Midterm Review

Question 1

Isolationism

Answer 1

A policy of remaining apart from the affairs/interests of other countries. This best describes U.S foreign policy approach during WWI.

Question 2

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

Answer 2

Under Hoover. Raised US import tariffs with the goal of protecting US farmers from foreign competition. Raised tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods. Tied into isolationism.

Question 3

Monroe Doctrine

Answer 3

Written in President James Monroes 7th annual message to congress. Warned European powers not to interfere in the affairs of the western hemisphere.

Question 4

Balance of power

Answer 4

A core principle of international relations. All states are equal so one doesn’t outweigh the others. Cold war is an example.

Question 5

Lend-lease

Answer 5

Passed in 1941 under FDR. Set up a system that would allow the US to lend or lease war supplies to any nation deemed “vital to defense of the US”. Contributed to the war effort while maintaining neutrality

Question 6

Dean G Acheson

Answer 6

Trumans Sec of State. Helped to shape US foreign policy during the cold war. Was a realist, supported NATO and containment of communism

Question 7

Marshall Plan

Answer 7

American initiative enacted in 1948 under Truman and named after Sec of State, George marshall. Provided foreign aid to Western Europe. Aimed to restore economic infrastructure of postwar europe.

Question 8

NATO

Answer 8

North atlantic treaty organization. Est during Cold war to combat soviet aggression. Transatlantic security alliance.

Question 9

Truman Doctrine

Answer 9

American foreign policy under Truman that provided “support for democracies against authoritarian threats”. Purpose was to limit Soviet geopolitical expansion during the Cold War.

Question 10

NSC-68

Answer 10

US objectives and programs for national security. 66-page top secret NSC drafted by dept of state and defense presented to truman in 1950. Most important American policy statement in cold war. Suggested an expanded military budget as well as the hydrogen bomb.

Question 11

Hegemony

Answer 11

The ability of one nation to shape the international system. Ex: USSR military during Cold War

Question 12

Cold-War Consensus

Question 13

Brinksmanship

Answer 13

The practice of pursuing a dangerous policy to the limits of safety to force an outcome. EX: cold war and possible mass destruction

Question 14

John Foster Dulles

Answer 14

Eisenhowers sec of state. used NATO, SEATO, and Eisenhower doctrine to keep USSR in check

Question 15

Sputnik

Answer 15

First artificial earth satellite launch by the soviets. Started the space age and led to the creation of NASA.

Question 16

New Look

Answer 16

Eisenhowers national security policy. Emphasized reliance on nuclear weapons and reorganization of conventional forces to deter potential threats. Used CIA to carry out secret actions against said threats.

Question 17

Flexible response

Answer 17

JFK defense strategy, wanted to stray from new look so he said a wide range of diplomatic, economic, and military options would be used to deter an attack

Question 18

Robert S. McNamara

Answer 18

Kennedy and Johnsons Sec of defense. He is known for his Vietnam war strategy. He supported the war and it’s escalation. Also introduced flexible response.

Question 19

Bay of Pigs

Answer 19

US failed military landing at the Bay of Pigs. Anti castro cubans landed on the coast with the goal to overthrow castro. Was a CIA initivate under Kennedy. height of the cold war.

Question 20

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Answer 20

Johnsons response to north vietnamese forces firing on US stationed at gulf of tonkin. Congress passed this resolution allowing Johnson to take whatever measures necessary to retaliate and maintain peace i southeast Asia.

Question 21

Henry Kissinger

Answer 21

Nixons national security advisor and secretary of state. As well as fords sec of state. He extended the policy of dentente. He played a dominant role in US foreign policy from 1969-1977.

Question 22

SALT I

Answer 22

Strategic arms limitation talks, 1st round of discussion between US and USSR. Led to ABM treaty.

Question 23

Helsinki Accords

Answer 23

An agreement signed by 35 nations (under Ford) that concluded the conference on security and cooperation in europe. The act addressed a range of global issues and had a far reaching effect on the cold war and US- soviet relations,

Question 24

Shanghai Communique

Answer 24

Diplomatic document issued by US and peoples republic of China. Ended the prolonged estrangement between the 2 countries. Under Nixon.

Question 25

Yom Kippur War

Answer 25

Also called the fourth- arab-israli war. Initiated by egypt and syria against Israel. Arab coaliton lunched a surprise attack against Israel on the holiday of Yom Kippur. Under Nixon

Question 26

Camp David Accords

Answer 26

Pair of political agreements signed by egypt pres and israeli prime minister. Mediated by pres carter, Israel returned the Sinai peninsula to egypt

Question 27

Dentente

Answer 27

Core element of Nixons foreign policy. Led to easing of US and USSR geopolitical tensions. Led to formal agreements of arms control.

Question 28

Linkage

Answer 28

Foreign policy by nixon and kissinger. Persuade soviets to co-operate in restraining revolutions in 3rd world in return for concessions in nuclear and economic fields

Question 29

human rights

Answer 29

central goal of US foreign policy

Question 30

Cyrus vance

Answer 30

Carters sec of state. Drafted national aeronautics and space act. Led to creation of NASA. Later resigned as Sec of state due to carters military strategies in Iran.

Question 31

Carter Doctrine

Answer 31

In response to US hostages in Iran, Carter returned the US to it’s original strategy of containment of the Soviet Union. He stated that the US would employ military force against anyone else who attempted to gain control of the persian gulf region. Turn from dentente

Question 32

Zbigniew Brzezinski

Answer 32

Carters national security advisor. Developed the carter doctrine. Played a part in the normalization of US-China relations and advocation for human rights.

Question 33

reciprocity

Answer 33

States support each other through the balancing of interests.

Question 34

Iran-Contra Affair

Answer 34

Political scandal under Reagans 2nd admin. Senior administrative officials of the NSC secretly facilitated sale of arms to Iran. It was a secret US arms deal use to try and free hostages in Lebanon

Question 35

constructive engagement

Answer 35

Name of foreign policy of Reagan admin towards apartheid regime in South Africa. Sought to advance regional peace in SA by linking the end of SA occupation of Namibia to cuban presence in Angola.

Question 36

Mikhail Gorbachev

Answer 36

The 8th and final leader of the Soviet Union. Made efforts to democratize the soviet union and eventually led to the downfall of communism and the breakup of the soviet union. Eased US-USSR tensions.

Question 37

glasnost

Answer 37

Openness and transparency in the USSR government. Gorbachev administration reflection of allowing citizens to openly discuss government issues. Trying to democratize the country.

Question 38

perestroika

Answer 38

Policy of reforming the economic and political system of the USSR. Promoted by gorbachev. Connected to glasnost

Question 39

Operation Just Cause

Answer 39

US invasion of panama. During George W Bush. Primary goal was to depose Manuel Noriega.

Question 40

Manuel Noriega.

Answer 40

Panamas dictator, US invasion removed him from power

Question 41

Tiananmen Square

Answer 41

Series of protests and demonstrations in China in the spring of 1989. Led to a government crackdown on the demonstrators

Question 42

What are Reagan 4 pillars?

Answer 42

-Economic and military strength
-Reinvigorating allies
-Progress in developing world through peaceable change
-Restraint and reciprocity with soviets

Question 43

Idealist

Answer 43

-Other factors matter – NGOs, IGOs, MNCs,
-Values shape foreign policy
-Social and economic issues as important as distribution of power
-Overall global condition overrides selfish statism
-Morality guides foreign policy, domestic politics matter

Question 44

Realist

Answer 44

-Nation state is primary actor
power/structure primary motivating force
-Distribution or balance of power key concern states must address
-Domestic politics irrelevant – focus on state-to-state relations
-Moral determinations based on needs of state