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KINE 3P90 - Cardiorespiratory Exercise Physiology > Midterm Review > Flashcards

Midterm Review Flashcards

1
Q

Arteries/arterioles carry blood….

A

away from the heart

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2
Q

Veins/venules carry blood….

A

back to the heart

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3
Q

How would you draw a vascular tree diagram?

A

Begins with thick conduit to feed artery. Progressively smaller vessels from 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A, 5A arterioles and then capillaries.

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4
Q

Explain the composition variations across the vascular bed, such as large and small diameter arteries and arterioles.

A

Large diameter arteries are elastic. small diameter arteries are muscular.

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5
Q

What is pulsatile blood flow?

A

because of the intermittent pumping of the heart, blood flow is pulsatile. Therefore there is a constant flow of blood.

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6
Q

What is Ohm’s law used for describing?

A

blood flow through a vascular segment.

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7
Q

What is Ohm’s Law?

A

Blood Flow = ∆ Pressure/Resistance

OR

Q = ∆P/R

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8
Q

Why would Ohm’s law need to be rearranged?

A

to understand interrelationships between different variables

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9
Q

What does Ohm’s law tell us?

A

to increase blood flow to a muscle, we can either decrease resistance or increase pressure gradient

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10
Q

What is the formula for vascular resistance?

A

R = ∆P/Q

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11
Q

What is the formula for vascular conductance?

A

VC = Q/∆P

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12
Q

When do you use R=∆P/Q?

A

when P is changing more than Q or initial Q is low anyways

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13
Q

When do you use VC = Q/∆P?

A

when Q is changing more than P or when initial Q is high anyways

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14
Q

What is Poiseuille’s equation used for describing?

A

Vascular Resistance

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15
Q

What is Poiseuille’s equation?

A

Can be simplified to R = 1 / r^4

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16
Q

What do the R, L, n and r mean in Poiseuille’s equation?

A

Resistance, length, viscosity and radius

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17
Q

What is the relationship between Ohm’s law and Poiseuille’s equation? What can you use Poiseuille for in Ohm’s law?

A

You can use Poiseuille’s law of resistance (R) to determine Resistance (R) in Ohm’s law.

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18
Q

Explain the interrelationship between blood flow, resistance and radius.

A

Blood flow (Q) DECREASES as resistance to flow (R) INCREASES because vessel radius (r) gets SMALLER.

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19
Q

How does the pressure drop occur in vascular tree?

A

Vessel radius decreases from aorta to arterioles, BUT total CSA increases from aorta to arterioles due to the branching structure. This means total resistance is decreasing so pressure will fall.

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20
Q

What are the three factors affecting pulsatile flow?

A

Compliance, viscoelasticity, inertia.

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21
Q

What is compliance?

A

change in volume for a given change in pressure

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22
Q

What is viscoelasticity?

A

resistance to stretch-characteristic of a material that exhibits both viscous and elastic properties.

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23
Q

What is inertia?

A

related to the mass and viscosity of the blood being accelerated by the systolic blood pressure, and the vessel wall that is being pushed out of the way of the moving blood.

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24
Q

Aorta and conduit arteries are highly….

A

elastic

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25
Q

Vascular compliance is a measure of….

A

elasticity

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26
Q

Arterial compliance ensures steady and constant flow through the….

A

capillaries

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27
Q

Describe the differences shown in the video of water pumping through hose only and hose and balloon.

A

With only a hose (low or no arterial compliance) there is intermittent flow. With hose and balloon (higher arterial compliance) there is continuous flow.

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28
Q

What is the formula for compliance?

A

Compliance = ∆Volume/∆Pressure

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29
Q

Compliant arteries store a greater blood volume for a given change in….

A

pressure

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30
Q

Non-compliant arteries store a lesser blood volume for a given change in….

A

pressure

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31
Q

How does vascular compliance vary throughout the body?

A

conduit vessels become less compliant as you move from the aorta to the femoral and other peripheral arteries.

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32
Q

What is the role of compliant arteries in systole?

A

expand to dampen pressure (keep it from increasing to much)

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33
Q

What is the role of compliant arteries during diastole?

A

recoil to drive pressure (keep pressure from falling to zero)

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34
Q

High compliance means ______ pulse wave velocity

A

low

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35
Q

True/False: Vascular compliance affects pulse wave velocity and pulse waveform shape.

A

True

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36
Q

Stiffer vessels will have _____ compliance and ______ pulse wave velocity.

A

Lower, Higher

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37
Q

What is a reflected pressure wave?

A

Heart beats and pumps out “pressure wave”. They meet in systole.

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38
Q

How do reflected pressure waves change as you age?

A

as you get older, they start to come quicker and they don’t meet at the same time as when you were younger.

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39
Q

Reflected pressure waves contributes to the ________ _________ and can increase ________ blood pressure

A

pressure waveform, systolic

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40
Q

Reflected pressure waves are a form of _____

A

hypertension

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41
Q

What happens to arterial vascular compliance when you age?

A

Aging reduces vascular compliance (stiffens vasculature) and affects blood pressure

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42
Q

Do you see pulse waves in older people? Do older individuals have more or less compliant arteries than young people?

A

You don’t see pulse wave and older people have less compliant arteries than young people.

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43
Q

Being hypertensive _______ vascular stiffening

A

accelerates

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44
Q

Explain the trend of reflected waves with aging

A

reflected wave shifts leftwards with aging and pile up on the wave generated by the heart which increases the amplitude of the pressure waveform.

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45
Q

What is the most compliant vessel?

A

Aorta

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46
Q

Arterial stiffening (aka reduced compliance) with age causes isolated systolic ___________.

A

Hypertension

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47
Q

Explain systole, arterial stiffness and aging.

A

stiffer aorta and large arteries do not expand as much with injection of blood. Therefore, systolic blood pressures increases more than in more compliant blood vessels.

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48
Q

Explain diastole, stiffness and aging.

A

stiffer aorta and large arteries do not recoil as much during diastole therefore blood is not pushed along the vascular tree and diastolic blood pressure falls.

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49
Q

What is the impact of spaceflight on arterial elasticity?

A
  • spaceflight affects physicality due to not as many muscles being used
  • post space flight (6 months) average carotid elasticity was equivalent to the healthy 80 year old
  • The changes are not permanent however. rehabilitation when returned to earth can bring it back to their normal values.
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50
Q

What is the relationship between physical exercise and arterial compliance?

A

Inversely affected. In all results, arterial compliance increases with physical exercise.

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51
Q

What are the sex differences in arterial compliance?

A

In aortic arch compliance, females are at a value of 15 while males are at 11.

52
Q

What happens to blood flow of exercising limb as workload increases?

A

increases linearly to contracting muscles as workload increases to support oxygen demands.

53
Q

How does this linear increase in blood flow occur during workload increase?

A

Increase cardiac output and vasodilate the arterioles supplying active muscle

54
Q

What is calculated by the Fick equation?

A

oxygen consumption

55
Q

What is the formula of the Fick equation?

A

Oxygen consumption = Cardiac output x arterial-venous O2 difference

OR

VO2 = Q x (a-v)O2

56
Q

What is the arterial venous oxygen difference?

A

difference in arterial and venous oxygen levels. how much oxygen has been taken from that artery.

57
Q

What is VO2 max a product of?

A

maximal cardiac output and maximal oxygen extraction by the muscle

58
Q

What is the main variable that limits maximal oxygen consumption?

A

cardiac output

59
Q

Oxygen consumption versus work graph. Can oxygen consumption be increased indefinitely?

A

Will increase and then plateau. Can only be increased to a certain degree. Endurance athletes will have highest threshold.

60
Q

What is stroke volume (SV)?

A

how much blood comes out of the heart with each beat/pump

61
Q

What are the four main considerations when discussing predictions of VO2 max?

A

Cardiac output, heart rate, stroke volume and arterial venous oxygen difference

62
Q

What two factors predict VO2 max?

A

Cardiac output and stroke volume

63
Q

Considering the graphs, why do heart rate and arterial venous oxygen difference not predict VO2 max?

A

HR and AV difference all get to the same level eventually.

64
Q

Can we experimentally change stroke volume to investigate its impact on maximal oxygen consumption?

A

In study done with pigs, the pericardium was removed which increase VO2 max. When pericardium is removed, the heart is no longer restrained and can fill with more blood resulting in greater cardiac output.

65
Q

Did the pig experiment prove that cardiac output or arterial venous oxygen difference was more important when it comes to determining VO2 max?

A

Cardiac output

66
Q

Why do we need to redistribute blood flow to other areas during exercise?

A

since cardiac output is increased, blood flow needs to be redistributed to skeletal muscle from other areas

67
Q

What areas is blood redistributed from?

A

Heart, viscera (stomach, spleen), and other organs such as brain.

68
Q

What is exercise hyperaemia?

A

blood flow to active skeletal muscle rapidly increasing during exercise

69
Q

How do we measure blood flow velocity to exercising muscle?

A

Doppler ultrasound

70
Q

Regarding Ohm’s law, what can we do to increase blood flow to muscle?

A

Either decrease resistance or increase pressure gradient

71
Q

Regarding Poiseuille’s equation, what can we do to decrease resistance?

A

increase vessel radius, also known as vasodilation.

72
Q

What is another formula to examine the regulation of blood flow to muscle during exercise?

A

Q = VC x ∆P

73
Q

An increase in vascular conductance means….

A

vasodilation

74
Q

What is vascular conductance?

A

the ease at which blood flows through the circulation at a given pressure

75
Q

What are the two mechanical mechanisms to increase blood flow?

A

Muscle pump mechanism and myogenic mechanism

76
Q

What does the muscle pump mechanism do?

A

increase pressure gradient across capillary bed to drive arterial inflow. This is only related to ∆P not vascular conductance.

77
Q

What does the myogenic mechanism do?

A

The purpose of the myogenic mechanism is to maintain steady state of blood flow. Increases vascular conductance, vasodilation.

78
Q

What is transmural pressure?

A

Pin – Pout (pressure on inside of vessel minus pressure on outside of vessel)

79
Q

Explain the metabolic mechanism to increase blood flow

A

Several metabolites are released from skeletal muscle during contraction that influence vascular smooth muscle cells to improve vasodilation.

80
Q

What element leads to dilation in both smaller and larger arterioles?

A

Potassium (K+)

81
Q

Where is acetylcholine released from, mechanism for increasing blood flow?

A

Acetylcholine is released from motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle and this influences arterioles to impose vasodilation.

82
Q

What drug can we use to test for the acetylcholine mechanism?

A

Atropine

83
Q

How does atropine test for acetylcholine mechanism?

A

Atropine is a muscarinic receptor antagonist. Atropine binds to muscarine receptor and blocks other chemicals from interacting. Blocks acetylcholine and stops vasodilation.

84
Q

Give a piece of experimental evidence for/against the acetylcholine mechanism. Hint: atropine

A

5 minutes of exercise in contracting the forearm. Control group and atropine group. In atropine group, there was a ~15% reduction in peak exercise blood flow.

85
Q

Explain the endothelial mechanism to increase blood flow

A

the friction of red blood cells ‘rubbing’ against endothelial cells initiates cascades leading to vasodilation

86
Q

Why is the nitric oxide pathways connection to endothelial-mediated vasodilation?

A

the increase in calcium in the endothelial cell will lead to activation to produce gas which is nitric oxide. This nitric oxide diffuses into vascular smooth muscle cell and causes vasodilation.

87
Q

What drug can be used to inhibit nitric oxide synthase to prevent endothelial-mediated vasodilation?

A

L-NMMA

88
Q

Based on the evidence (and context) presented, under what condition does the endothelial nitric oxide mechanism have the greatest effect?

A

If you use L-NMMA, blood flow in forearm does go down and has the greatest effect at heavy levels of exercise.

89
Q

Explain the prostaglandin mechanism for increasing blood flow

A

In the endothelial cell, prostaglandins are produced. this leads to increased cAMP and decreased calcium which results in vasodilation.

90
Q

What is flow-mediated dilation?

A

technique used to assess the ability of the endothelium to produce vasodilation

91
Q

What does the procedure of flow-mediated dilation look like?

A

inflation of a blood pressure cuff to supra-systolic levels around part of a limb to temporarily stop blood flow. (~5 minutes).

92
Q

What happens after cuff deflation of flow-mediated dilation?

A

blood flow increases greatly which increases sheer stress, causing endothelial-mediated vasodilation.

93
Q

What is sheer stress?

A

red blood cells rubbing against endothelial cells

94
Q

Why do they keep blood pressure cuff on for 5 minutes in flow-mediated dilation?

A

You need continued levels of sheer stress to initiate vasodilation, it does not happen right away.

95
Q

When does brachial vasodilation peak following cuff release in flow-mediated dilation?

A

1.5 minutes

96
Q

Explain the red blood cell mechanism for increasing blood flow

A

During exercise, low partial pressure of oxygen at skeletal muscle causes red blood cells to release ATP which exerts vasodilatory effects.

97
Q

What are the ATP 2PY receptors responsible for?

A

decrease in calcium resulting in vasodilation.

98
Q

What does ascending vasodilation mean?

A

the vasodilation stimulus is at the 5th or 4th order arteriole. Gap junctions between the endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells support ascending vasodilation. therefore, it begins with the smallest arterioles and works its way up to larger vessels

99
Q

How can we block gap junctions to prevent the process of ascending vasodilation?

A

Treatment of sucrose

100
Q

What is the effect of aging on vasodilation and blood flow?

A

Ageing impaired the blood flow response to acetylcholine infusion. Thus impairs endothelial vasodilatory mechanisms

101
Q

What is the impact of exercise on endothelial-mediated vasodilation?

A

Exercise training improves endothelial vasodilatory mechanisms based on blood flow responses to acetylcholine in older adults too.

102
Q

Do Males or females have a faster drop in forearm blood flow responses?

A

age related reduction in blood flow response is less in females up until menopause

103
Q

In terms of exercise, do both older men and women benefit in terms of flow mediated dilation results?

A

Post menopausal women did not benefit from mild intensity so heavier intensities may be needed for them to see an improvement.

104
Q

What is neurogenic vasodilation?

A

sympathetic neurons representing an additional mechanism for vasodilation

105
Q

Is there any evidence for neurogenic vasodilation?

A

Only seen in dogs, cats and rats. These neurons are not present in primates or humans.

106
Q

What are the benefits of neurogenic vasodilation?

A

Very fast response and flight or fight model

107
Q

Explain sympathetic vasoconstriction during exercise

A

the sympathetic nervous system causes vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure and drive blood flow

108
Q

Why does vasoconstriction need to occur even at modest levels of exercise?

A

to prevent excessive vasodilation and blood pressure drops

109
Q

What experiment was done to show importance of sympathetic vasoconstriction?

A

Sympathetic neurons were cut therefore not as much vasoconstriction. Blood pressure plummeted and they had to stop exercise.

110
Q

What is the role of sympathetic vasoconstriction of non-exercising vascular beds during exercise?

A

vasoconstriction of the visceral bed increases to limit flow to inactive organs and increase blood pressure.

111
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A

Increase heart rate and stroke volume to increase cardiac output. cause vasoconstriction.

112
Q

What do postganglionic neurons innervate?

A

the heart

113
Q

what do preganglionic neurons do?

A

release chemicals in the spinal cord

114
Q

What is TPR?

A

total peripheral resistance

115
Q

Explain the sympathetic control of what leads to vasoconstriction

A

NE causes vasoconstriction by binding to alpha 1 and alpha 2 adrenergic receptors. ATP binds to P2X receptor.

116
Q

What does P2X receptor cause?

A

vasoconstriction

117
Q

What does P2Y receptor cause?

A

vasodilation

118
Q

Where is the highest density of a1 receptors in the vascular tree?

A

conduit level

119
Q

Where is the highest level of a2 receptors in vascular tree?

A

proximal (1A, 2A, 3A) arteriole level

120
Q

Where are most NPY Y1 and ATP P2X receptors in the vascular tree?

A

at tiniest arterioles just before capillaries

121
Q

How would you draw the neurotransmitter release of NE?

A

Large bubble is varicosity where neurotransmitters were stored. action potential fire down neutron. tells voltage gated channel to release calcium. calcium triggers release of neurotransmitters. NE diffuses across and binds with specific receptor of muscle cell.

122
Q

What are the differences in neurotransmitter release during exercise intensity?

A

Modify release depending on situation. More frequent with increasing intensity. Low NE to high NE. ATP is dominant at low intensity.

123
Q

What drug can be infused to block a1 receptor pathway?

A

prazosin

124
Q

What drug prevents NE from being released?

A

bretyllum

125
Q

How can we measure sympathetic activity in humans?

A

high performance liquid chromatography and microneurography

126
Q

What does high performance liquid chromatography show?

A

provides measures of norepinephrine

127
Q

What does microneurography show?

A

shows clusters of sympathetic neurons. can hear firing patterns.

KINE 3P90 - Cardiorespiratory Exercise Physiology (2 decks)

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