Midterm Review Flashcards
A review for the first midterm for HIST 264 at Yale in Spring 2011. Most based on Encyclopedia Britannica entries.
Black Hand and White Hand
2 military conspiracy groups that carried out assasinations. The Black Hand operated within the army during the early 1900s up to about 1914. King Alexander supported a new group called White Hand during his regime.
Black Hand and White Hand -
2 military conspiracy groups that carried out assasinations. The Black Hand operated within the army during the early 1900s up to about 1914. King Alexander supported a new group called White Hand during his regime.
How were the Fourteen Points important to Eastern Europe?
9-13 are Eastern-Europe-centric. 9) Italy along national lines 10) A-H should get autonomous development 11) Serbia gets access to sea, self-determination/evacuation of other Balkan states 12) Turkish sovereignty 13) independent Poland with access to sea
In what year did Pilsudski return to power by military coup?
1926
In what year was a royal dictatorship established in Yugoslavia?
1929
In what year was the Bolshevik Revolution?
1917
In what year was the Soviet Union established?
1922
Vuk Karadzic
1787-1864. A Serbian poet who thus helped codify the language. Unfortunately for the Croatians, this language was very similar to their main dialect.
What and when was dekulakization?
- Campaign begins end of 1929
- “the liquidation of the kulak as a class.”
- Largely over by 1934.
What does “Ugoda” mean?
It means “settlement” in Polish.
What effect did the Corfu Declaration have on Croats fighting in WWI?
A demonstration of solidarity among the South Slavs, it encouraged Croats fighting in the Austrian army to join the Yugoslav movement and thereby also influenced the attitude of the Triple Entente in favour of the Yugoslavs.
What happened in the Russo-Polish War?
- 1919-1920
- Pilsudski allies with Ukrainian nationalist leader, and their combined forces begin to overrun Ukraine
- They occupy Kiev on May 7
- Soviet Red Army launches successful counteroffensive in summer
- Former Entente powers send a military mission to help Polish army.
- Russians retreat by end of summer 1921.
What is the GPU? When was it formed?
- February 6, 1922
- Cheka transforms into GPU, a department of the NKVD of the Russian SFSR.
What is the significance of Gdynia?
- Gdynia was returned from Germany to Poland by the Treaty of Versailles.
- When the German-controlled legislative assembly in Gdansk barred Poland’s use of that port’s facilities, Poland chose Gdynia as the site for its new port.
- From 1924 to 1939 Gdynia was the major Baltic port, surpassing Gdansk.
What mountain range runs through southeastern Poland, eastern Czechoslovakia, and Romania?
the Carpathians
What percent of electoral support did the Nazis have in 1928?
2.6 percent of the vote, 1928
What percent of the vote did the Nazis get in the 1932 elections?
36.2 percent of the vote
What was “Sanacja”?
- Means “cleansing”
- for Pilsudski, it means an armed demonstration to force former president to dismiss the government
What was the Petka?
- Committee of Five
- an unofficial, semi-constitutional political institution designed to cope with political difficulties during the First Republic of Czechoslovakia.
- founded in September 1920 and was made up of a council of leaders of the coalition parties that made up the Czechoslovak government at that time.
What was the capital of Bulgaria during the interwar period?
Sofia
What was the capital of Czechoslovakia in the interwar period?
Prague
What was the capital of Hungary in the interwar period?
Budapest
What was the capital of Romania in the interwar period?
Bucharest
What was the capital of Yugoslavia in the interwar period?
Belgrade
What was the Creidtanstalt? When did it fail?
- Austrian central bank
- September 3, 1931, after a run provoked by fears of Anschluss
When was the New Economic Policy? What was its significance?
- the economic policy of the government of the Soviet Union from 1921 to 1928
- represented a temporary retreat from its previous policy of extreme centralization and doctrinaire socialism.
Who was Jan Hus?
- burned at stake 1415
- Czech religious Reformer
- convicted of heresy at the Council of Constance
What was the October Revolution?
the second Russian Revolution, which, in October (November), placed the Bolsheviks in power.
What was the official name of Yugoslavia before 1929?
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes
What was the second largest national group in Czechoslovakia?
Germans
What was the Skoda arms factory?
- Appears to have been founded by Czech
- Studied engineering in Germany
- In 1899 he created Škoda Works, which was useful during WWI to the Central Powers
- was one of the largest industrial organizations in Czechoslovakia, producing guns, tanks, cannons, and other armaments. It exemplifies the relatively large industrial sector present in the Czech economy during the interwar period, which provided that region with some semblance of prosperity but created tension with neighboring Slovakia, which remained rural and undeveloped.
What was the status of the city of Danzig?
It was a free port. The Polish had access (Danzig corridor).
What was the Treaty of Riga?
- 1921
- Between Poland and Soviet Russia
- Ends Russo-Polish War of 1919-20
- Lasts until WWII.
What was the Vix Note?
A line of demarcation imposed on Hungary by the Allies in a note delivered by the head of the Inter-Allied Mission in Budapest on December 23, 1918. It included in Czechoslovakia the city and district of Bratislava.
When and what was the Battle of White Mountain?
- 1620, near Prague
- Catholic Habsburgs defeat the Protestant Czechs
When and what was the first Five Year Plan?
- 1928–32
- Concentrated on developing heavy industry and collectivizing agriculture, at the cost of a drastic fall in consumer goods.
When and what was the second Five Year Plan?
- 1933–37 continued the objectives of the first.
- Collectivization led to terrible famines, especially in the Ukraine, that caused the deaths of millions.
When and what was the Treaty of London?
(April 26, 1915) secret treaty between neutral Italy and the Allied forces of France, Britain, and Russia to bring Italy into World War I. The Allies wanted Italy’s participation because of its border with Austria. Italy was promised Trieste, southern Tyrol, northern Dalmatia, and other territories in return for a pledge to enter the war within a month. Despite the opposition of most Italians, who favoured neutrality, Italy joined the war against AustriaHungary in May.
When did Hitler become chancellor?
January 30, 1933
When did Hitler march into the Rhineland? What was his excuse?
- March 1936,
- a pact between France and the Soviet Union to march into the demilitarized Rhineland
When does the the GPU leave the NKVD?
- November 15, 1923: GPU leaves the NKVD and becomes all-union OGPU
- under direct control of the Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR.
When was a Rome-Berlin and Anti-Comintern pact with Japan affirmed?
- In October 1936, a Rome–Berlin axis was proclaimed by Italian dictator Benito Mussolini
- shortly afterward came the Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan;
When was Hitler ceded the Sudetenland?
- 1938, at the Munich Conference
When was the Beer Hall Putsch?
- November 1923
- Hitler and General Erich Ludendorff tried to force the leaders of the Bavarian government and the local army commander to proclaim a national revolution.
When was the Reichstag fire and what was its significance?
- February 27, 1933 (apparently the work of a Dutch Communist, Marinus van der Lubbe)
- provided an excuse for a decree overriding all guarantees of freedom and for an intensified campaign of violence.
Where is Budapest?
Along the descending part of the Danube.
Where is Kiev?
Along the Dnieper River (parallel to the Black Sea)
Where is Triest?
a city and seaport in northeastern Italy. It is situated towards the end of a narrow strip of land lying between the Adriatic Sea and Italy’s border with Slovenia, which lies almost immediately south, east and north of the city.
Where is Vienna?
Along the transverse part of the Danube.
Which country was primarily affected by the treaty of St. Germain?
Austria
Which country was principally affected by the Treaty of Trianon?
Hungary
Which country was principally affected by the Treaty of Versailles?
Germany
Which sea marks Poland’s northern border?
the Baltic Sea
Which sea marks the southern border of Soviet Ukraine?
the Black Sea
Who was Adam Ulam?
- Polish-born American historian
- Keen observer of the Soviet Union
Who was Andrej Hlinka?
- Slovak Roman Catholic priest and patriot who was the leader of the Slovak autonomist opposition to the Czechoslovak government in the 1920s and ’30s.
Who was Bela Kun?
communist leader and head of the Hungarian Soviet Republic of 1919.
Who was Bronislaw Malinowski?
- Founder of social anthropology
- Polish
- Focused on Oceania field studies
Who was Bruno Shulz?
- Jewish writer who wrote in Polish
- He was a Polish writer, literary critic, and art teacher.
- Born in Galicia, killed by a Nazi.
Who was Florian Znaniecki?
- Polish-American sociologist
- Helped pretty much found sociology
Who was Frantisek Palacky?
- Czech historiographer
- As a politician,he supported a federal Austria, composed of nationalities with equal rights.
- 1865; “Idea of the Austrian State” he propounded a federalism based not on nationalities but on the historic provinces of the Habsburg empire.
Who was Gavrilo Princip?
A member of the Black Hand, a Serbian nationalist group that killed Franz Ferdinand.
Who was John Maynard Keynes?
- English economist, journalist, and financier, best known for his economic theories (Keynesian economics) on the causes of prolonged unemployment.
- The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1935–36), advocated a remedy for economic recession based on a government-sponsored policy of full employment.
Who was Josef Pilsudski?
- Anti-Russian Polish revolutionary
- Member of PPS (Polish Socialist Party)
- Supports Central Powers during WWI
- Wins Russo-Polish war, ended 1921
- Retires, returns by coup in 1926
Who was Jozef Pilsudski?
Born in Russia, founds Polish Socialist Program (PPS), leads an army against the Russians during WWI, virtual dictator of Poland from 1926 1935.
Who was Julian Tuwim?
- Wrote nursery rhymes and poems.
- Lyric poet who wrote a Futurist manifesto.
- Poetry had great emotional tension, linguistic inventiveness
Who was Karel Capek?
- Czech novelist, short-story writer, playwright, and essayist.
Who was Konrad Heinlein?
- Sudeten-German politician who agitated for German annexation of the Czechoslovak Sudeten area
- in World War II held administrative posts in Nazi-occupied Czechoslovakia.
