midterm review

Question 1

Barriers to Care

Answer 1

dentist lack of preparation to help client with disability, communication difficulties, distance, structural problems of the office, and cost.

Question 2

Misconception of disabilities

Answer 2

All people with disabilities use wheelchairs
People with disabilities don’t want or can’t be in relationships
People with disabilities are dependent on others

Question 3

Intellectual development disabilities

Answer 3

Developmental disabilities characterized by subaverage general intellectual functioning along with significant limitations in adaptive functioning in at least two skill areas.

Question 4

Salivary gland dysfunction

Answer 4

Salivary glands can malfunction, become infected, or blocked by stones that form in their ducts.
Malfunctioning salivary glands produce less saliva, which causes dry mouth and tooth decay. Infected or blocked salivary glands cause pain. Saliva flow can be measured, or doctors may biopsy salivary gland tissue.

Question 5

Recommendations for individuals with salivary disorder

Answer 5

No alcohol, spicy, high carbs or pop

Question 6

Common signs and symptoms of cancer

Answer 6

Changes in bowel or bladder habits
A sore that does not heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickening or a lump in breast or elsewhere
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Obvious changes in a wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness

Question 7

Suspicious Oral Lesion Assessment

Answer 7

Most common site for oral-cavity squamous cell carcinomas are lateral borders and ventral surfaces of tongue and floor of mouth
Benign or malignant tumor can be confirmed only by performing a surgical biopsy, the surgical removal of all or part of the lesion, and microscopic evaluation
Early sign of squamous cell carcinoma-non healing ulcer, white lesion, lump, most common oral cancer

Question 8

Dental Hygiene Process of Care in Patients with HIV

Answer 8

Patient interview and examination
Imperative to build trust with patient
Planning dental hygiene care
Implementation
Periodontal debridement:
Use of sonic/ultrasonic instruments is not prohibited
Evaluation
Make sure established goals are being met

Question 9

COPD

Answer 9

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD, refers to a group of diseases that cause airflow blockage and breathing-related problems. It includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
For those who have COPD, this begins with damage to the lungs’ small air sacs and airways. The symptoms evolve from a mucus-filled cough to breathing problems. There is no repairing the harm caused by COPD.

Question 10

3 types of eating disorders

Answer 10

Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa
Binge-eating disorder

Question 11

Common oral health implications due to eating disorder

Answer 11

Perimylolysis or enamel erosion–maxillary lingual anterior

Question 12

when treating someone with eating disorder can refer them

Answer 12

psychologist, dietitian, nutritionist

Question 13

What should you do when treating someone who has a substance/drug abuse

Answer 13

Look for signs that they are high (pupils)
don’t administer any local anesthetic

Question 14

Signs of heart attack

Answer 14

Chest discomfort. Most heart attacks involve discomfort in the center of the chest that lasts more than a few minutes – or it may go away and then return. It can feel like uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, fullness or pain.
Discomfort in other areas of the upper body.
Symptoms can include pain or discomfort in one or both arms, the back, neck, jaw or stomach.
Shortness of breath. This can occur with or without chest discomfort.
Other signs. Other possible signs include breaking out in a cold sweat, nausea or lightheadedness.

Question 15

do men and women have different symptoms of heart attack

Answer 15

no but women have different risks compared to men. A woman’s reproductive history may affect her risk of developing heart disease. In fact, certain diseases that develop during pregnancy, such as preeclampsia and gestational diabetes, may be powerful predictors of future risk of heart disease.

Question 16

Due to hormonal imbalances women have several oral health risks such as

Answer 16

pregnancy tumors, gingivitis, osteoporosis, burning mouth, salivary changes, xerostomia after menopause, gestational diabetes

Question 17

Preventive Strategies: Dental Modifications for Pregnant Women

Answer 17

Alteration of the dental chair incline
It is recommended that the mother not be reclined completely in the third trimester because of potential decrease in blood flow and increase pressure to the fetus.
Other suggestions are frequent breaks; radiographs should be avoided in the first trimester.

Question 18

Medications that cause gingival overgrowth

Answer 18

Phenytoin for epilepsy, Anticonvulsants are responsible for approximately 50% having gingival overgrowth.
Cyclosporin is an immunosuppressant which has been reported to cause gingival enlargement in 25-80% of patients.
The calcium channel antagonists can also cause gingival enlargement.
The dihydropyridines (e.g. nifedipine, felodipine, diltiazem, amlodipine, verapamil) tend to be more commonly associated with gingival enlargement than the other sub-groups of calcium channel antagonists. Prescription of calcium channel blockers is relatively common, making it difficult to determine the true incidence of drug-induced gingival enlargement.

Question 19

pre-menopause

Answer 19

stage right before menopause. This phase can actually last quite a long time — up to 10 years. This stage, before full menopause, usually starts when women are in their 40s. It typically lasts four years, but can run up to 10 years for some women. Perimenopause officially ends when you experience a consecutive 12 months without your period.

Question 20

Menopause

Answer 20

Occurs when a woman stops having monthly periods and can no longer get pregnant. You are menopausal when you’ve gone a full year without a period or your period stops permanently as the result of a medical treatment. At this point, your ovaries no longer release eggs and you can’t get pregnant.

Question 21

Post menopause

Answer 21

describes the years of a woman’s life after menopause occurs. Once you’ve experienced menopause, this final phase lasts the rest of your life.

Question 22

Factors to Teach the Parent about child dental care

Answer 22

Relationship of oral health of mother to general health of fetus and newborn
New moms in transmitting microorganisms-vertical transmission
Serious effects of tobacco and other drugs on fetus and newborn
Reasons for dental hygiene appointments during pregnancy and after birth of baby
Rationale for receiving professional oral health care during pregnancy

Question 23

Tooth-Cleaning Recommendations for child

Answer 23

If dentifrice is used, only use a pea- sized amount to avoid ingestion of excess fluoride.
2 year old child- no fluoride mouth rinse, might swallow, toxicity, best fluoride for child-varnish
Tooth cleaning should be done with a small, soft-bristled toothbrush.
Tooth cleaning should be accomplished at least once daily.
Infants should be weaned from the bottle around 12 months of age.
Bottle should not be given as a pacifier nor given during bedtime or naptime.
Only formula or milk should be offered in the bottle.
Frequent, prolonged episodes of breast-feeding could be a caries risk.
Total amount of cariogenic foods is not the issue, rather the frequency of ingestion and retentiveness of the food are the factors that contribute to the caries risk.
Child in office- To decrease anxiety by: upbeat/simple/fun/ at eye level

Question 24

client with diabetes

Answer 24

severity of disease, glycemic control, clients knowledge, patient should monitor glucose level, appointments best scheduled in the morning, source of sugar should be available in office

Question 25

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Answer 25

an autoimmune and inflammatory disease, which means that your immune system attacks healthy cells in your body by mistake, causing inflammation (painful swelling) in the affected parts of the body. RA mainly attacks the joints, usually many joints at once.
RA can affect someone at any age
likelihood increases with age
Onset is highest among individuals in their sixties
Typically 2-3x higher in women than men

Question 26

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs)

Answer 26

Autism spectrum disorders encompass a wide “spectrum” of neurologic disorders that affect how a person interacts, communicates, and understands.
Unknown etiology
Autistic child characteristics-eye contact, facial expression, non verbal
Tell-show-do approach