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MICR 3330 Final > Midterm review > Flashcards

Midterm review Flashcards

1
Q

Define quasi-Equivalence

A

The relationships between capsid proteins structures are similar but not identical

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2
Q

Prions

A

Organisms that do not contain nucleic acids

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3
Q

Nucleocapsid

A

The discrete substructure within the virion of an enveloped virus

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4
Q

Subunit

A

Single folded polypeptide

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5
Q

Structural Subunit

A

Basic unit that builds capsid/nucleocapsids and can be comprised of one or more subunits

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6
Q

Equivalent Relationships

A

All subunits have the same packaging environment

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7
Q

Order

A

always ends in -virales

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8
Q

Invertebrate Viruses

A

Viruses based on the Latin name of the insect host and an indication of the effects of infection

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9
Q

Primary Cell Cultures

A

Culture that is derived from live tissue, composed of multiple cell types

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10
Q

Diploid Cell Strains

A

Culture that is of a single cell type = mainly epithelial, fibroblast

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11
Q

Continuous (Immortal) Cell Lines

A

Culture that is homogenous in cell type and is often cancerous

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12
Q

Latent Period

A

The time between adsorption and first extra-cellular virion

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13
Q

Burst Size

A

The sum of virions produced in a single cell

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14
Q

Biosynthesis

A

The synthesis of viral components required for building the next generation of viruses

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15
Q

Transcription

A

The production of mRNAs from genome (DNA –> RNA)

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16
Q

Reverse Transcription

A

Production of DNA using RNA as a template

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17
Q

Translation

A

Production of proteins using cell machinery

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18
Q

Genome Replication

A

The production of nascent viral genomes

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19
Q

Immediately Early Genes

A

Encode regulatory proteins rendering cells enter S phase, induce expression of other viral genes, inhibit host biosynthesis

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20
Q

Early Genes

A

Enzymes and factors required for genome replication

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21
Q

Potato virus X

A

A virus that associates with the endoplasmic reticulum as its intra-cellular membrane

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22
Q

Grapevine fleck virus

A

A virus that associates with the mitochondria as its intra-cellular membrane

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23
Q

Tomato buch stunt virus

A

A virus that associates with the peroxisome membrane as its intra-cellular membrane

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24
Q

Poliovirus

A

A virus that associates with the vesicular membrane as its intra-cellular membrane

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25
Q

Sindbis virus

A

A virus that associates with the endosomal membrane as its intra-cellular membrane

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26
Q

Turnip Yellow Mosaic virus

A

A virus that associates with the chloroplast as its intra-cellular membrane

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27
Q

Retroviruses

A

A type of virus that contains 2 (+)RNA strands, reverse transcriptase, and integrase

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28
Q

Host Range

A

the range of hosts that can be infected by a given virus

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29
Q

Tissue Tropism

A

the preference of a given virus for certain types of cell and tissue in its hosts

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30
Q

Susceptible Cells

A

cells that allow attachment and entry of a given virus

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31
Q

Permissive Cells

A

cells that permit the replication of a given virus

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32
Q

Tobamovirus

A

The genus of the Tobacco Mosaic Virus

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33
Q

Virgaviridae

A

The family of the Tobacco Mosaic Virus

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34
Q

Cap Protein Mediated Resistance

A

Excess CP from the transgene blocks virus disassemble, thus leading to resistance against the virus

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35
Q

Poliovirus and Picornaviridae

A

A family of viruses that are icosahedral, (+)ssRNA, and are naked

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36
Q

VPg (Viral Protein Genome-linked)

A

a protein that is covalently attached to the 5′ end of positive strand viral RNA and acts as a primer during RNA synthesis

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37
Q

IRES (Internal Ribosome Entrance Structure)

A

Contains extensive secondary and tertiary structures in 5’ UTR that allows for translation complex binding

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38
Q

Jeffery Amherst

A

-Suggested using germ warfare
-Spread smallpox through contaminated blankets
-Infect Indian allies of the French

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39
Q

Captain Simeon Ecuyer

A

-Distributed infected blankets and handkerchiefs to Indians at peace talks

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40
Q

Ivanovsky

A

“-Created a porcaline filter that will retain bacteria. Anything that flows through will not contain bacteria, rather the viruses. Filters based on size:
1. Filtrate the abstracts
2. Use filtrate to inoculate healthy plant

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41
Q

Beijerinck

A
  1. Passed abstract through filter
  2. Diluted the filtrate
  3. Inoculated healthy plants
  4. Showed similar disease all around
  5. Concluded that it was not bacteria
    -Abstract included bacteria producing toxins. Dilution killed the toxins. When plants became infected they therefore concluded that it could not have been the bacteria, rather something else
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42
Q

Wendell Stanley

A

“-Crystallised TMV
-Determined it was protein in nature “

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43
Q

Bawden and Pirie

A

“-Discovered that protein made up ~95% of TMV
-~5% is nucleic acid. Perhaps the genetic material? (RNA)”“-Discovered that protein made up ~95% of TMV
-~5% is nucleic acid. Perhaps the genetic material? (RNA)”

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44
Q

Enst Ruska

A

“-First observed the TMV using an EM
-RNA molecule is enclosed within the protein shell
-TMV is indeed a physical entity that has a specific structure with protein, RNA”

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45
Q

Fraenkel-Conrat

A

“-Determined that RNA and not the protein, was the genetic material
-Capsular Protein alone on the plant is not infectious
-Capsular Protein and RNA is infections
-RNA alone is infectious
-Therefore determined that RNA was in fact responsible for the propagation and infect-ability of viruses”

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46
Q

Loeffler and Frosch

A

“-Discovered the first animal virus “the foot”
-Was a filterable, and therefore easily transmissible virus. “

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47
Q

Carlos Finlay

A

“-First individual to propose the yellow fever was transmitted through mosquitos
-Recruited medical doctors, soldiers,”

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48
Q

Walter Reed

A

-Effectively identified the first human virus = Yellow Fever

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49
Q

Frederick Twort

A

“Understood the vaccination concept, but actually wanted to bring this concept to life
-Tried to grow vaccine on agar plate
-When he colonised bacteria, he recognised different morphologies of the cells
-Some were glassy. He thought something may be eating the bacteria?

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50
Q

Felix d’Herelle

A

“Cultured and plated shigella bacteria and recognised similar glossy morphology of cells
-Realises a virus is causing glossy appearance because of cell lysis
-Termed bacteriophage (eater of bacteria) therefore a virus
-Saw great potential for using bacteriophages for therapy for disease
-Dream was to use bacteriophages to cure all bacterial infections in humans”

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51
Q

Ruska

A

-Obtaines the first EM graphs of TMV particles

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52
Q

Delbruck and Ellis

A

“-Created the One Step Growth Curve which was the synchronisation of bacteriophages to start replication at the same time point
-Were then able to study specific steps of viral replication and infection “

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53
Q

Luria, Delbruck, Ellis (Phage Group)

A

-Group made impactful discoveries

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54
Q

Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey

A

“-Discovered DNA as the genetic material
-Used 2 different radioisotopes (35S and 32P)
-35 will mostly label proteins (amino acids)
-32 will label mostly DNA nucleic acids (phosphate groups)
-After incubation, they blended the mix aggresively to break off bacteriophage cell so it gets released into the solution
-Then centrifuged
-35: Majority was found in supernatant
-32: Majority of radioactivity was found in pellet (radioactive cells)
-Was able to determine that DNA was responsible for genetic information”

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55
Q

Watson

A

-Determined that the structure of TMV particle is helical

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56
Q

Watson and Crick

A

-Proposed that spherical viruses are built as cubic structures

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57
Q

Baltimore

A

“-Created the Baltimore classification for viruses
-Isolated the first RNA-Dependant RNA Polymerase from a Polio infected cell”

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58
Q

Enders, Weller, Robbins

A

-Produced animal cel cultures that would be used to study viruses

59
Q

Henrietta Lacks

A

-Her cancer cells were the source of the HeLa cell line (cervical cancer)

60
Q

Rosalind Franklin

A

-Described RNA in TMV particle

61
Q

Francis Holmes

A

“-Created the Necrotic Local Lesion Assay
-Abraded surface of leaves, rubbed diluted virus stalk, watched for infection”

62
Q

Nishiguchi

A

“-Discovered the temperature sensitive TMV mutant, Ls1
-Aided in the discovery of movement proteins”

63
Q

Deom et. al

A

“-Discovered complementation by transgenic MP
-Aided in the discovery of movement proteins “

64
Q

Dulbecco

A

“1. Purified different viruses into individual plaques
2. Can study the different characteristics of each virus and can titrate them

65
Q

Salk

A

-Created the first inactive polio virus vaccine

66
Q

Sabin

A

-Created the first live attenuated polio vaccine

67
Q

Max Theiler

A

-Created the live attenuated vaccine strain 17-D used for Yellow Fever

68
Q

Viroid

A

Smallest known infectious pathogens that are solely composed of a short strand of circular, single-stranded RNA without protein coat.

69
Q

Satellite

A

a subviral agent composed of nucleic acid that depends on the co-infection of a host cell with a helper or master virus for its replication.

70
Q

Agglutination

A

The process that occurs if an antigen is mixed with its corresponding antibody where the clumping of cells such as bacteria or red blood cells in the presence of an antibody or complement.

71
Q

Icosahedral Symmetry

A

Is a limited (closed) structure and allows packaging of only limited genome sizes

72
Q

Haemagglutination

A

Is a specific form of agglutination that involves red blood cells (RBCs).

73
Q

Family

A

always ends in -viridae

74
Q

MOI (Multiplicity of Infection)

A

The number of infectious viruses/ number of cells

75
Q

Eclipse Period

A

The time between adsorption and first intra-cellular vision

76
Q

Very Late Genes

A

Encode for polyhedrin of baculoviruses

77
Q

The first plant virus discovered

A

Tobacco mosaic virus

78
Q

The first animal virus discovered

A

Foot-and-mouth disease

79
Q

The first human virus discovered

A

Yellow fever

80
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

RNA or DNA as the genetic material

81
Q

Proteins

A

Structural and non-structural

82
Q

Lipids

A

For enveloped viruses only; derived from cellular lipid bilayer

83
Q

Carbohydrate

A

In glycoproteins and glycolipids, involved in attachment to host cells

84
Q

Components of a non-enveloped virus

A

Capsid
CPs
Nucleic acid

85
Q

Components of an enveloped virus

A

Nucleocapsid
Glycoprotein spikes
Nucleic acid

86
Q

Rigid rod

A

Non-flexible, can be broken, common in plant viruses

87
Q

Filamentous

A

Flexible, common in plant viruses

88
Q

Types of virus morphology

A

Rigid rod
Filamentous
Spherical
Irregular (brick shaped)

89
Q

Virion

A

The complete virus particle

90
Q

Capsid (coat)

A

The protein shell encasing the viral genome

91
Q

Nucleocapsid

A

Nucleic acid + protein, the discrete substructure within the virion of enveloped viruses

92
Q

Subunit

A

A single, folded polypeptide

93
Q

Structural subunit

A

The basic unit for building capsid/nucleocapsid; may be a singular subunit of multiple

94
Q

Envelope

A

Lipid membrane enclosing the nucleocapsid

95
Q

Helical symmetry

A

Open structure, unlimited packing capacity for genome, rod-like and filamentous viruses

96
Q

Helix pitch equation

A

P = μ x p
Pitch of helix = number of structural units per turn of helix x axial rise per subunit

97
Q

Icosahedral symmetry

A

Closed structure, limited genome size, made up of 20 equilateral triangular faces, 12 pentagonal vertices, 2-, 3-, and 5-fold rotational symmetry

98
Q

Triangulation number (T)

A

Number of small facets that exist within each of the 20 equilateral triangular faces of an icosahedral capsid

99
Q

Quasi-equivalence

A

In icosahedrons with T>1, the relationships between capsid protein subunits are similar but not identical

99
Q

Interactions between CP subunits

A

All non-covalent bonds (hydrophobic interactions, Van der Waals forces)

99
Q

Beta-Barrel Jelly Roll

A

Conserved among viruses with icosahedral symmetry, allows for subunits to come together to form the virion structure

99
Q

Transmission EM

A

Specimen fixed and stained, cut into small sections, image created using a beam of electrons captured by a magnetic lens

99
Q

Atomic Force microscopy

A

Method designed specifically to reveal surface structure at high resolution

99
Q

Scanning EM

A

Specimen is intact, scattering of electron beam is captured, topography of structure is revealed

99
Q

Cryo EM

A

Method used to view native structure of a macromolecular complex, images gathered while tilting the specimen, images are combined and averaged to reconstruct the real image

99
Q

X-ray crystallography and diffraction

A

Only for small viruses

100
Q

Monothetic classification

A

Based on one characteristic of a virus at a time, problematic because it assumes all members of a group originated from the same ancestor

101
Q

Polythetic classification

A

Based on the consideration of multiple properties at a time, does not assume common ancestry within a group, more similar to classification of living organisms

102
Q

Quasi-species

A

RNA viruses and retroviruses

103
Q

Bacterial phage nomenclature

A

Based on specific coding

104
Q

Plant virus nomenclature

A

Based on host where the virus was first identified followed by a descriptor of the symptoms

105
Q

Invertebrate virus nomenclatre

A

Based on latin name of insect host and/or effects of infection

106
Q

Vertebrate virus nomenclature

A

Based on disease and symptoms

107
Q

Characters for genus/family in viruses (5)

A
  1. Nature and organization of viral genome
  2. Morphology of virion and architecture of capsid
  3. Strategies for replication and expression of viral genome
  4. Number and size of structural and non-structural proteins
  5. Enzymes needed from host cell and enzymes encoded for by viral genome
108
Q

Characteristics to define viral species (7)

A
  1. Natural host cell range
  2. Cell and tissue tropism
  3. Pathology and cytopathology
  4. Mode of transmission
  5. Physico-chemical properties of virions
  6. Antigenic properties of viral proteins
  7. Sequence relatedness in genes and genomes
109
Q

Categories in the Baltimore classification system (6)

A
  1. dsDNA
    • ssDNA
  3. dsRNA
    • ssRNA
    • ssRNA
    • ssRNA with RTase
110
Q

Types of cell cultures (3)

A
  1. Primary cell culture
  2. Diploid cell culture
  3. Continuous cell lines
111
Q

MOI

A

Multiplicity of infection; number of infectious viruses/number of cells

112
Q

Phases of the viral replication cycle

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Entry and uncoating
  3. Biosynthesis
  4. Assembly
  5. Egress
113
Q

Specific attachment occurs between:

A

The attachment protein of the virus and the receptor on the surface of the host cell

114
Q

Attachment strategy of naked viruses

A

Attachment via surface features of the virus; canyons or depressions on the virus surface attaching to cell receptors

115
Q

Attachment strategies for enveloped viruses

A

Glycoproteins and surface proteins

116
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

Selective import of extracellular molecules into a cell through receptor and membrane interaction

117
Q

Biosynthesis

A

The synthesis of all viral components required for building the next generation of viruses

118
Q

Immediate early genes

A

Genes encoded right after viral infections; encode regulatory proteins to make cells enter S phase, induce expression of viral genes

119
Q

Early genes

A

Enzymes and factors required for genome replication

120
Q

Late genes

A

Structural proteins required for virus assembly

121
Q

Assembly of Adenovirus

A

Formation of pentons requires fiber and penton base

122
Q

Assembly of polio virus

A

A single polyprotein and proteolytic cleavage

123
Q

Structural unit of capsid

A

Double-discs

124
Q

Host range

A

The range of hosts that can be infected by a given virus

125
Q

Tissue tropism

A

The preference of a given virus for certain types of cell and tissue in its hosts

126
Q

Susceptible cells

A

Cells that allow attachment and entry of a given virus

126
Q

Permissive cells

A

Cells that permit the replication of a given virus

127
Q

What supergroup of viruses does TMV belong to?

A

Alphavirus-like supergroup

128
Q

Necrotic local lesion assay

A

Experimental process to determine the effect of dilution of TMV solution

129
Q

TMV: structure of capsids and genome packaging

A

Double-disc structural unit; genome segment is threaded though the growing helix of double-discs

130
Q

Coat protein-mediated resistance

A

Plants expressing the TMV CP have delayed onset of the disease; transgenic resistance

131
Q

Movement of TMV between plant cells

A
  • after viral replication, VRC dock at the plasmadesmata
  • cross into new cell with the help from MPs
132
Q

Plasmadesmata

A

Allow for passive diffusion between plant cells; channel is too small for TMV to pass through so it acts through MPs to increase the size

133
Q

TMV and actin filaments

A

Actin filaments allow movement of VRC around the cell

134
Q

TMV and microtubules

A

Microtubules are involved in the degradation of the VRC of TMV

135
Q

What family is Poliovirus a part of?

A

Picornaviridae

136
Q

Features of poliovirus

A

Naked, icosahedral, +ssRNA

MICR 3330 Final (10 decks)

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