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Global Climate Change > Midterm Review > Flashcards

Midterm Review Flashcards

Evolutionary Strategies

1
Q

The common purpose

A

To lodge one’s genes as deeply into the future as you can get them

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2
Q

Adaption

A

coming together of traits that allow creatures to lodge their genes into the future

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3
Q

Ecology

A

Study of the relationships between organisms and their environment

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4
Q

Questions to test for adaptation

A
  1. Is the thing complex?
  2. Does it have some kind of cost or a risk that is variable?
  3. Does it persist over evolutionary time?
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4
Q

Evolutionary Strategies

A
  • Annual: completes life cycle in one season
  • Biennial: flowery plant that completes growing in two season
  • Perennial: lasting or existing for a long time
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5
Q

Increasing levels of complexity

A
  • Individual
  • Population
  • Community
  • Ecosystem
  • Biome
  • Biosphere
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6
Q

Individual organism

A

Single living entity that has a unique genome and exhibits traits and behaviors influenced by genetic and environmental factors

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7
Q

Modular organisms

A

Environmental variability generates greater variability between docular “individuals”

(the zygote develops into a discrete unit which then produces more units like itself)

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8
Q

Population

A

individuals + space + time

a group of individuals belonging to the same species, living in a given area at a given moment

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9
Q

Population

A

a group of individuals belonging to the same species occupying a given area at a given moment

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10
Q

Species

A

groups of interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups

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11
Q

Three key features of populations

A
  • Size (# of individuals)
  • Density (# of individuals per unit of space)
  • Dispersion (clumped, uniform, random)
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12
Q

Population Dynamics

A

deals with variation in time and space of population size and density for one or more species

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13
Q

Population dynamics main factors

A

+: immigration, natality
-: emigration, mortality

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14
Q

Carrying capacity

A

Maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources

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15
Q

Community

A

a group of populations interacting with each other and living in the same area at a given time

populations + interactions

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16
Q

Ecosystem

A

a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment

community + environment + interactions

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17
Q

Ecological Niche

A

Tolerances and requirements interact to define what an individual or species need to practice its way of life

(describing both the range of conditions necessary for persistence of the species, and its ecological role in the ecosystem)

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18
Q

Fundamental Niche

A

ideal conditions under which a species can thrive

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19
Q

Realized Niche

A

the actual space that an organism inhabits as a result of limiting pressures from other species

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20
Q

Niche

A

an opportunity that can be exploited productively by biological organisms

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21
Q

Biome

A

a region of the earth’s surface and the combination of climate, plants, and animals that are found in it

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22
Q

Biosphere

A

The region of the earth that encompasses all living organisms, the worldwide sum of all biomes

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23
Q

Hypervolume

A

all the factors that can influence the species

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24
Q

Properties of Ecosystem

A
  1. Structure
  2. Energy Flow
  3. Nutrient Cycling
  4. Interdependence and Interactions
  5. Biodiversity
  6. Homeostasis
  7. Trophic levels and food webs
  8. Succession and development
  9. Spatial and Temporal patterns
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25
Q

Components of structures and what they do

A
  • Abiotic: non-living elements (influences types of organisms that can live in an ecosystem)
  • Biotic: living organisms
  • Producers (autotrophs): organisms like plants and algae that produce their own food through photosynthesis
  • Consumers (heterotrophs): organisms that feed on producers or other consumers
  • Decomposers: organisms that break down dead organic matter
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26
Q

Energy flow

A

sun -> photosynthesis -> food web (producers to consumers)

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27
Q

Law of thermodynamics

A

At each trophic level, energy loses heat

energy is not recycled

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28
Q

Nutrient Cycling

A

Nutrients are cycled within ecosystems and move between biotic and abiotic components

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29
Q

Various processes for nutrients moving between biotic and abiotic components

A

photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and nutrient absorption

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30
Q

Interdependence and Interactions

A

species within an ecosystem are interconnected through various relationships

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31
Q

What do interdependence and interactions do for an ecosystem?

A

helps regulate population sizes, maintain balance, and shape community structure

32
Q

Biodiversity

A

refers to the variety of species within an ecosystem

higher biodiversity = higher resilience to disturbances

33
Q

Homeostasis (stability)

A

ability to withstand disturbances

maintains homeostasis through feedback mechanisms and maintain functions

34
Q

homeostasis (resilience)

A

capacity of an ecosystem to recover after disturbance

35
Q

Trophic levels and food webs

A

organisms are arranged into different trophic levels based on their role in the ecosystem’s energy flow

36
Q

How do ecosystems change and develop overtime?

A

Succession

37
Q

Primary Succession

A

Development of an ecosystem in a barren environment

38
Q

Secondary Succession

A

Re-establishment of an ecosystem after a disturbance

39
Q

Ecosystems can vary based on…

A

Spatial distribution and temporal patterns

40
Q

Spatial distribution

A

how organisms and physical components are arranged

41
Q

Temporal patterns

A

how they change over time

42
Q

Coevolution

A

two or more species affect each other’s evolution

43
Q

Abiotic hostile forces of nature

A
  • Predictable
  • Unpredictable
44
Q

Heterospecific

A

Problems presented by individuals from different species

ex:
How do I avoid being eaten?
How do I feed myself?
How do I avoid predation?
How do I avoid being stolen?

45
Q

Conspecifics

A

Problems presented by the same species

ex:
- How do I win against someone who wants the same thing I want?
- How do I attract a mate?

46
Q

Types of Biotic interactions

A
  • Competition: - -
  • Predation: + -
  • Commensalism: 0 +
  • Mutualism: + +
47
Q

Limiting Factors

A

conditions in the environment that limit the growth or distribution of organisms

48
Q

Liebig’s Law of the Minimum

A

the growth of an organism is controlled by the scarcest resource

49
Q

Shelford’s Law of Tolerance

A

The abundance or distribution of an organism can be controlled by certain factors

optimal survival conditions based within a minimum and maximum threshold

50
Q

Stoichiometric Ecology

A

how the balance of energy and elements influences living systems

51
Q

C : N : P

A

Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous need to be balanced

52
Q

Biogeographical Regions Factors

A
  1. Climate
  2. Plate tectonics
  3. Evolutionary history
  4. Barriers
53
Q

Climate influencing biogeographical regions

A

temperature, precipitation ,etc shape the habitats and species in each region

54
Q

Plate tectonics influencing biogeographical regions

A

isolated species and allowed divergent evolution

55
Q

Evolutionary history influencing biogeographical regions

A

Regions like the Neotropical and Indomalayan have species that evolved in isolation over long periods, contributing to high endemism

56
Q

Barriers influencing biogeographical regions

A

Oceans, deserts, and mountains act as natural barriers, limiting species migration and promoting the development of distinct bioregions

57
Q

Increasing levels of complexity

A

Individual
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biome
Biogeographical Region
Biosphere

58
Q

Palearctic Region

A

Europe, northern asia, north africa, parts of middle east

tundra, taiga, forests, deserts

59
Q

Nearctic Region

A

North America and highlands of Central America

tundra, boreal forests, temperate zones, deserts and grasslands in the south

60
Q

Neotropical Region

A

South America, Central America, Caribbean, Southern parts of mexico

rainforests, savannas, deserts

61
Q

Afrotropical Region

A

Sub-saharan Africa, Madagascar, Southwestern Arabian peninsula

savannas, rainforests, deserts

62
Q

Indomalayan Region

A

South and Southeast Asia, India

tropical rainforests, mangroves, mountainous regions

63
Q

Australasian Region

A

Australia, New Guniea, New Zealand, etc

long-term isolation resulted in unique species

64
Q

Antarctic Region

A

Antarctica and surrounding areas

extreme cold and ice-covered landscapes; high marine biodiversity

65
Q

Oceania Region

A

Pacific islands

numerous tropical and subtropical islands

66
Q

Biogeochemical cycles

A

the movement of nutrients and other elements between biotic and abiotic factors

67
Q

Nitrogen Cycle

A

Nitrogen Fixation ( converting N2 into biologically available nitrogen)

Nitrification (converts ammonia to nitrite and then to nitrate)

Denitrification (process that converts nitrate to nitrogen gas)

Ammonification (when an organism excretes waste or dies, the nitrogen in its tissues is in the form of organic nitrogen)

Assimilation (absorption of N3 in plants moves nitrogen from abiotic to biotic compartment)

68
Q

Carbon Cycle

A

Photosynthesis (plants take CO2 to break down into glucose during )

Animal respiration (Animals eat then release CO2)

Root respiration (emits carbon)

Organic carbon (they secrete waste and return CO2 in the soil)

Transportation and Factory
emissions (emits carbon)

Ocean acidification(when ocean absorbs carbon but turns it acidic and is bad for the fish)

69
Q

Phophorous Cycle

A

Phosphorus rock formation
Weathering and erosion
Rivers
Runoff
Soil, plants, animals (Plants absorb phosphate and turn it into rna, dna, atp)
Drainage
Marine plants, animals
Dissolved phosphates into sediments backup to rock formation

70
Q

Soil

A

top layer of earth’s surface that contains minerals and nutrients to support plants and organisms

71
Q

Types of soil

A

Sand(large particles, drains quickly)
Silt(medium particle, retains water)
Clay(smallest particle, slow drainage)
Loam(balance of all 3, clumbly, drains well but also retains moisture)

72
Q

Soil health is important for…

A

water retention and plant growth

73
Q

Pollution types

A

Physical pollutants (plastics)
Chemical pollutants (Herbicides, pesticides, lead, mercury, etc)
Biological Pollutants (Pathogens and invasive species)

74
Q

Types of organic farming practices

A

Bioremediation (Uses microorganisms to breakdown harmful chemicals in the soil and water)

Phytoremediation (uses plants to clean up contaminated environments)

Chemical treatment (Oxidation reactions can help breakdown pesticides into less harmful compounds)

Physical remediation (Direct removal of pollutant materials by soil excavation or dredging)

75
Q

Desertification

A

Land degredation

caused by: Deforestation, Overgrazing, Unsustainable agriculture
effects: Biodiversity diminishes, Fertile land becomes less productive

76
Q

Bioaccumulation

A

the gradual accumulation of substances in an organism

(ex. same fish keeps eating contaminants)

77
Q

Biomagnification

A

the increase in concentration of these chemicals in each organism up the food chain

(ex. animal eats a contaminated animal that also ate a contaminated animal)

Global Climate Change (6 decks)

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