
Standardization of lines used on technical drawings by line weight and style
Line Weight
Also called line width. The thickness of a line, characterized as thick or thin
Oblique Pictorial
A type of drawing involving a combination of a flat, orthographic front with
depth lines receding at a selected angle, usually 45 degrees
Cavalier Oblique
A form of oblique drawing in which the receding lines are drawn true size, and
usually at a 45 degree angle from horizontal
Cabinet Oblique
A form of oblique drawing in which the receding lines are drawn at half scale,
and usually at a 45 degree angle from horizontal
General Oblique
A general oblique is a type of oblique pictorial that represents an object’s width
and height, but the depth can be any size and drawn at any angle
Assembly
A group of machine or handmade parts that fit together to form a self-contained unit
Mate
An assembly process used to constrain a surface, line or point to another surface, line or
point such that they remain in contract with one another
Flush
An assembly process used to align two surfaces at the same height/level.
