Midterm Review Flashcards
1
Q
Cocooning: define
A
The desire to stay at home as a place of coziness, control, peace, insulation, and protection.
2
Q
Information anxiety: define
A
The gap between what an individual thinks they understand and what they actually understand.
3
Q
Information Overload: define
A
The state when an individual is exposed to too much information in too short a time - so much that they cannot process the information.
4
Q
Habitual decision making: define
A
Choices that are made out of habit without additional information search.
5
Q
Low involvement: define
A
Tendency not to think too much about current information and have attention wander.
6
Q
Actively acquired information: define
A
The consumer actively looks for the information.
7
Q
Brainstorming: define
A
All group members suggest ideas - no matter how ridiculous or strange.
8
Q
Social exchange theory: define
A
Claims that individuals seek to develop relationships that will maximize the benefits or profits and minimize the costs or deficits.
9
Q
Constructive conflicts: define
A
Focus on the issue of the problem rather than on the person’s deficits.
10
Q
Destructive conflicts: define
A
Interpersonal conflicts involving direct verbal attacks on another individual.
11
Q
Interpersonal conflicts: define
A
Actions by one person that interfere in some way with the actions of another.
12
Q
Conflict resolution: define
A
Negotiations to remedy the conflict.
13
Q
Conflict: define
A
A state of disagreement or disharmony.
14
Q
Advocate or expert channels: define
A
Experts, salespeople, people with a cause; more likely to contact receivers through less direct communication.
15
Q
Social channels: define
A
Include friends, neighbors, and family.
16
Q
Indirect channels: define
A
Radio, television, magazines, newspapers, and signs
17
Q
Message content: define
A
Refers to the strategies or information that may be used to communicate an idea or policy to receivers.
18
Q
Message construction: define
A
Includes the appropriate placement of information in a message to have maximum impact.
19
Q
You-messages: define.
A
Statements that often ascribe blame or judge others.
20
Q
I-messages
A
Statements of fact about how an individual feels or thinks.
21
Q
Nonverbal symbols: define
A
Anything other than words in communication.
22
Q
Verbal symbols: define
A
Words
23
Q
Ostrich effect: define
A
Not wanting to know what is in any form of communication in reference to a current problem, issue, or conflict.
24
Q
Abstract symbols: define
A
Ideas rather than objects.
25
Visible symbols: define
Symbols that can be seen.
26
Symbols:
Things that suggest something else through association.
27
Message: define
The total communication that is sent, listened to, and received.
28
Empathy: define
The ability to recognize and identify another's feelings by putting oneself into their place.
29
Empathetic listening / reflective listening: define
Listening for feelings.
30
Critical listening: define
The listener evaluates or challenges what is heard.
31
Responses: define
An individuals reactions that follow a message.
32
Decoding: define
The process by which the receiver assigns meaning to symbols.
33
Encoding: define
The process of putting thoughts, ideas, or information into symbolic form.
34
Destination: define
Receiver, audience
35
Source: define
Sender, communicator.
36
Receiving: define
Listening to the verbal messages and observing the nonverbal messages.
37
Internal noise: define
Occurs in someone's mind.
38
Noise: define
Unwanted sound that disturbs or distracts, is a barrier to learning and communication.
39
Channel: define
Method by which communication travels from sender to receiver.
40
Interference: define
Anything that distorts or interrupts a message.
41
Communication: define
Process of transmitting a message from sender to receiver.
42
Feedback: define
The total response pattern between sender and receiver.
43
Pleasurable listening: define
Provides enjoyment, relaxation, satisfaction, diversion, amusement, or delight.
44
Informational listening: define
Done to acquire knowledge or instruction.
45
Plan: define
A detailed scheme, program, strategy, or method worked out beforehand for the accomplishment of a desired result.
46
Gresham's law of planning: define
Individuals, families, and organizations may become so caught up in everyday activities that they have no time to plan.
47
Task saturation: define
Occurs when people are so caught up doing things that they can no longer plan or lead effectively.
48
Introverts: define
Tend to think about themselves first; their thoughts are turned inward.
49
Extroverts: define
Less interested in self and more interested in others and the environment.
50
Scheduling: define
Refers to the specification of sets of time bounded projected activities which are sufficient for the achievement of a desired goal.
51
Interdependent activities: define
Activities that take place one at a time.
52
Directional plans: define
Progress along a linear path to long-term goal fulfillment.
53
Contingency plans: define
Back up or secondary plans to be used in case a plan does not work.
54
Strategic plans: define
Plans that use a directional approach and use both a proactive search for new opportunities and a reactive solution to existing problems.
55
Proactive language: examples
I choose, I prefer, I will.
56
Reactive language: examples
I can't, I must, if only.
57
Dovetailing: define
Occurs when two or more activities occur at the same time.
58
Implementing: define
Putting plans and procedures into action and controlling the action.
59
Actuating: define
Putting plans into effect, action, or motion.
60
Adjusting: define
Checking and rechecking plans
61
Checking: define
determining whether actions are in compliance with standards and sequencing.
62
Evaluation: define
A process of judging the cost, value, or worth of a plan or decision based on such criteria as standards, met demands, or goals.
63
Assessment: define
Involves the gathering of information about results, the comparison of those results with the past, and the open discussion of the meaning of those results, the ways they have been gathered, and their implications for the next moves of the family or individual.
64
Decision making style: define
The characteristic way that a person makes decisions
65
Decision plan: define
A long complicated process that includes a sequence of intentions.
66
Post purchase dissonance: define
After a major purchase the purchaser is likely to seek reinforcement for the decision.
67
Reference groups: define
The people who influence an individual or provide guidance or advice.
68
Peter principle: define
People tend to be promoted until the reach a level beyond their competence.
69
Decidophobia: define
The fear of making decisions; specifically the fear of failure.
70
Intuition: define
The sense of knowing what to do without going through the rational process.
71
Accommodation: define
The family reaches a decision by accepting the decision of the dominant individual.
72
Consensual decision: define
The family reaches a decision that is equally acceptable to all members.
73
De facto decision making: define
A lack of dissent rather than by active assent.
74
Syncratic: define
Families in which spouses share equally in most decision making.
75
Autonomic: define
An equal number of decisions are made independently by each spouse.
76
Problem solving: define
Making decisions that lead to the resolution of a problem.
77
Internal search: define
Looking within oneself for information for making decisions.
78
External search: define
Gathering information from family, friends, other people, and the media.
79
Uncertainty: define
The state or feeling of being in doubt.
80
Success: define
The achievement of something desirable.
81
Indecisiveness: define
The tendency to be unable to or to avoid making decisions.
82
Motivation: define
Movement towards goals or other desired outcomes.
83
Resource capacity: define
The amount of resources available to be used by a family or individual.
84
Human resources: define
The skills, talents, and abilities that people posess.
85
Intangible resources: define
Resources that cannot be touched.
86
Tangible resources: define
Resources that are real, touchable, or capable of being appraised.
87
Human capital: define
The sum total of human resources, all the capabilities and traits that people use to achieve goals and other resources.
88
Material resources: define
Include natural phenomena and human made items.
89
Resource stock: define
The sum of readily available resources that an individual possesses.
90
Scarcity: define
A shortage or insufficient amount of supply.
91
Opportunity cost: define
The highest valued alternative that must be sacrificed to satisfy a want or attain something.
92
Private resource: define
Owned and/or controlled by an individual, family, or group.
93
Public resource: define
Owned and used by all people in a locality or country.
94
Economic well being: define
The degree to which individuals and families have economic adequacy and security.
95
Entrepreneur: define
A person who organizes, operates, and successfully operates a new enterprise.
96
Utility: define
The value, worth, applicability, productiveness, or usefulness of a resource.
97
Cognition: define
The mental process or faculty by which knowledge is acquired.
98
Consume: define
To destroy, use, or expend.
99
Resource: define
What is available to be used; any entity, tangible or intangible, that contributes to the ability for an individual or family to produce valuable outputs.
100
Advantage theory: define
Superior financial returns flow to those firms that are either able to create create value more efficiently or efficiently create more value for customers.
101
Affective domain: define
Value meanings derived from feelings
102
Cognitive domain: define
Value meanings derived from thinking.
103
Attitudes: define
outlooks that may express values, serve as a means of evaluation, or demonstrate a feeling in regards to some idea, person, object, event, situation, or relationship.
104
Absolute values: define
Extreme and definite.
105
Relative values: define
Interpreted based on the context.
106
Intrinsic values: define
Ends in of themselves (internally driven)
107
Extrinsic values: define
Derive their worth from someone or something else.
108
Terminal values: define
Preferences for end states of existence.
109
Instrumental values: define
Preferences for general modes of conduct.
110
Cultural values: define
Generally held conceptualizations of what is right or wrong in a culture or what is preferred.
111
Socialization: define
The process by which children learn the rules and values of a society.
112
Resilience: define
The ability to overcome obstacles and achieve positive outcomes even after experiencing extreme difficulty.
113
The n Ach factor: define
An individuals need for achievement.
114
Intrinsic motivation: define
The underlying causes and the internal need for competence and self determination.
115
Extrinsic motivation: define
Forces external to the individual.
116
Decision making: define
He process of choosing the best alternative for reaching objectives.
117
Management process: define
Planning, controlling, and evaluation of resources in order to a hive goals.
118
Goals: define
The desires that individuals and families are willing to work for. An objective or purpose to be attained.
119
Planning: define
A series of decisions from among various alternatives.
120
Standards: define
A set of measures of values stemming from our value patterns, determining the amount and kind of interest in something and the satisfaction we receive.
121
Implementing: define
taking plans and putting them into action.
122
Life management: define
Encompasses the decisions an individual will make.
123
Management tools: define
Devices, techniques, or instruments used to arrive at decisions or plan actions.
124
Values: define
Principles that guide behavior, honesty, and loyalty.
