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Communication Research Methods > Midterm Review > Flashcards

Midterm Review Flashcards

1
Q

two streams in the academic study of communication in Canada

A

speech communication and

media studies

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2
Q

Theory

A

a set of interrelated ideas and arguments that offer a general insight into some aspect of the world

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3
Q

Formal logic theories

A

made up of axioms and propositions

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4
Q

Axiom

A

statements about the relationship between two or more concepts that have been demonstrated in previous research

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5
Q

propositions

A

Predictions about what relationships are likely between two or more concepts given what we already know

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6
Q

Uncertainty reduction theory

A

a communication theory that looks into interpersonal communications and is used to show how interpersonal relationships develop and deteriorate

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7
Q

Uses and gratification theory

A

used to explain and predict how the general public engages with the mass media

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8
Q

Metaphoric theories

A

One idea or story rather than axioms and propositions

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9
Q

Messages

A

Any form of text which we convey meaning

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10
Q

Knowing by tenacity

A

taken as true because commonly held to be true

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11
Q

Knowing by authority

A

taken as true because someone we regard as an expert says it is true

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12
Q

Knowing on a priori grounds

A

intuitively true, based on reasonableness, not experience

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13
Q

The scientific method

A

tested through observation and experience; empirical methods of research

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14
Q

Claim

A

The central assertion of an argument

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15
Q

Data

A

Evidence that supports a claim

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16
Q

Warrant

A

The standard the research applies to assess the merits

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17
Q

Rules

A

informal but recognized guidelines

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18
Q

Principles

A

formal guidelines, statutes and, government regulations

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19
Q

Laws

A

immutable, physical laws of nature

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20
Q

Formulas

A

descriptions and mathematical principles

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21
Q

The claim-data-warrant model

A

a useful way to distinguish ordinary ways of knowing from the reasoning we use to conduct research.

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22
Q

A good argument includes all three elements

A

claims, data, and warrants

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23
Q

Professional associations

A

A voluntary organization that connects scholars with shared interests and disseminated research in their common field

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24
Q

Trade journals

A

Publications aimed at practitioners in a particular line of work

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25
Q

Popular press

A

Target the general public by focusing on their readers’ common interests more than their training or education

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26
Q

Executive summary

A

A brief summary overview of a study’s purpose, methods, and findings; used for trade audiences

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27
Q

Research report

A

Written summary of a research project that includes some form of data collected by the author especially for that project

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28
Q

Critical essays

A

A research project based primarily on textual data, with the reasoning given in support of a claim

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29
Q

Social critics

A

Utilitarian ethics: balancing the potential benefits and harms of scientific research

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30
Q

Nuremberg Code

A

A general international consensus developed around ‘permissible medical experiments

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31
Q

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)

A

United Nations commission established three principles for ethical research: beneficence, respect for the autonomy of persons, and justice

32
Q

Institutional review boards

A

Groups responsible for establishing and implementing formal research codes of conduct

33
Q

Principles of informed consent

A

Research participants must understand the potential risk associated with their participation and have the choice to opt-out

34
Q

Tri-Council Policy Statement

A

A common Canadian code for all research disciplines

35
Q

Research ethics board (REB)

A

Ensures compliance of codes and conduct developed and expressed by the TCPS

36
Q

Minimal risk

A

if the probability and magnitude of possible harms implied by participation in the research is no greater than those encountered by participants in those aspects of their everyday life that relate to the research

37
Q

Delegated review

A

for studies deemed to pose a minimal risk; can be approved by a single member of REB

38
Q

Distributive justice

A

if any social group is unlikely to benefit from the research, its members should not be subjected to the risks of participation

39
Q

Procedural justice

A

Everyone has the opportunity to participate equally, even though some may benefit more than others

40
Q

Corrective justice

A

Those who have benefitted least or been harmed in the past should benefit most from present decisions

41
Q

Informed consent

A

any potential risks and benefits of the research is communicated to potential study participants in a language they can understand

42
Q

Status differentials

A

when one party to an agreement is of a higher status than the other, the differences in status can foster potential abuses of power

43
Q

Anonymity

A

neither the researcher nor anyone who sees the research data and final report, will learn the names or other identifying information of participants

44
Q

Confidentiality

A

the researcher is the only person who knows the identities of participants and ensures that the participants’ responses can never be connected to the individually

45
Q

Debriefing

A

telling participants the full truth after omitting or falsifying information in a study and giving them a chance to withdraw their participation or data

46
Q

Ethical communication

A

Includes a range of socially and culturally constructed ways of speaking, writing, and performing communication

47
Q

Utilitarian ethics

A

Balancing the potential benefits and harms of scientific research

48
Q

Institutional review boards

A

Working groups responsible for establishing and implementing formal research codes of conduct

49
Q

Methodological ways of knowing

A

the belief that knowing is obtained through the process of discovery, or to know by the discovery

50
Q

Knowing by discovery

A

knowledge of reality is testable through logical and empirical methods

51
Q

Knowing by Interpretation

A

Each person’s individual perceptions and values affect how they see and understand the world

52
Q

Knowing by Criticism

A

critical reflection on the dominant values in any given context

53
Q

the philosophical bases of the discovery paradigm

A

The philosophical bases of the discovery paradigm support ways in which research can be conducted objectively and with clear logic

54
Q

Empiricism

A

Assumes the way to grasp objective reality is by observing and explaining sensory information

55
Q

Rationalism

A

Insists that the mind can conceive a clear logic in objective reality

56
Q

Behaviourism

A

Seeks to discover causal links between external factors and an individual’s responses

57
Q

Logical positivism

A

the only meaningful philosophical problems are those which can be solved by logical analysis

58
Q

Postpositivsm

A

Human thought may be fallible, but human reason can still aspire to map and understand objective reality

59
Q

Falsification

A

Prompts individuals to believe our claims are false until we can prove they are true

60
Q

Naturalism

A

Prompts individuals to study ‘natural’ settings for social interaction and culture

61
Q

Realism

A

Prompts individuals to distinguish between objective reality and our perceptions of reality

62
Q

Modernism

A

Elevated science to the pursuit of a shared objective truth

63
Q

Structuralism

A

Identifies the discoverable reality as the patterns or relationships between objects, events, or people rather than the truthfulness of the objects themselves

64
Q

Philosophical bases of the interpretive paradigms

A

The bases of these philosophical approaches are aimed at examining how interpretation and meaning are processes of cultural and historical perspectives

65
Q

Hermeneutics

A

the ‘study of interpretive understanding or meaning’

66
Q

Phenomenologists

A

Believe that interpretation of experience is only possible by understanding the perspective of the participants whose experience you wish to study

67
Q

Symbolic interactionism

A

Originally grounded in the discovery paradigm, the approach changed to understand how people construct and interpret the meaning of their experiences. Became increasingly interpretive due to being centered in the interaction each individual has with other people

68
Q

Constructivism

A

Rooted in the belief that there are multiple realities that are socially constructed

69
Q

Philosophical bases of the critical paradigms

A

The bases of the critical paradigms aim to examine and identify the historical and cultural ways in which power relations shape interpretive views of reality

70
Q

Critical theory

A

the idea that thought can transform itself through a process of reflection in history

71
Q

Semiotics

A

The study of signs and their social significance

72
Q

Poststructuralism

A

Argues that the search for a foundational structure of language and society be abandoned

73
Q

Deconstruction

A

Meaning is not located in discourse itself but in the meaning perceived by each of its individual users

74
Q

Postmodernism

A

All knowledge is discursively formed and there is no objective reality or organizing structure outside of language

75
Q

Postcolonialism

A

Contends that the Western countries of the ‘first world’ oppress peoples of the ‘third world’ through their conceptions and representation of Third World countries

Communication Research Methods (1 decks)

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