Midterm Review Flashcards
Isolationism
A policy of remaining apart from the affairs/interests of other countries. This best describes U.S foreign policy approach during WWI.
Smoot-Hawley Tariff
Under Hoover. Raised US import tariffs with the goal of protecting US farmers from foreign competition. Raised tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods. Tied into isolationism.
Monroe Doctrine
Written in President James Monroes 7th annual message to congress. Warned European powers not to interfere in the affairs of the western hemisphere.
Balance of power
A core principle of international relations. All states are equal so one doesn’t outweigh the others. Cold war is an example.
Lend-lease
Passed in 1941 under FDR. Set up a system that would allow the US to lend or lease war supplies to any nation deemed “vital to defense of the US”. Contributed to the war effort while maintaining neutrality
Dean G Acheson
Trumans Sec of State. Helped to shape US foreign policy during the cold war. Was a realist, supported NATO and containment of communism
Marshall Plan
American initiative enacted in 1948 under Truman and named after Sec of State, George marshall. Provided foreign aid to Western Europe. Aimed to restore economic infrastructure of postwar europe.
NATO
North atlantic treaty organization. Est during Cold war to combat soviet aggression. Transatlantic security alliance.
Truman Doctrine
American foreign policy under Truman that provided “support for democracies against authoritarian threats”. Purpose was to limit Soviet geopolitical expansion during the Cold War.
NSC-68
US objectives and programs for national security. 66-page top secret NSC drafted by dept of state and defense presented to truman in 1950. Most important American policy statement in cold war. Suggested an expanded military budget as well as the hydrogen bomb.
Hegemony
The ability of one nation to shape the international system. Ex: USSR military during Cold War
Cold-War Consensus
Brinksmanship
The practice of pursuing a dangerous policy to the limits of safety to force an outcome. EX: cold war and possible mass destruction
John Foster Dulles
Eisenhowers sec of state. used NATO, SEATO, and Eisenhower doctrine to keep USSR in check
Sputnik
First artificial earth satellite launch by the soviets. Started the space age and led to the creation of NASA.
New Look
Eisenhowers national security policy. Emphasized reliance on nuclear weapons and reorganization of conventional forces to deter potential threats. Used CIA to carry out secret actions against said threats.
Flexible response
JFK defense strategy, wanted to stray from new look so he said a wide range of diplomatic, economic, and military options would be used to deter an attack
Robert S. McNamara
Kennedy and Johnsons Sec of defense. He is known for his Vietnam war strategy. He supported the war and it’s escalation. Also introduced flexible response.
Bay of Pigs
US failed military landing at the Bay of Pigs. Anti castro cubans landed on the coast with the goal to overthrow castro. Was a CIA initivate under Kennedy. height of the cold war.
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Johnsons response to north vietnamese forces firing on US stationed at gulf of tonkin. Congress passed this resolution allowing Johnson to take whatever measures necessary to retaliate and maintain peace i southeast Asia.
Henry Kissinger
Nixons national security advisor and secretary of state. As well as fords sec of state. He extended the policy of dentente. He played a dominant role in US foreign policy from 1969-1977.
SALT I
Strategic arms limitation talks, 1st round of discussion between US and USSR. Led to ABM treaty.
Helsinki Accords
An agreement signed by 35 nations (under Ford) that concluded the conference on security and cooperation in europe. The act addressed a range of global issues and had a far reaching effect on the cold war and US- soviet relations,
Shanghai Communique
Diplomatic document issued by US and peoples republic of China. Ended the prolonged estrangement between the 2 countries. Under Nixon.
Yom Kippur War
Also called the fourth- arab-israli war. Initiated by egypt and syria against Israel. Arab coaliton lunched a surprise attack against Israel on the holiday of Yom Kippur. Under Nixon
Camp David Accords
Pair of political agreements signed by egypt pres and israeli prime minister. Mediated by pres carter, Israel returned the Sinai peninsula to egypt
Dentente
Core element of Nixons foreign policy. Led to easing of US and USSR geopolitical tensions. Led to formal agreements of arms control.
Linkage
Foreign policy by nixon and kissinger. Persuade soviets to co-operate in restraining revolutions in 3rd world in return for concessions in nuclear and economic fields
human rights
central goal of US foreign policy
Cyrus vance
Carters sec of state. Drafted national aeronautics and space act. Led to creation of NASA. Later resigned as Sec of state due to carters military strategies in Iran.
Carter Doctrine
In response to US hostages in Iran, Carter returned the US to it’s original strategy of containment of the Soviet Union. He stated that the US would employ military force against anyone else who attempted to gain control of the persian gulf region. Turn from dentente
Zbigniew Brzezinski
Carters national security advisor. Developed the carter doctrine. Played a part in the normalization of US-China relations and advocation for human rights.
reciprocity
States support each other through the balancing of interests.
Iran-Contra Affair
Political scandal under Reagans 2nd admin. Senior administrative officials of the NSC secretly facilitated sale of arms to Iran. It was a secret US arms deal use to try and free hostages in Lebanon
constructive engagement
Name of foreign policy of Reagan admin towards apartheid regime in South Africa. Sought to advance regional peace in SA by linking the end of SA occupation of Namibia to cuban presence in Angola.
Mikhail Gorbachev
The 8th and final leader of the Soviet Union. Made efforts to democratize the soviet union and eventually led to the downfall of communism and the breakup of the soviet union. Eased US-USSR tensions.
glasnost
Openness and transparency in the USSR government. Gorbachev administration reflection of allowing citizens to openly discuss government issues. Trying to democratize the country.
perestroika
Policy of reforming the economic and political system of the USSR. Promoted by gorbachev. Connected to glasnost
Operation Just Cause
US invasion of panama. During George W Bush. Primary goal was to depose Manuel Noriega.
Manuel Noriega.
Panamas dictator, US invasion removed him from power
Tiananmen Square
Series of protests and demonstrations in China in the spring of 1989. Led to a government crackdown on the demonstrators
What are Reagan 4 pillars?
-Economic and military strength
-Reinvigorating allies
-Progress in developing world through peaceable change
-Restraint and reciprocity with soviets
Idealist
-Other factors matter – NGOs, IGOs, MNCs,
-Values shape foreign policy
-Social and economic issues as important as distribution of power
-Overall global condition overrides selfish statism
-Morality guides foreign policy, domestic politics matter
Realist
-Nation state is primary actor
power/structure primary motivating force
-Distribution or balance of power key concern states must address
-Domestic politics irrelevant – focus on state-to-state relations
-Moral determinations based on needs of state
