Midterm Review Flashcards
Chasing the Dragons Documentary
Approximately one in five high school seniors reports misusing prescription drugs at least once in their lifetime.
Chasing the Dragons Documentary
A 2014 national survey found an estimated 1.4 million people in the U.S. abused a prescription pain killer for the first time that year
Chasing the Dragons Documentary
More than 93% of those identified as needing treatment for dependence or misuse of an illicit drug believe they do not need help.
Chasing the Dragons Documentary
A large percentage of individuals who are arrested for major crimes - including homicide, theft, and assault - are under the influence of illicit drugs
Chasing the Dragons Documentary
More than 10 million people 12 years and older in the U.S. reported non medical use of prescription opiates in 2014
Chasing the Dragons Documentary
Each day, 44 people in the U.S. die from an overdose of prescription painkillers
National Institutes of Health in United States (NIH)
Part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, is the nation’s medical research agency - making important discoveries that improve health and save lives.
The National Institutes of Health is made up of 27 different components called Institutes and Centres. Each has its own specific research agenda, often focusing on particular diseases or body systems.
More than 80% of the NIH’s funding is awarded though almost 50,000 competitive grants to more than 300,000 researchers at more than 2,500 universities, medical schools, and other research institutions in every state and around the world.
The NIH invests nearly $37.3 billion annually (2018) in medical research.
Canadian Institute of Health
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Substance Use Disorder - Health Canada
When someone regularly uses drugs or alcohol despite continued negative consequences, they may have substance use disorder.
It is a medical condition that often requires treatment from health care providers. Substance use disorders can involve both psychological and physical dependence.
Dr. Gabor Mate (Video)
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Psychological Explanations of Addiction
Psychological dependence in addition has historically been widely recognized as being more important than biological dependence.
Psychological explanations put more emphasis on factors that describe how drug effects and problems are determined by user characteristics apart from their genetics and physiology (personality).
Addictive Personality Theory
Assumes that problem drug use is the result of certain deficits in the personality of the individual users (low self esteem, social avoidance)
Reinforcement Theory (2 Questions)
Assumes that drug behaviour is determined by people’s tendency to maximize rewards while minimizing costs.
(Postive Reinforcement vs. Negative Reinforcement)
While drug use may continue to be pleasurable, as tolerance develops a larger dose is needed to maintain the pleasurable effects.
Environmental Factors - Relates to Addiction
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Differential Association Theory
Illicit drug behaviour, like other criminal traditions, is passed along from one generation to another within the immediate family and peer group
Novice users learn techniques and moral justifications that facilitate progression from initial experimentation to then occasional and regular use
Assumes that drug behaviour is a result of social learning and interaction between participants in a deviant subculture
Social Control Theory
Breakdown in control by family and community to maintain ‘valued morals’
As a result drug use becomes a product of a socialization process where deviant values, beliefs and morals are passed on
Failed socialization to convectional norms is the main cause of crime and deviant behaviour
Social Bonds Theory
Developing bonds to society, theoretically protects us from using illicit drugs. The commitment, involvement and belief in the value and rewards in convectional behaviour
Assumes that problem drug use is the outcome of inadequate development of bonds and controls in early childhood
Social Strain Theory
Assumes drug problems are the outcome of frustration that results from social inequality and lack of opportunities
The inability to attain these goals results in alternative means in gaining wealth, which is usually criminal behaviour
Addiction is an adaptation produced by trying and failing to attain legitimate goals
Mark Lewis
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