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Forensic Psychology > Midterm Review > Flashcards

Midterm Review Flashcards

1
Q

Forensic Psychology

A

a field of psychology that deals with all aspects of human behaviour as it relates to the law

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2
Q

Psychology and the Law

A

the use of psychology to study the operation of the legal system

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3
Q

Psychology in the Law

A

the use of psychology in the legal system as it currently operates

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4
Q

Psychology of the Law

A

the use of psychology to study the law itself

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5
Q

Clinical Forensic Psychologist

A

concerned with the assessment/treatment of mental health issues as they pertain to the law

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6
Q

Researcher

A

concerned with the study of human behaviour as it relates to the law

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7
Q

Legal Scholar

A

promote interdisciplinary collaboration in research and in training areas related to mental health and policy

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8
Q

Psychoanalytic

A

internal dynamics and early experiences

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9
Q

Learning

A

through indirect and direct consequences

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10
Q

Personality

A

people commit crime because of their personality traits

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11
Q

McNaughten (1843)

A
  • attempted assassination of Robert Peel
  • found not guilty due to reason of insanity
  • established McNaughten rule
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12
Q

Cattell (1895)

A
  • developed on expertise in the study of human cognitive processes
  • had the potential to assist in “courts of justice”
  • questions about everyday observations
  • relationship between confidence and accuracy
  • one of the 1st to study eyewitness testimony
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13
Q

Binet (1900)

A

suggestibility in children and impact of leading questions

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14
Q

Stern (1910)

A
  • creator of eyewitness reality experiment
  • impact of emotional arousal
  • weapon focus (details)
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15
Q

Munsterberg (1908)

A
  • father of forensic psychology
  • pushed psychology into the legal arena
  • pushed false confessions
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16
Q

State v. Driver (1921)

A
  • first use of expert testimony
  • partial victory for forensic psychology
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17
Q

Frye v. USA (1923)

A
  • Frye tried for murder
  • passed polygraph exam
  • results inadmissible
  • lead to the creation of the general acceptance test
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18
Q

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

A
  • psychologists submitted court brief outlining detrimental effects of segregation
  • US Supreme court referenced brief
  • psychologists were contributing to case law and modern generation
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19
Q

Jenkins v. USA (1962)

A
  • ruling that some psychologists are qualified to provide testimony
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20
Q

Police Selection Procedures

A

used by police to either screen out undesirable candidates/select desirable candidates

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21
Q

RCMP Aptitude Test

A

assesses cognitive abilities including composition, comprehension, judgment, observation, logic and computation

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22
Q

Job Analysis

A

agency must define what knowledge, skills and abilities make a good police officer

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23
Q

Construction Validity

A

develop an instrument to measure KSAs and ensure they are related to performance

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24
Q

Cognitive Ability Tests

A

procedure for measuring verbal, mathematical, memory and reasoning abilities

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25
Q

Predictive Validity

A

the extent to which scores on a test predict scores on some other measures

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26
Q

Police Discretion

A

knowing when to define/enforce the law and when to allow for some latitude

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27
Q

Racial Profiling

A

the initiation of police action based on the race of an individual rather than evidence of wrongdoing

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28
Q

Intra-organizational Stress

A

excessive paperwork, lack of advancement/resources

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29
Q

Inter-organizational Stress

A

jurisdictional isolation, unhealthy competitive relationships

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30
Q

Occupational Stress

A

human suffering and shift work

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31
Q

Criminal Justice System Stress

A

unfavourable court decisions (recidivism rates)

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32
Q

Public Stress

A

distorted views of police, ineffective referral agencies, under their microscope (constant)

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33
Q

Resiliency Training

A

training developed to police offices to improve their ability to effectively adapt to stress and adversity

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34
Q

Selection Instruments

A
  1. selection interview
  2. psychological tests
    a. cognitive ability b. personality
  3. physical tests (PARE)
  4. assessment centres (situational)
  5. integrity evaluation
    a. polygraph b. drug tests
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35
Q

Police Selection Process

A
  1. job analysis (conducted by psychologist & police organization) - includes surveys, observations, and interviews
  2. construction and validity (must consider predictive validity) - deciding on performance measures
36
Q

Why allow discretion?

A
  • limited resources
  • alienate the public
  • some laws minor/vague and open to interpret
  • overwhelm justice system (courts and prisons)
37
Q

Youth Crime

A
  • discretion encourages
  • approx 80% of police attempt to handle info
  • belief that formal sanctions are ineffective
  • informal processing responses include: community referrals/resolution
38
Q

Mental Illness

A
  • arrest when pose danger to self/others or causing serious disturbances
    1. informal resolution
    2. escort to psychiatric facility
    3. arrest
    4. leads to criminalization
39
Q

Physical Health Problems (police stress)

A

can result in chronic activation of the body’s stress response systems to a point where physiological breakdown occurs

40
Q

Psychological and Personal Problems (police stress)

A
  • depression
  • PTSD
  • drug/alcohol abuse
  • marital issues
  • suicide
41
Q

Police Interrogation

A

a process whereby the interview a suspect for the purpose of gathering evidence and obtaining confessions

42
Q

Mr.Big Technique

A

involves undercover officers posing as members of a criminal organization who attempt to lure the suspect

43
Q

Interrogation

A

obtain a confession

44
Q

Interview

A

location of evidence, co-conspirators, exact details of crime

45
Q

Reid Interrogation Model

A

9 step model used frequently in North America to extract confessions from suspect

46
Q

Minimization Techniques

A

“soft” tactics used in interrogations to provide the weakening suspect with moral justification and face-saving excuses for the crime in question

47
Q

Maximization Techniques

A

“scare” tactics that convey the interrogator’s belief that the suspect is guilty and denies failure

48
Q

Investigator Bias

A

bias that can result when police officers enter an interrogation setting already believing the suspect is guilty

49
Q

Police Investigations

A
  • one of the most vital components
  • no physical evidence and must prove intent
  • allows investigators to fill in missing details, collect additional evidence and obtain confessions
50
Q

1900s

A

third degree - whipping, rubber hoses, phone books

51
Q

1970s-80s

A

torture tactics used in Chicago and NYPD use of stun gun

52
Q

R. v. Oickle (2000)

A

confessed to 7 counts of arson - tactics included: minimizing seriousness, exaggerating the infallibility of polygraph

53
Q

R. v. Singh (2013)

A

struck him in head, kneed him in ribs, prolonged beating

54
Q

False Confession

A

a confession that is either intentionally fabricated or is not based on actual knowledge of the facts that form its content

55
Q

Retracted Confessions

A

a confession that the confessor later declares to be false

56
Q

Disputed Confessions

A

a confession that is later disputed at trial

57
Q

Voluntary False Confessions

A
  • no promoting by the police
  • can be the result of: an attempt to protect the real offender, a desire for notoriety, need to be punished, inability to distinguish fact from fantasy - (ex. lindbergh baby, jonbenet ramsey, lance armstrong)
58
Q

Coerced- Compliant False Confessions

A
  • confessor knows they did not commit the crime and caused by coercive interrogation tactics
  • caused by interrogation tactics: escape further interrogation, gain a promised reward/benefit, avoid threatened punishment
  • (ex. gerry conlon and the guilford 4, central park five)
59
Q

Coerced-Internalized False Confessions

A
  • confessor believes they committed the crime
  • more susceptible: substance abuse, suggestions from interviewer, severe anxiety, confusion/guilty, low IQ, and sleep deprived
  • (ex. amanda knox and marty tankleff)
60
Q

Compliance

A

tendency to agree with person in authority

61
Q

Suggestibility

A

tendency to internalize information

62
Q

Internalization

A

the acceptance of guilt for act, whether or not it was actually committed

63
Q

Confabulation

A

reporting events that never actually occurred

64
Q

Interview Factors

A

false evidence, minimization, promising leniency, accusatory interviewing practices

65
Q

Interviewee Factors

A

mental health, substance use, negative life events, compliance, suggestibility and youth

66
Q

Evaluating a False Confession

A
  1. was there transparency in the interrogation process?
  2. what methods were used?
  3. analyze the confession itself
    a. independent knowledge b. any new evidence
  4. was the defendant vulnerable to police coercion?
67
Q

What are the two rights people facing police interviews have?

A
  • right to remain silent
  • right to legal counsel
68
Q

Right 1 (interviewee)

A
  • retain/hire a lawyer or counsel
  • talk to or instruct a lawyer or counsel
69
Q

Right 2 (interviewee)

A
  • talk to government lawyer/get legal advice
  • government legal service is free
70
Q

Right 3 (interviewee)

A
  • number available to call to talk to free lawyer
71
Q

Right 4 (interviewee)

A
  • can apply legal aid
  • application for legal aid for dependent on person being charged
72
Q

Youth Interrogation Rights

A
  • right to remain silent and legal counsel
  • right to extra legal protection (counsel appropriate adult)
  • delivered their legal rights through a waiver form
73
Q

Criminal Profiling

A

investigative techniques for identifying the major personality and behavioural characteristics upon an analysis of the crimes they have committed

74
Q

Linkage Blindness

A

an inability on the part of the police to link geographically dispersed serial crimes committed by the same offender because of a lack of information sharing among police agencies

75
Q

Deductive Profiling

A

profiling the background characteristics of an unknown offender based on evidence left at the crime scenes by that particular offender

76
Q

Inductive Profiling

A

profiling the background characteristics of an unknown offender based on what we know about other solved cases

77
Q

Organized-Disorganized Model

A

a profiling model used by the FBI that assumes the crime scenes and backgrounds of serial offenders can be categorized as organized or disorganized

78
Q

Classic Trait Model

A

a personality model that assumes the primary determinants of behaviour are stable/internal traits

79
Q

Geographic Profiling

A

investigative technique that uses crime scene locations to predict the most likely area where an offender resides

80
Q

Geographic Profiling Systems

A

computer systems that use mathematical models of offender spatial behaviour to make predictions about where unknown serial offenders are likely to reside

81
Q

Late 1800s

A
  • jack the ripper investigation
  • 1888, series of murders were committed in east London (whitechapel)
82
Q

1950s

A
  • New York mad bomber investigation
83
Q

1970s

A
  • criminal profiling program at FBI
  • RCMP behavioural science unit and violent crime linkage analysis system
84
Q

Circle Hypothesis

A

the residence of the offender will be within a circle drawn with its diameter as the two offences further from each other

85
Q

Range Hypothesis

A
  • distance between criminals offences will correlate with distance those offences are from his home
  • evidence of safe area

Forensic Psychology (1 decks)

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