Midterm Review Flashcards
Chasing the Dragons Documentary
Approximately one in five high school seniors reports misusing prescription drugs at least once in their lifetime.
Chasing the Dragons Documentary
A 2014 national survey found an estimated 1.4 million people in the U.S. abused a prescription pain killer for the first time that year
Chasing the Dragons Documentary
More than 93% of those identified as needing treatment for dependence or misuse of an illicit drug believe they do not need help.
Chasing the Dragons Documentary
A large percentage of individuals who are arrested for major crimes - including homicide, theft, and assault - are under the influence of illicit drugs
Chasing the Dragons Documentary
More than 10 million people 12 years and older in the U.S. reported non medical use of prescription opiates in 2014
Chasing the Dragons Documentary
Each day, 44 people in the U.S. die from an overdose of prescription painkillers
National Institutes of Health in United States (NIH)
Part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, is the nation’s medical research agency - making important discoveries that improve health and save lives.
The National Institutes of Health is made up of 27 different components called Institutes and Centres. Each has its own specific research agenda, often focusing on particular diseases or body systems.
More than 80% of the NIH’s funding is awarded though almost 50,000 competitive grants to more than 300,000 researchers at more than 2,500 universities, medical schools, and other research institutions in every state and around the world.
The NIH invests nearly $37.3 billion annually (2018) in medical research.
Canadian Institute of Health
-
Substance Use Disorder - Health Canada
When someone regularly uses drugs or alcohol despite continued negative consequences, they may have substance use disorder.
It is a medical condition that often requires treatment from health care providers. Substance use disorders can involve both psychological and physical dependence.
Dr. Gabor Mate (Video)
-
Psychological Explanations of Addiction
Psychological dependence in addition has historically been widely recognized as being more important than biological dependence.
Psychological explanations put more emphasis on factors that describe how drug effects and problems are determined by user characteristics apart from their genetics and physiology (personality).
Addictive Personality Theory
Assumes that problem drug use is the result of certain deficits in the personality of the individual users (low self esteem, social avoidance)
Reinforcement Theory (2 Questions)
Assumes that drug behaviour is determined by people’s tendency to maximize rewards while minimizing costs.
(Postive Reinforcement vs. Negative Reinforcement)
While drug use may continue to be pleasurable, as tolerance develops a larger dose is needed to maintain the pleasurable effects.
Environmental Factors - Relates to Addiction
-
Differential Association Theory
Illicit drug behaviour, like other criminal traditions, is passed along from one generation to another within the immediate family and peer group
Novice users learn techniques and moral justifications that facilitate progression from initial experimentation to then occasional and regular use
Assumes that drug behaviour is a result of social learning and interaction between participants in a deviant subculture
Social Control Theory
Breakdown in control by family and community to maintain ‘valued morals’
As a result drug use becomes a product of a socialization process where deviant values, beliefs and morals are passed on
Failed socialization to convectional norms is the main cause of crime and deviant behaviour
Social Bonds Theory
Developing bonds to society, theoretically protects us from using illicit drugs. The commitment, involvement and belief in the value and rewards in convectional behaviour
Assumes that problem drug use is the outcome of inadequate development of bonds and controls in early childhood
Social Strain Theory
Assumes drug problems are the outcome of frustration that results from social inequality and lack of opportunities
The inability to attain these goals results in alternative means in gaining wealth, which is usually criminal behaviour
Addiction is an adaptation produced by trying and failing to attain legitimate goals
Mark Lewis
-
Dr. Nora Volkyok
-
Number of Chinese Immigrants
17,000 Chinese men immigrated to BC early 1880’s, encouraged because of a labour shortage
Licensing Fees for Producing Opium in BC
-
Peak Production of Opium in Canada
-
Chinese Immigrants to Canada around 1885 - Immigration Tax
Enacted in July 1885
Imposed $50/ ‘head tax’
1900, then PM Wilfrid Laurier raised head tax to $100/person
1903, $5007 person ($15K, 2019)
Opium Act
-
Licensing Fees for Producing Opium in BC
1865 Vancouver Island Legislature introduced licensing fee’ $100
1886, $250
1894, $500 ($15K, 2019)
Peak Production of Opium in Canada
Chinese immigrants established opium dens in isolated communities
Presence of dens legal, not considered harmful
Victoria, BC was one of the largest producers of opium outside of Asia
1907 Labour Riots in Vancouver
Major labour demonstrations
Racist “Asiatic Exclusion League”
Rioted in Chinatown and Japantown areas of Vancouver against Asian immigrants
Mackenzie King, Deputy Minister of Labour, travelled to BC to investigate the riots and make compensation
Shocked by large opium trade, concerned with growing numbers of white opium users
Esp, women
Concern that Federal compensation for riots going to drug trade
Elimination of the optum “menace” was primary focus of early political hea
Opium Act 1908
Canada’s first anti-drug legislation
Initiated by Mackenzie King
Prohibited the importation, manufacture, and sale of opium for non-medicinal use
BUT, neither simple possession or use was prohibited
Attempt to make Chinese custom of smoking opium illegal
Belief that imprisonment would terminate opium problem
Effect: Created a black market for opium, drove up price
Persecuted racial minority
Opium and Drug Act
Morphine and cocaine included in prohibition
Criminalized the use and simple possession of opium
Harsher penalties
and expanded enforcement powers
Began the “enforcement stage” of Canadian drug
policy which continues unchallenged unchallenged until 1950s
1955 Senate Comittee
-
Opium and Narcotics Drug Act
Increase in police powers of search for drugs
“Writ of assistance”
Discriminatory penalties on certain categories of accused’s
Deportation of foreigners, whipping for minors
Presumption of possession by anyone found in the presence of prohibited substances (reverse burden of proof)
From 1930-1950, Canada continued to expand list of prohibited drugs and range of drug offences punishable by law
E.g., cultivation
Mundance Commission in 1972
-
Bill S19
-
Opium - When it became legal to possess in Canada
CDSA
-
Nacotics Control Act of 1961
Based on many of the Senate Special Committee’s recommendations
Highly punitive; extensive police powers
E.g., Importing/exporting drugs: Max sentence life in prison, min sentence 7 years imprisonment
Drug convictions increased
Esp. cannabis
Canadian Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Survey (CTADS) - (2 Questions)
Biennial general population survey of tobacco, alcohol and drug use among Canadians aged 15 years and older. CTADS is conducted by Statistics Canada on behalf of Health Canada.
Understanding Canadian trends in tobacco, alcohol and drug use is vital to the effective development, implementation and evaluation of national and provincial strategies, policies and programs.
The results for 2017 (most recent stats available) are based on telephone interviews with 16,349 respondents across all 10 provinces, representing a weighted total of 30.3 million Canadian residents aged 15 years and older.
Bill S19 - 1974
Key attempt to amend the NCA
© Main purpose was to remove cannabis from the NCA and include in Food and Drugs Act
OM Noel lwbelemnemacenelacre! sentences for simple
possession
© Failed to be passed in the House of Commons
CTADS - Low-risk Drinking Guideline 1 (Chronic)
Low-risk Drinking Guideline 1 (Chronic)
“no more than 10 drinks a week for women, with no more than 2 drinks a day most days and 15 drinks a week for men, with no more than 3 drinks a day most days. Plan non-drinking days every week to avoid developing a habit.
CDSA Controlled Drugs and Substances Act 1997
Punitive policy
Severe punishments, expanded police powers of search and investigation, no medical marijuana
A few provisions were less restrictive
Penalties for the simple possession of drugs (up to 30g of cannabis and 1g of hashish) decreased
Maximum 6months imprisonment and/or amaximum fine OaPEUE
CTADS - Past 12 months
Of the total population who consumed, 21% exceeded guideline #1 (Chronic Risk)
Of the total population who consumed 15% exceeded guideline #2 (Acute Risk)
The chronic-risk guideline (#1), was exceeded by 22% of male drinkers and 19% of female drinkers
The chronic-risk guideline (#1) exceeded by 29% of 15-24 drinkers and 20% of 25 and older drinkers
1 in 5 (20%, qualify for having an alcohol substance use disorder.
Schedules under the CDSA (2 Questions) - What Drugs are under what schedule?
-
Schedules under the CDSA
-
Definition of Trafficking
-
Steroids
-
Ontario Cannabis Act
-
NIDA - Definition of Addiction
-
