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General Microbiology > Midterm Review > Flashcards

Midterm Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

To reproduce, viruses must ___________

A

Enter a host cell

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2
Q

small subunit rRNA gene sequencing has become a method of choice for both _________

A

Inferring the phylogeny of microorganisms & assigning microbes to taxonomic groups

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3
Q

What will increase numerical aperture when using a microscope?

A

Immersion oil - raising the aperture achieving a higher resolution because it’s increasing the refractive index. Preventing light rays from escaping like air would

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4
Q

which 2 of the following procedures are performed w/ fluorescence microscope?
- interpreting a gram stain
- visualizing photosynthetic microbes
- identifying microbes stained w/ fluorochrome
- detecting the presence of endospores

A

visualizing photosynthetic microbes & identifying microbes stained wi fluorochrome

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5
Q

viruses are which kind of infectious agent?

A

Acellular made up of particles called virions

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6
Q

What usually happens to cells stained for viewing under a bright field microscope?

A

cells are killed

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7
Q

Photosynthetic microbes can easily be visualized by fluorescence microscopy because …

A

their pigment is naturally fluorescent

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8
Q

The green fluorescent gene encodes a(n) _______ that naturally fluoresces green when exposed to light of a certain wavelength

A

Protein

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9
Q

Methylene blue, crystal violet, and safranin are examples of which type of dye?

A

Basic

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10
Q

Capsules are networks composed mostly of _____ that surround many bacteria

A

Polysaccharides

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11
Q

Does basic dye bind to negatively or positively charged molecules? What about acidic dye?

A

Basic binds to (-)
Acidic binds to (+)

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12
Q

TEM specimen are _____

A

Fixed in a plastic matrix and cut into slices

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13
Q

Historically, prokaryotes were differentiated from eukaryotes by…

A

The absence of a nucleus

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14
Q

Describe the controversy concerning the use of the term “prokaryote”

A

Biochemical, genetic, and genomic analyses have shown that bacteria and archaea are distinct taxa

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15
Q

which group shares a basic body plan with bacteria?

A

Archaea

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16
Q

For bacterial cells, the cell envelope layer that lies just outside the plasma membrane and is responsible for cell shape is called the ____?

A

cell wall

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17
Q

What 3 cellular activities are associated w/ the bacterial plasma membrane?

A

synthesis of lipids and cell wall constituents, cellular respiration, and photosynthesis

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18
Q

The location of the cell wall is _____

A

Just outside the plasma membrane

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19
Q

which of the following cell types would normally have 2 membranes?
Gram- negative
Gram-positive

A

Gram-Negative

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20
Q

What 5 components make up the cell wall in a Gram-positive bacteria?

A

stem peptide
NAM
NAG
amino acid
teichoic acids

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21
Q

What 2 sugar monomers are found in peptideglycan?

A

N-acetylmuramic acid
N-acetylglucosamine

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22
Q

The component of pepticdoglycan which connects the stem peptide of one pepticdoglycan chain to the stem peptide of another is referred to as the _____

A

Peptide interbridge

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23
Q

which compounds typically give Gram-positive bacterial cell walls their negative charge?

A

Teichoic acid

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24
Q

Teichoic acid anchors the _____ to the plasma membrane

A

Peptideglycan

25
Q

What compound links the outer membrane to the peptidoglycan in Gram-negative bacteria?

A

Braun’s lipoprotein

26
Q

Name 3 characteristics about teichoic acid

A

Bound to lipids
Negatively charged
Bound to pepticdoglycan

27
Q

True or false: lipopolysaccharides are found only in Gram-negative bacteria

A

True

28
Q

Lipopolysaccharide is composed of _____

A

lipids & carbohydrates

29
Q

Lipid A of lipopolysaccharide is composed of …

A

2 glucosamine sugar derivatives

30
Q

The bacterial cell wall component is found in the _____

A

outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria

31
Q

Which component of LPS is most external in the outer membrane?

A

O antigen

32
Q

which component of LPS anchors the compound in the outer membrane of Gram-positive bacteria?

A

Lipid A

33
Q

Lipopolysaccharides are composed of what 3 components?

A

O Antigen
core-polysaccharide
Lipid A

34
Q

What are 4 functions of LPS?

A

contributes to negative charge
stabilizes outer membrane
makes a permeability barrier
protects from environmental toxins

35
Q

What component of LPS can act as a toxin to people infected wl Gram-negative bacteria ?

A

Lipid A

36
Q

What’s the role of porin proteins?

A

Help transport compounds across outer membrane

37
Q

A term that describes a cell bursting open

A

cytolysis

38
Q

Define plasmolysis

A

A cell shriveling up in hypertonic solutions

39
Q

The target of lysozyme is ____

A

bonds between NAM & NAG

40
Q

which of the following structures can be associated w/ DNA uptake?
Flagella
pili
Cilia
pseudopodia

A

pili

41
Q

Peritrichous refers to ______

A

Distribution of flagella around cell

42
Q

Pill or fimbriae function to . . .

A

Import DNA to cytoplasm
Function in motility
Attach to surfaces

43
Q

the bacterial flagellum is anchored to the cell envelope by the ______

A

Basal body

44
Q

The filament of a flagellum is composed of repeating protein subunits called _____

A

Flagellin

45
Q

Sex pili are associated w/ which process?

A

conjugation

46
Q

What’s the term for a monotrichous bacterial flagellum if it’s located at one end of a rod-like cell?

A

polar flagellum

47
Q

What’s the longest component of the bacterial flagellum?

A

Filament

48
Q

In archaeal plasma membranes, hydrocarbons are attached to glycerol by _____ links, while in bacterial and eukaryotic plasma membranes hydrocarbons are attached by _____ links

A

Ether, ester

49
Q

How many basal body rings are found in Gram-negative bacteria?

A

Four

50
Q

In which ways do tetraether lipids differ from diether lipids?

A

Tetraether lipids are longer and more rigid

51
Q

Where does a flagellum filament add subunits to grow in length ? .

A

The tip, by the filament cap

52
Q

Branching of the hydrocarbon chains in archaeal lipids mostly affects which two membrane properties?

A

Fluidity & Permeability

53
Q

Why isn’t Gram-staining used for the study of archaea?

A

The observed color of cells doesn’t correlate w/ cell wall structure

54
Q

which term best describes a microscope for which the image stays in focus even when the objective lenses are changed?

A

parfocal

55
Q

In which type of staining is the background stained but not the cells?

A

Negative

56
Q

Acid-fast organisms have lipids constructed of _____ acid in their cell walls

A

Mycolic

57
Q

Located outside of the cell membrane, the _____ aids in resistance to phagocytosis

A

capsule

58
Q

Which 3 features distinguish archaeal cells from bacterial?

A

Different rRNA Sequences
unique membrane lipids
Distinctive cell walls

59
Q

Bacterial cells that are variable in shape and lack a single characteristic form are called _____ in shape

A

Pleomorphic

General Microbiology (2 decks)

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