Midterm Review Flashcards
1
Q
Biomedical
A
- individual and biological → body as a machine
- health = absence of disease
- magic bullets
- commodification of health
2
Q
Behavioral/Lifestyle
A
- behavior and beliefs
- regulation and modification of personal conduct and attitudes (education, counseling, incentives)
- the lifestyle model: personal responsibility to make healthy choices; poor health results from bad decisions of laziness
3
Q
Political Economy
A
- societal structures (political and economic practices, policies and institutions)
- health reflects and derives from social, political and economic structures and relations that limit personal and collective agency
- limited access to health care, recreation, housing, education, nutrition
4
Q
Social Medicine
A
Rudolf Virchow: Prussia typhus report 1848
- disease has social causes, treatment needs to be structural and sociopolitical; recommended democracy to treat typhus)
- “Medicine is a social science, politics is medicine on a larger scale”
- Black Panther Party: free clinics and community health
- Jack Geiger and John Hatch: US community Health centers (affordable, community-oriented)
5
Q
Biosocial model of health
A
- Bridget Hanna and Arthur Kleinman EMPHASIZED
- biological and social are “mutually constitutive and inherently intertwined parts of a complex whole”
- success and failure interventions are both social and biological factors
6
Q
Unintended consequences of purposive social action
A
- Robert Merton, sociologist
- Causes:
- complex social realities
- limitations of knowledge
- blind spots, myopias and bias (imperious immediacy of interest)
- rigidity of habit (in individuals and organizations)
- Effects:
- radiate into other spheres
- affect the conceptual terrain
- Examples
- ARVs in Mozambique
7
Q
Medicalization
A
- Hanna & Kleinman; Berger and Luckmann social construction of reality (sociology of knowledge); Irving Zola
- “to make medical”: applying medical knowledge to behaviors that are not self-evidently medical or biological
- example of the social construction of knowledge, shows how social, cultural, historical factors influence definitions of interventions upon illness/disease
- Examples
- according to DSM-5 a person is considered clinically depressed if they still feel grief after two weeks
8
Q
Modes of Authority
A
- Max Weber, German sociologist, 1864-1920
- Traditional Authority:
- patriarchs, feudal lords, royalty
- Charismatic Authority:
- extraordinary leaders; ex. Mahatma Gandhi, Nelson Mandela, Jesus, Trump
- Rational : Legal Authority
- authority derives from laws and rules; vested in institutions, not individuals
- institutions become more powerful than individuals; wield power over individuals/populations
- associated with modernity, standardization, quantification, calculation, technologization
- most common in bureaucracy
9
Q
Bureaucratic/Technical authority
A
- rationalization of everyday life- transforms the mystical and mysterious (or socially complex) into laws, rules, and regulations
- advantages: less biased, more efficient, quantifiable, “scalable”
- disadvantages: “iron cage of rationality”
- stuck in own categories, dehumanization (no emotion, tradition, spontaneity), anti-innovation, anti-localization
- Examples: Center for Disability Accommodations, health insurance (assign diagnostic labels)
10
Q
Local moral worlds/ethical complexity
A
- Arthur Kleinman, Physician-Anthropologist, Harvard
- “local moral worlds are settings of moral experience which express what is most at stake for people in their local networks of relationships in communities”
- helps understand how global health interventions are taken up, how people act the way they do
- Example: spirit ambulance
11
Q
Social Suffering
A
- Arthur Kleinman, Veena Das, Margaret Lock (1977)
- social and health problems are intermixed
- suffering caused by social forces (born into poverty, discrimination, abusive households)
- suffering is interpersonal, not individual (chronic illness— exacerbate social and health problems)
- interventions/”solutions” often cause or worsen suffering (indifference and/or unintended consequences)
12
Q
Structural Violence
A
- Johan Galtung 1969 (popularized by Paul Farmer)
- a form of violence wherein some social structure or institution may harm people by preventing them from meeting their basic needs… “avoidable impairment of fundamental human needs”
- arrangements are structural because embedded in political and economic organization (”social structures”)
- violent because they cause injury to people
- seem natural in our way of understanding the world— invisible
- Examples: differential access to resources, political power, education, health care, legal counsel, incarceration
13
Q
Biopower
A
- Michel Foucault, French philosopher/historian of science
- goal of maximizing life- governments increasingly exerted their power through the control of populations and individual bodies
- diffuse: does not operate through clear/obvious visible agents of power. operates through expertise, technologies, strategies of quantification, etc.
- productive: produces particular behaviors, fields of intervention, etc.
- demonstrates how concern for life and health can be used for political ends
- two poles: individual(self-discipline) and population (longevity of population)
14
Q
Philanthrocapitalism
A
- Matthew Bishop and Michael Green (2008)— Birn readings (2014)
- Definition:
- guided by principles and practices of for-profit enterprise
- demonstrates capitalism’s (and capitalist’s) benevolent potential
- depends on profits amasses from exploitation and inequities:
- financial speculation, tax shelters, monopolistic pricing, exploitation of workers and subsistence agriculturalists, and destruction of natural resources
15
Q
Colonial Medicine
A
- medicine core to colonial mission → colonies as a laboratory for health innovation
- frailty of ‘savage’ bodies vs European → racial hierarchies based on biological differences
- increased movement of goods and bodies → colonies became permanent outposts of production lead to tropical medicine
- isolation of quinine, Niger River expeditions failed (1841)
