Midterm Review Flashcards
absorption
movement of a drug from the site of administration to the bloodstream
this is influenced by route, blood flow to absorption area, ability of medication to be absorbed, and conditions at the absorption site
ac
ante cibum - before meals
action
how the drug provides therapeutic results in the body, or the use of the drug
addiction
disease that occurs when a person cannot stop or limit the use of a drug, even after negative consequences have been experienced
adverse reactions
AKA side effects
describes known undesirable experiences associated with medication; it may be divided in severe, moderate, and mild
Allis tissue forceps
- available in different lengths and jaw widths
- used to grasp tissue, muscle, or skin surrounding a wound
antagonism
interaction between chemicals or therapeutic agents, in which one substance partially or completely inhibits or counteracts the effect of the other
In short: substance that stops the action or effect of another substance.
anticoagulant
substances that prevent clotting of blood
bid
two times a day
biological half-life
time it takes half of the drug to be metabolized or eliminated by normal biologic processes
Broselow Tape
What it is and how it is used
colored tape to measure a child/infant from the top of the head to the heel
tape lists common medication dosages and emergency equipment sizes that should be used for that child’s size
this speeds up the response time for treating children in emergencies
centrifuge
How we load it and what it does
an instrument to separate solids from liquids
it needs to be balances so therefore an even number of tubes at all time
CLIA
What it is, types of categories, and where these types of tests are performed
Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments - established quality standards for all clinical lab testing
Categories include waived tests (home tests), moderate complexity tests and high complexity tests (done by a qualified personnel at a hospital or reference lab)
contraindications
reasons or conditions that make administration of the drug improper or undesirable
culture & sensitivity
procedure in which a specimen is cultured on microbiologic media to detect bacterial or fungal growth, which is followed by screening for antibiotic sensitivity
this is performed in the microbiology department of a referral laboratory
dependence
when you need one or more drugs to function
disinfection
process of killing pathogenic organisms or rendering them inactive
distribution
movement of absorbed drug from the blood to the body tissues
duration
the length of time that particular drug is effective (according to Google)
duty of care
healthcare professional’s legal obligation to the patient
comes from provider-patient relationship
emergency care
Hospital services necessary to prevent the death or serious impairment of the health of the recipient.
excretion
metabolites excreted from body; most drugs are excreted through the large intestines and kidneys
large intestines excretes undigested products in the stool
kidneys excrete in urine
also in breast milk
F.A.S.T
way to spot a stroke
Face drooping
Arm weakness
Speech difficulty
Time to call 911
indications
conditions or diseases for which the drug is used
interaction
products that either increase or decrease the medication levels in the blood.
metabolism
series of chemical processes whereby enzymes change drugs in the body
MI
What it is, signs & symptoms
Myocardial Infarction
Heart attack
coronary arteries blocked by clot or narrowed from plaque
pain, heart burn, cold sweats, chest pain (angina pectoris), shortness of breath, arrhythmia, light headedness
MSDS
Material Safety Data Sheets
peak
time it takes for the drug to reach its greatest effective concentration in the blood
po
by mouth
potentiation
A type of synergism; one drug increases the effect of the second drug.
precautions
Preventative steps needed to be taken by healthcare team members and staff at healthcare facilities to prevent the spread of infections.
preservative
substances added to a specimen to prevent the deterioration of cells or chemicals
qid
four times a day
reagent
substance for use in a chemical reaction
sanitization
cleansing process that removes organic material and reduces the number of microorganisms to a safe level
should be done immediately after use
side effects
unpleasant effects of a drug in addition to desired or therapeutic effect
splinter forceps
fine tip for foreign object removal
standard of care
level and type of care an ordinary, prudent healthcare professional with same training and experience in a similar practice would have provided under a similar situation
sterilization
the process of making something free from bacteria or other living microorganisms
tenaculum forceps
sharp, pointed tips
used to hold tissue while a tissue specimen is being obtained or to lift cervix so fornix can be seen
thumb forceps
AKA dressing forceps, 4-12’’ in length
varying types of serrated jaws - NO TEETH
used to insert packing into or remove objects from deep cavities
tid
3 times a day
tolerance
state in which body becomes accustomed to ingested substances therefore the user requires greater amounts to create the desired effect
toothed tissue forceps
4-18’’ in length, pincher grip
used to grab tissue, muscle, or skin surrounding a wound
urinalysis
physical, chemical, and microscopical examination of urine
color, clarity, and specific gravity noted
uterine curette
hollow and spoon shaped, used for scraping
used to remove polyps, secretions, and bits of placental tissue
VIS
What it is and what it is used for
created by the CDC - vaccine information sheet
provides information on benefits and risks of vaccine, displayed on computer or laminated sheet
allergy testing patient preparation
stop long-acting antihistamines for 5-days before testing
stop all OTC cold, sleep, and allergy meds, prescribed allergy medication, and specific acid reflux meds 3-days before the test
anaphylaxis and how it is treated in the ambulatory care setting
severe allergic reaction that can be life threatening
- give epinephrine; stay with the patient; monitor airway, breathing, pulse; patient lies flat and raises feet 12’’; and if a bee sting, scrape stinger because squeezing can release venom
animals that carry rabies
raccoons, skunks, bats, woodchucks (groundhogs), foxes, coyotes, cattle, cats, dogs
autoclave process
how are drugs excreted through the body?
most are through large intestines and kidneys; also breastmilk
how do you care for a patient that has a musculoskeletal emergency?
apply pressure to wound
immobilize injured area
apply cold pack to limit swelling
if shock, lie person down with head slightly lower than abdomen and elevate legs
clinical laboratories and types of tests performed
physician office laboratories –> urinalysis, hematology, chemistry, and microbiology
common specimen types
blood, urine, swab from wounds or mucous membranes
less frequent = feces, gastric contents, cerebrospinal fluid, tissue samples, semen, aspirate
controlled substances - procedures
drug action
- depressing
- destroying
- replacing substances
- stimulating
depressing: slows down cells activity
destroying: kills cells or disrupts parts of cells
replacing substances: substances required by body given as meds (ex: insulin)
stimulating: increases cells activity
drug classifications
how drugs are grouped
drug usages
- health maintenance
- palliative
- prevention
- treatment
health maintenance: meds used to maintain or enhance health (vitamins/minerals)
palliative: drugs that DO NOT cure or treat, but improve quality of life (morphine)
prevention: drugs used to prevent disease (vaccine)
treatment: drugs that relieve symptoms while body fights off the disease (acetaminophen brings down fever)
epistaxis and ways to control it
nosebleed
sit upright and lean forward, pinch nostrils until bleeding stops
factors that have an effect of drugs…
- action
- rate of absorption
action: therapeutic effects (intended action), adverse reactions
rate of absorption: route, blood flow to absorption area, ability of medication to be absorbed, conditions at site of absorption
how do you care for a patient that has diabetic ketoacidosis or insulin shock?
diabetic ketoacidosis: call 911 and get help, monitor airway and pulse. perform CPR as needed. IV fluids, insulin, and monitoring
insulin shock: take blood glucose; if conscious and can swallow, give 4oz juice or regular soda, or 3 glucose tablets. Test every 15 minutes. If <70, give additional. unconscious»_space; recovery position and 911. monitor airway and pulse. 1mL glucagon, subcu pr IM
information that is placed on specimen labels
Must be printed in marker or ink, must include patient’s:
-name
-date
-time of collections
-and the type of specimen
injection angles
- ID
- IM
- Subcut
ID: 10-15 degrees
IM: 90 degrees
Subcut: 45 degrees
instrument sterilization procedures
-Decontaminate
-Clean
-Disinfect
-Lubricate
-Sort
-Reassemble
-Wrap
-Sterilize
-Store properly
instrument types, handling, & locking mechanisms
reasons for parenteral medication administration
faster acting because goes directly into bloodstream
medication administration routes
oral, sublingual and buccal, transdermal, inhalation, topical (vaginal, rectal, nasal, ocular, otic), irrigation, parenteral
national fire protection association identification system
hazard diamond (top is red for flammability, left is blue for inhalants, bottom is white for PPE, right is yellow for reactivity or stability hazard)
needle and syringe size for injections
- ID
- IM
- Subcut
ID: 1/4 - 5/8”, 25-27 gauge, 1mL
IM: 5/8-1-1/2’’, 22-25 gauge, 3mL
Subcut: 5/8” with 45 degree angle, 25 gauge, 3mL
Nine rules of medication administration
Maybe Dogs Really Talk, PETs Truly Do
Medication, Dose, Route, Time (completed when preparing med)
Patient, Education, To refuse, Technique (completed with patient prior to administration)
Documentation (done after giving medication)
parts of a needle and syringe
Syringe
- Plunger
- Barrel
- Plain Tip
Needle
- Hub
- Shaft
- Lumen
- Bevel
parts of the prescription
-Name of patient
-name of medication
-Diagnosis
-Strength
-Route of medication
-Form of medication
-Refills
-Directions for patient
-Quantity
-date
-days supply
poisoning - signs and symptoms
bluish lips, cough, difficulty breathing, heart palpitations, chest pain, confusion, dizziness, double vision, drowsiness, irritability, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, numbness, tingling, seizures, unconsciousness, stupor, weakness, unusual odor
procedures for CPR
-Call 911 or ask someone else to.
-Lay the person on their back and open their airway.
-Check for breathing. If they are not breathing, start CPR.
-Perform 30 chest compressions.
-Perform two rescue breaths.
-Repeat until an ambulance or automated external defibrillator (AED) arrives.
skin preparation for surgical procedures
1) wash hands or use hand sanitizer
2) greet patient, Identify yourself, Verify Pt Identity, explain procedure, answer any questions the pt may have on the procedure
3) ask patient to remove any clothing that might interfere with exposure of the site and provide a gown if needed.
4) Assist the patient into the proper position for site exposure. provide a drape if necessary
5) expose the site, use a light if necessary
6) if hair is present, the area may need to be shaved. Put on gloves and shave the required area with electric clippers
7) While wearing gloves, open the skin prep pack and add the soap to the 2 bowls
8) start at the incision site and begin washing with the soap on a gauze sponge in a circular motion to outside drags contaminants away from the incision site
9) after complete wipe, discard the sponge and begin again with a new sponge soaked in the antiseptic solution
10) repeat the process using sufficient friction for 5 mins
11) rinse the area with sterile normal saline solution
12) dry the area, using the same circular technique with dry sponges
13) paint on the antiseptic with the cotton tipped applicators
14) place a sterile drape and/or towel over the area
15) answer all the pt’s questions to relieve anxiety about the upcoming surgical procedure
16) document completion of the skin prep in pt’s health record
specimen collection - how to handle, which can be at room temperature and when to chill
sterile field - procedures
1)make sure stand/countertop is dust free and clean. If not disinfect and allow to air dry
2)wash or sanitize hands and make sure they dry
3)Gather supplies, check label of ordered solution, check solution name and the expiration date
4)If using an autoclaved pack, check the indicator tape for a color change
5)Open the outside cover
6)open the outermost flap. Next open the 1st flap away from you
7)open the 2nd corner, pulling to the side
8) be careful to lift the flaps by touching only the small, folded-black tab and without touching or crossing over the inner surface of the pack or its contents. Open remaining 2 corners of the pack
9)you have a sterile drape as a sterile field
10) open a package containing sterile transfer forceps. Using sterile technique, handle the sterile forceps by the ring handle only. Always point the forceps tips down
11)grasp an item on the sterile field with the sterile forceps
12) set forceps aside after 1 time use
13) check label of ordered solution
14) check label of ordered solution again
15) lift the lid of the bottle straight up and then slightly to one side; hold the lid in your nondominant hand facing downward
16)Pour away from the label without allowing any part of the bottle to touch the bowl and without crossing over the sterile field
17)tilt the bottle up to stop the pouring while it is still over the bowl
19) check the label of the solution for the 3rd time
suture scissors - describe how they look
blade as bleak or hook to slide under sutures
temperature for laboratory incubators
95-98.6 degrees F
types of burns and what layer of skin is affected
First-degree (superficial): epidermis
Second-degree (partial-thickness): Epidermis and part of the dermis
Third-degree (full-thickness): Epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue
Fourth-degree (deep full-thickness): Beyond subcutaneous tissue into muscle and bone
types of medication forms
- liquid
- solid
- semi-solid
solid + semi-solid: commonly prescribed and found OTC
liquid + semi-solid: various uses. swallowed, rubbed on skin, instilled in nose, eyes, and ears
liquid: taken by children, older adults, and those with swallowing problems (mixed with water, alcohol, or both; if active med dissolves = solution, if active med doesn’t dissolve = suspension)