Midterm Review Flashcards
The Enlightenment
an era of thinking and reason above everything else
What’s another name for the Enlightenment?
The Age of Reason
The Enlightenment promoted _______
philosophy
What did Mary Wollstonecraft argue for?
education and rights for women
What did Mary Wollstonecraft write?
The Vindication of the Rights of Women
If a teacher took her students on a field trip, this is an example of…
empiricism
Empiricism
learning through experiences
What did John Locke belief about human rights?
All men are born with the rights to life, liberty, and property
Which philosopher influenced the US Declaration of Independence?
John Locke
Which philosopher supported religious toleration?
John Locke
Which philosopher believed you could not force religion through violence?
John Locke
Which philosopher wrote Spirit of the Laws?
Montesquieu
Which philosopher described the three branches of government?
Montesquieu
Which philosopher wrote the Discourse of Inequality?
Rousseau
Which philosophers believed in that the people of a nation decide who rules?
Montesquieu, Hobbes, and Rousseau
Which philosopher believed in the natural rights of men?
Rousseau
Which philosopher believed society made people evil?
Rousseau
Which philosopher believed in absolute monarchy? Why?
Hobbes, it was the only way to achieve peace in a chaotic world
What was Hobbes’ major contribution to society?
The Leviathan
What does laissez faire mean?
government should not become involved in society, let it be
Who created specialization?
Adam Smith
Specialization
workers must specify labor in one area so that work is completed more efficiently
Which philosopher discussed Consumer Capitalism?
Adam Smith
Educate Consumers
when businesses teach the consumers how to use their product
Which philosopher supported the good treatment of the rich?
Adam Smith
What was Adam Smith’s major contribution to society?
Wealth of Nations
Capitalism
privately owned businesses compete with each other, rather than ownership by the state
Three major technologies created during the Explorer and Expansion Era are…
the compass, astrolabe, and ship building
What was the Renaissance Spirit?
truth, beauty and wisdom
What was the purpose of Exploration during the Renaissance?
God, gold, and glory
Indian Ocean Trade
trade between Africa and Asia, taking place in the Indian Ocean
What is a notable characteristic of Indian Ocean trade?
the predictability of monsoon winds on the trade routes
Ferdinand Magellan
circumnavigated the globe, yet never made it back
Hernan Cortes
conquered the Aztecs
Francisco Pizarro
conquered the Incas
What was the difference between the Spanish and Portuguese explorers?
The Spanish wanted land and gold in the Americas and the Portuguese wanted control of the Indian Ocean trade
Henry the Navigator
sponsored Portuguese exploration
Vasco de Gama
found a route to Asia by going around the southern tip of Africa
Bartolome De Las Casas
a friar who fought for the rights of the Native people
Columbian Exchange
the exchange of animals, plants and disease between the old world and the new world
Atlantic Slave Trade
the route used to transport Africans to use them as slaves
What was the major port of incoming slaves in the Americas?
Brazil
What caused the spread of the Renaissance to take so long?
The Black Death
What were the two types of Renaissances?
The Italian Renaissance and the Northern Renaissance
Where did the Renaissance originate?
Germany
What did Brunelleschi do?
construct the dome for the Santa Maria Di Fuori
Michelangelo
artist who created the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, La Pieta, and David
What were two key characteristics of Renaissance Literature
Vernacular and Humanism
Leonardo di Vinci
known as Renaissance Man
Raphael
created the painting the School of Athens
Golden Ratio
an irregular number when used in architecture and art is pleasing to the eye
Cervantes
Spanish Renaissance writer, wrote Don Quixotes
Erasmus
wrote The Prince of Folly
Machiavelli
supported the ends justifying the means
Who wrote the Divine Comedy?
Dante Alighieri
Petrach
one of the first writers in the Renaissance to write poems using vernacular
Castiglione
wrote the Book of Courtier:
- spezzatura
- warrior spirit
- grace
- knowledge of humanity
Lorenzo de Medici
banker who ruled Florence and sponsored Renaissance art
Spezzatura
acting as if things come easily to you
Bartolomeu Dias
first European to sail around the southern tip of Africa
Peace of Augsburg
leaders could choose the religion of the area they ruled
Martin Luther
opposed the Catholic Churches abuses, especially the selling of indulgences, and incited the Protestant Reformation
95 Theses
written by Martin Luther to outline the belief that the Bible is the true authority, and combat Catholic abuses
Which two religions believed in the ultimate authority of the Bible?
Calvanism and Anglicanism
Which religion relies on church leaders to interpret Scripture?
Catholicism
What are the 4 characteristics of a revolution?
dissident elite, mass frustration, shared motivation, and state crises
Dissident Elite
wealthy people who actively oppose a political or religious system
Mass Frustration
many people sharing a feeling of upset and frustration towards a specific cause
Shared Motivation
the unity of many people to achieve something such as freedom or change
State Crises
any events that either will or might lead to an unstable and dangerous situation affecting society
What are some causes of the French Revolution?
inequality within the estates system, tax burden on the third estate, the rise of the bourgeoisie, and general financial crisis
Louis XVI
the last king of France before the fall of the monarchy, tried to escape France to gain foreign allies but was caught and distrusted by the people
Who persuaded King Louis XVI to return to Paris?
The Women
If a teacher uses reading and worksheets to help students learn, this is an example of…
rationalism
Rationalism
the belief that humans come to knowledge through the use of logic
What was the National Assembly?
a revolutionary assembly formed by the representatives of the Third Estate
Why was the Bastille taken over?
The people believed the Bastille contained large amounts of gunpowder and arms, which they needed
Which family ruled Florence for the longest amount of time?
the Medici family
