Midterm Review Flashcards
What is the Secwepemec Territory?
-17 communities
-Extends from the Rockies to the western side of the Fraser.
-Headwaters: Fraser, Thompson & Columbia rivers
What is Colonization/Colonialism?
Colonization: is theactionor process of settling among and establishing control over the indigenous people of an area.
Colonialism: is the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.”
What are the Phases of Colonization?
“4 phases of colonialism:
1) Forced entry into territory to exploit natural resources and inhabitants
2) Imposes its culture, disintegrates the Indigenous culture
3) Colonizer is portrayed as more civilized
4) Establishment of a society designed to benefit and maintain the superiority of the colonizer”
First Nation
A term that came into common usage in the 1970s to replace the term “Indian band,” which many people found offensive.
The term “First Nation” has been adopted to replace the word “band” in the names of many communities, and can refer to a single band, many bands, an Indigenous governing body organized and established by an Indigenous community, or an Indigenous community as a whole.
First Nation is not applied to Inuit or Métis, who are distinct and separate.
Indian
The legal identity of an Indigenous person who is registered under the Indian Act.
Indigenous Peoples
There is no generally accepted definition of Indigenous Peoples in a global context.
Some countries refer to Indigenous Peoples as the people who were there first at contact.
Others refer to Indigenous Peoples as the nomadic peoples within their borders.
In Canada and in this book, we use a definition of Indigenous Peoples as Indian, Inuit, and Métis Peoples.
Inuit
Indigenous people in northern Canada, living mainly in Nunavut, Northwest Territories, northern Quebec, and Labrador.
Métis
People of mixed Aboriginal and European ancestry.
Native
An outdated collective term referring to Indians (status and non-status), Métis, and Inuit.
It has largely been replaced by “Aboriginal” or “Indigenous.”
First Nation
First Nation: erm that came into common usage in the 1970s to replace the term “Indian band,” which many people found offensive
What is the Royal Proclamation of 1763?
King George iii- Nation-to-nation agreement
First Acknowledgement of Aboriginal rights. (21things)
There are disagreements to whether of not this was a good or bad thing.
The boundary was temporary and changed in part through treaty negotiations.
1) Forced entry into territory to exploit natural resources and inhabitants
History of the Indian Act?
Bagot Report- 1844
-Basis
British North American Act (Constitution Act)- 1876
-Federal assignment
Indian Act- 1876
-Compilation of Federal law
What is the impact of Colonialism?
Colonialism has occurred across the globe and across time.
Colonization and colonialism are still occurring.
The Indian act is a form of Colonialism that has immensely impacted Indigenous Peoples holistic health.
Being aware is a first step to combating the effects of colonialism.
What is the T’exelc- William Lake First Nations Territory?
A Secwepemc Nation
-Over 800 members
-Territory: North to Quesnel Lake and West to Alexis Creek
(WLFN, 2023)
What is Racism?
avoidable and unfair actions that further disadvantage the disadvantaged or further advantage the advantaged
What is Individual/ Interpersonal racism?
Conscious or unconscious personal beliefs, assumptions, and racist actions
What is Internalized Racism?
The acceptance and internalization of negative, stereotypical beliefs, attitudes or ideologies about the inferiority of one’s racial group
What is Systemic Racism?
Entrenched policies and practice that result in hierarchy of groups. No individual intent of racism.
What is Institutional Racism?
Individuals following polices/procedures that are prejudice.
What is Structural Racism?
System-wide operations exclude certain groups in the development of the processes/ structure itself.
What is Aversive Racism?
Underlying thoughts, assumptions, ideas (Subconscious) are racist, but social actions and interactions are portrayed as non-racist (from the video above).
What factors play into Racism and health Inequities?
Individual/Interpersonal Racism
Physical Health:
-Physical Violence
-Stress
-Cardiovascular
Mental & Emotional
health:
-Depression
-Anxiety
-Self-esteem
- Self-identity
Structural Racism
Deprived of
socioeconomical
factors:
-Housing, water, jobs…
Exposure to risk factors
- living conditions
-smoking, alcohol,
Access to Health Care:
-Poor Quality of care
Whats is the relationship between Colonization, Racism, & Health?
The relationship between racism and colonization are inextricably intertwined.
Racism tends to precede ill-health for both mental ill-health and physical
What is Cultural Safety?
an outcome based on respectful engagement that recognizes and strives to address power imbalances inherent in the health care system. It results in an environment free of racism and discrimination, where people feel safe when receiving health care.
What is Cultural Humility?
process of self-reflection to understand personal and systemic biases and to develop and maintain respectful processes and relationships based on mutual trust. Cultural humility involves humbly acknowledging oneself as a learner when it comes to understanding another’s experience.
What is your Professional Responsibility with Racism?
- Self-reflective practice
-Be aware of biases/assumptions & Do not act on them. - Building knowledge through education
Learn about Indigenous Health care, including history - Anti-racist practice
-Take action when observing racism - Creating safe healthcare experiences
Respectful, holistic, cultural, and family based care - Person-led care
-Listen to the client, work with them/their family on their goals, support their right to make decisions - Strengths-based and trauma-informed practice.
Incorporate client’s strength, consider that trauma may be a factor, respectful/thoughtful approach, consider the context of gender and trauma/racism on the clients’ views.
What is your Personal Responsibility with Racism?
Self reflection
Education
Action & Allyship
What Does Allyshop Look Like?
Allyship: “Actively engage in decolonizing processes.”
1) support social justice, promote the rights of the non-dominant groups, eliminate [working to change] social inequalities that the allies benefit from
2) Establish meaningful relationships…to ensure accountability to those people and communities
What Dose R.E.S.P.E.C.T. Stand for?
Rapport: Build relationship, connect on a social level without prejudice, stereotyping or bias
Empathy: Seek understanding, listen, be present
Support: Help overcome barriers
Partnership: Be flexible with regards to issues of control, work together
Explanation: Check in often for understanding, use verbal clarification techniques
Cultural Competency: Respect cultural beliefs of others and be aware of own biases
Trust: Take the time necessary to establish trust
What is the NLAKA’PAUMX (uun-klap-amooos) Nation?
Interior Salish
Location: where the Thompson and Fraser Rivers Meet- Kumsheen
Population: 795 (Statistics Canada, 2016)
Salmon runs are a vital food source.
-Air dry Salmon
Stein Valley – spiritual area
What are the Indigenous Ways of Knowing?
Collective beliefs, assumptions, & philosophies of a society which are based in culture
What are the Six Pillars of the Indigenous Way of Knowing?
Interrelatedness: A direct/equal relationship
Interconnectedness: Related/connected at multiple levels or points.
Time is cyclical: “continuous, uncertain, recurring and fluid”
Experiential/participatory: Learn through experiences.
Supernatural/spiritual based: “centered on a relationship with the Creator, the land and “all our relations.” …included… beings and forms of life,…what are commonly perceived as inanimate objects, …seen to be imbued with a spirit or soul.
Holistic: Look at the whole picture
How are the Indigenous Ways of Knowing & Healing connected?
Connection to Land- What happens with-in ourselves is connected to the outside environment.
Healing occurs through self-reflection, as well as connection to the community (acceptance).
Healing does not have a start or end but is continuous
Healing through a connections to the “more then human”
What are the Indigenous Determinates of Health?
Proximal- Direct Impact on health
EX)
Health Behaviors
Physical Environments
Employment and Income
Education
Food Insecurity
Intermediate- origins of proximal– hinder or help health through systems.
EX)
Health Care Systems
Educational Systems
Community Infrastructure, Resources and Capacities
Environmental Stewardship
Distal - most influential-Connected to intermediate and proximal
EX)
Colonialism
Racism and Social Exclusion
Self-Determination .
What are the Treaties and Acts implemented for indigenous health?
British North American Act 1876- “Indian Affairs “as federal but was not clear about health.
Treaty 6: 1876- Medicine chest clause: Indicating that health care is provided by the federal government to Indigenous Peoples.
What are the Indian Agents Implemented for indigenous health?
Indian Agents; In charge of the “medicine chest” and for providing its contents to Indigenous Peoples
What is the Canadian Health Transfer
CHT since 2004
Transfer of funds from the federal government to health systems.
Long term predictable funding for health care (Gov. Canada, 2011)
Funding for Indigenous ppl is not predictable (Gove. Canada, 2021)
Currently Federal and Provincial governments provide health care to Indigenous Peoples
What has the federal government implemented for indigenous health?
Health Canada -1993.
Roles: Maintain and improve Canadians’ Health
Funds to First Nation Inuit Health Branch (FNIHB). 1980-2017
2017- FNIHB absorbed into Indigenous Services Canada (ISC)
A new federal entity
Role: “Improve access to high quality services for First Nations, Inuit and Métis”. (Gov. Canada, 2023)
What is the Indigenous services Canada (ISC) ?
Own federal entity separate from Health Canada
Roles
- Inuit and On-reserve First Nations
-Public Health and preventions services and
non-insured benefits such as prescription
drugs, dental and vision.
- Off reserve
-Non-insured benefits for all First Nations and
Inuit.
What is the First Nation Health Authority (FNHA)?
2013- Provincial First Nations Health Authority
Roles: Provides Health services, improves quality of health services and addresses service gaps (Gov. BC, 2023)
- Unique to BC
- Works with health ministers for funding.
- Indigenous run and has connections to the communities.
Provincial- insured MSP
Essential health care
What is the St’át’imc (Stat-lee-um) Nation?
Interior Salish
Population: 4515 (Gov. BC, 2022)
-Connection to the land and Salmon.
-Air dry Salmon
-Stein valley (west/upper )
Location: Coastal mountains – Fraser River. Lillooet River to Currie mountain and Pemberton. Include Bridge river and Lillooet
How has structural Racism affected Indigenous Health Care History in regards to health care system?
Historical “Indian Hospitals”
- Purpose: Segregation, funding, and research
- Mandatory treatment if ill or “unteachable”(p.12)
- Research: Electric shock therapy, sterilization, and multiple medical experimentations – often on children/infants (Turpel – Lafond, & Johnson, 2020, p. 12-13)
Evacuation Policy
- Indigenous women -not allowed to give birth on reserve. Have to leave reserve at 36 to 38 weeks pregnant. (Lawford, Giles, & Bourgeault, 2018)
Traditional healing historically was prohibited
How has structural Racism affected Indigenous Health Care History in regards to Education?
- Residential schools stripped Indigenous Peoples of their culture
- Removed children from families- mandatory attendance
- Overcrowding, lack of heat and malnutrition were common
- Used punishment to force education/eliminate clulture
- Forbid students to speak their own language
- Forced a “new” religion on indigenous children
- Led to poor health and increased rates of - Tuberculosis
- Residential schools are a main factor in the creation of “Indian Hospitals
How has structural Racism affected Indigenous Health Care Now?
Sterilization still occurring!
Evacuation Policy still in effect! (Lawford, Giles, & Bourgeault, 2018)
2020 ER workers made a game out of guessing Blood alcohol levels of indigenous clients. (Global News & Zussman, 2020)
“In Plain Sight” outlines current impacts of structural racism.
What do indigenous people in the health care system face?
Stereotypes
Discrimination
Less access
Poor outcomes
What are the Indigenous Rights to Health
Self-determination & Leadership
Allyship
-Cultural Safety
-Cultural Humility
-Anti-Racism
What are the recommendations for improving indigenous rights to health?
System Recommendations
-Apology from the government
-Collaborate to develop foundational policies
Behavioural Recommendations
-Universities are required to recruit Indigenous
Peoples into health care.
Beliefs Recommendations
-Cultural competence education
-Mandatory for healthcare workers in university
programs to learn about colonialism/racism
towards Indigenous Peoples
What is the Tŝilhqot’in (Tsill-COAT-ten) region?
Population: 3818
6 communities
Location: Chilcotin Plateau, Coastal Mountains and North Cariboo
(Gov.BC, 2022)
Chilcotin war of 1864
Chilcotin River
Completion of Highway 20- 1953
Collected and traded Obsidian
Who is the Truth and Reconciliation Committee of Canada (TRC)?
A legal settlement b/t:
Residential school survivors
First Nation Assemble
Those responsible for the creation and operation of Residential schools.
What is the TRC purpose?
To inform all Canadians of what occurred in the Residential schools.
Concluded in 2015- transferred info to NCTR
What are the Calls to action?
A document outlining 94 calls to action that are created to redress the legacy of the residential schools. (TRC, 2016).
1) Legacy
Child Welfare
Education
Language & culture
Health
Justice (TRC, 2016).
2) Reconciliation
UN declaration of Indigenous Rights
Royal Proclamation
Equity in the legal system
Missing children and Burial rights
Why are the Calls to action important?
It provides ways in which everyone can take action towards reconciliation on our journey towards healing.
How do the Calls to action connect to indigenous health?
Aboriginal languages are a fundamental and valued element of Canadian culture and society, and there is an urgency to preserve them
- Ability to practice Spiritual ceremonies
- Higher rating of wellbeing
- Reduced Drug and Alcohol
What are the steps to the TR action plan?
Learn-the history between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples;
Understand-the history and legacy of residential schools;
Explore-the unique intersections we have between treaty, constitutional, Indigenous, and human rights we have in Canada;
Recognize-the rich contributions that Indigenous peoples have made to Canada;
Take action-to address historical injustices and present-day wrongs;
Teach others.
What is the Dakelh (Ka-kelh) region?
Dakelh-“People who Travel on the water”
18 communities
Population: 1811 (Gov. BC, 2022)
Location: Fraser River to coastal mountains
“The Great Road”- Grease trail
Rainbow Range- Tweedsmuir Provincial Park
Blackwater River
What is population health?
An approach to health that aims to improve the health of the entire population and to reduce health inequities among population groups
What is the population health categories for indigenous people in Canada?
Maternal, Fetal, & Infant Health
-Mortality rates
Child Health
-Respiratory disease, dental and poor nutrition
Communicable Diseases
Cancer, HIV, & Tuberculosis
-Non-Communicable Diseases
Type 2 Diabetes
-Cardiovascular Disease & Substance use
Mental Health and Wellness
- Stress, Addiction, Suicide
Violence, Abuse, Injury & Disability
-Violence towards women and children
Environmental Health
-Climate change
-Exposure to environmental toxins
Food Security and Nutrition
-Food insecurity
-Access and affordability
What is the Population Health Promotion four pilairs?
Resilience- indigenous resilience reflects an innate determination by indigenous peoples to succeed.
Cultural Continuity- The degree of social and cultural cohesion within a community
-A form of resilience
-Keeping language, traditions and identities
Sel-Determination- the right of all peoples to “freely determine their own political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development”
-Fosters Empowerment and control.
-Linked to lower depression and suicide
Self-Goverance- A part of cultural continuity and self-determination.
-Use of traditional ways in governance
-Keeping culture alive in government
What is the Two-eyed Seeing Approach and Why is it important?
Learning to see from one eye with the strengths of (or best in) Indigenous knowledge and ways of knowing, and learning to see from the other eye with the strengths of (or best in) Western knowledge and ways of knowing…and most importantly, using both eyes together for the benefit of all
What is the Nuxalk (NOO-hulk)
Population: 790
Location: West of the Coastal mountains to the Pacific.
Community: Bella Coola
Use the Great Road- Grease Trail
Petroglyphs- carved
Freedom Road- “The Hill”
What are policies and Legislations?
Policies: Non-binding guidelines and principles
Legislation: Laws, regulations, and rules.
Both: Intertwined
“Indian Act”- Is a federal law
-Poor health outcomes
What are Indigenous Specific Policies/Legislations BC
Tobacco Control Act: Exempt for traditional ceremonial use.
The Nisga’a Agreement: Self-Administration of health services.
Tripartite First Nations Policy: aims to close disparities in health, education & housing.
Tripartite First Nations Health Plan: First Nations Health Authority
Tribal Councils- 27 in BC with health mandates.
Sechelt Self-Government Act: Power to make laws in relation to health services on their lands.
Indian Advisory Act: A committee to advise the minister on matters regarding rights.
What is Jordan’s Principle?
States that the government of first contact must pay for services
– governments and departments will work together afterwards to figure out who pays.
Eligibility: All First Nations children- on or off-reserve.
Not limited to children with disabilities
Under Indigenous Services Canada (ISC) policy, non-status children on-reserve are being considered eligible for coverage under Jordan’s Principle.
What is covered under Jodan’s Principle?
Any government-provided service is available to all other children.
Examples: Mobility aids, Support workers, educational supplies
