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Health Technology Assessment & Health Policy > Midterm Reporting Assessment > Flashcards

Midterm Reporting Assessment Flashcards

1
Q

are considered the best source of evidence, used for the purposes of HTA.

A

systematic reviews w/ or w/o meta-analysis

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2
Q

a systematic way to obtain and document information about an individual’s medical and psychiatric conditions and symptoms, function, behavior, personal history, values, preferences, goals, and other relevant information, and which is then analyzed using clinical reasoning to identify underlying causes of conditions and symptoms and to choose pertinent interventions.

A

clinical assessment

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3
Q

Purchasing agents:

A

DOH
PhilHealth

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4
Q

is the estimation of the cost of health interventions
or services in a specific context (i.e., location, time period, population).

A

Costing

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5
Q

A statement that gives the value of the cost incurred in the manufacturing of finished goods. It helps in fixing the selling price of the final product after charging appropriate overheads and allowing a certain margin for profits.

A

COSTS ESTIMATION

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6
Q

the comparative analysis of alternative courses of action in terms of both their costs (resource use) and consequences (outcomes and effects) (Drummond et al., 2015).

A

economic evaluation

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7
Q

In costs estimation, a ___ or ___ approach should be employed.

A

random or stratified

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8
Q

costs may be estimated through focus group discussions, interviews with providers or patients, examination of patient records, time sheets, direct observation of practice, and work sampling.

A

Human resource

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9
Q

used to address bias resulting from misreporting or incomplete data should be reported and justified.

A

Formal analytical approaches`

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10
Q

a method of costing that involves estimating costs without breaking them down into smaller components. This method is often used when a company needs a rough estimate of the cost of a project or product, and does not require a detailed breakdown of costs. It is also known as top-level costing.

A

Gross costing approach

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11
Q

a method of costing that involves breaking down costs into small, detailed components. This approach is used to provide a more accurate and detailed estimate of the costs of a project or product. It is also known as bottom-up costing.

A

Micro costing approach

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12
Q

costing methods that start with the detailed costs of individual components and allocate them upwards to arrive at an overall cost. These methods are used to provide a more accurate estimate of the costs of a project or product by taking into account the specific costs of individual components.

A

Bottom-up allocation methods

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13
Q

costing methods that start with an overall cost and allocate it downwards to individual components. These methods are often used when a company needs a quick estimate of the costs of a project or product, and do not require a detailed breakdown of costs.

A

Top-down allocation methods

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14
Q

a method of allocating costs that involves assigning costs first to the departments or processes that incur them, and then allocating them to other departments or processes in a step-wise manner. This method recognizes that some costs are incurred by multiple departments or processes, and assigns those costs based on the proportion of the cost that each department or process incurs.

A

Step-down costing

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15
Q

a method of costing that involves identifying and allocating costs based on the activities that drive them. This method is often used in industries where there are many indirect costs, and where traditional costing methods may not accurately capture the true cost of a product or service. It allocates costs based on the specific activities required to produce a product or service, providing a more accurate estimate of the true cost.

A

Activity-based costing

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16
Q

this should be avoided because this is likely biased.

A

Convenience sampling

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17
Q

recall period still provides reliable estimates?

A

two- to three-months

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18
Q

(resource use)

A

costs

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19
Q

(outcomes and effects)

A

consequences

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20
Q

Comparison of health gains and costs. Allows decision makers to make efficient allocation of resources while maximizing health gains.

A

Cost-Utility Analysis (CUA)

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21
Q

To further characterize the clinical benefit profile of the health technology

A

Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA)

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22
Q

Intervention and the comparator are equivalent in terms of
clinically relevant health outcomes.

A

Cost minimization analysis (CMA)

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23
Q

4 Basic Types of Pharmacoeconomic Analysis:

A

Cost-minimization analysis (CMA)
Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA)
Cost-benefit analysis (CBA)
Cost-utility analysis (CUA)

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24
Q

Assumed to be equivalent in comparable groups

Cost-minimization analysis (CMA)
Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA)
Cost-benefit analysis (CBA)
Cost-utility analysis (CUA)

A

Cost-minimization analysis (CMA)

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25
Q

Philippine Peso or monetary units

Cost-minimization analysis (CMA)
Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA)
Cost-benefit analysis (CBA)
Cost-utility analysis (CUA)

A

Cost-benefit analysis (CBA)

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26
Q

Natural units (life years gained, mmHg blood pressure, mMol/L blood glucose)

Cost-minimization analysis (CMA)
Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA)
Cost-benefit analysis (CBA)
Cost-utility analysis (CUA)

A

Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA)

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27
Q

Quality-adjusted life year (QALY) or other utilities

Cost-minimization analysis (CMA)
Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA)
Cost-benefit analysis (CBA)
Cost-utility analysis (CUA)

A

Cost-utility analysis (CUA)

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28
Q

A type of Pharmacoeconomic Analysis where the outcomes are assumed to be equivalent (e.g. same medication different
companies). The study is considered to be a cost analysis, and
therefore not a full pharmacoeconomic analysis.

A

Cost-minimization analysis (CMA)

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29
Q

economic evaluation technique that compares ‘cost per consequence’ of two or more interventions. It measures outcomes in natural units (e.g., mm Hg, cholesterol levels, symptom-free days [SFDs], years of life saved).
Advantages:
* Easier to quantify.
* Easier to measure.
Disadvantages:
* Inability for comparison (e.g. prothrombin time vs blood glucose measures)
* Difficult to combine (e.g., side effects, impact on other diseases)

A

Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA)

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30
Q

type of economic evaluation that can help you compare the costs and effects of alternative interventions.
Advantages:
* Measured based on years of life (1.0 for “perfect health” to 0.0 for dead”).
* Uses one common unit such as the QALY.
Disadvantage:
* Measured base on rough estimate”

A

Cost-utility analysis (CUA)

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31
Q

incorporate patient or society preferences for specific health states. When morbidity and mortality are both important outcomes of a treatment, CUA should be used to incorporate both into one unit of measure.

A

utility weights

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32
Q

an economic evaluation technique that compares the cost of the intervention with the benefit incurred, where the benefit is measured by monetary units. Both the costs and benefits are valued in monetary terms.
Advantages:
* Discernable.
* Subject to comparison.
Disadvantages:
* Difficulty in placing monetary value
* Estimates can be imprecise.

A

Cost-benefit analysis (CBA)

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33
Q

Only a list of costs and a list of various outcomes are presented, with no direct calculations or comparisons.

A

Cost-consequence analysis (CCA)

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34
Q

The researchers attempt to determine the total economic burden of a particular disease on society. It indicates the magnitude of resources needed for a specific disease or
condition. And determine the market potential for a new product or by payers to set priorities for reimbursement.
There are two categories for COI
1. Direct costs.
2. Indirect costs.

A

Cost-of-illness analysis (COI)

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35
Q

the process of varying model input values and recording the
impact of those changes on the model outputs.

A

Sensitivity Analysis

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36
Q

TYPES OF SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS:

A

One-way SA
Multi-way/scenario SA
Probabilistic SA
Threshold Analysis
Analysis of extremes

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37
Q

varying the value of one variable at a time

One-way SA
Multi-way/scenario SA
Probabilistic SA
Threshold Analysis
Analysis of extremes

A

One-way SA

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38
Q

identifying the value a parameter must take to achieve a pre-specified change in incremental cost effectiveness ratio or policy implication.

One-way SA
Multi-way/scenario SA
Probabilistic SA
Threshold Analysis
Analysis of extremes

A

Threshold Analysis

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39
Q

the use of probability distributions to describe parameter values and the use of Monte Carlo simulation to generate
distributions of the expected costs and outcomes, and a distribution for the incremental cost effectiveness ratio

One-way SA
Multi-way/scenario SA
Probabilistic SA
Threshold Analysis
Analysis of extremes

A

Probabilistic SA

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40
Q

varying more than one variable at a time.

One-way SA
Multi-way/scenario SA
Probabilistic SA
Threshold Analysis
Analysis of extremes

A

Multi-way/scenario SA

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41
Q

identifying the impact of setting a parameter at the
highest or lowest possible value.

varying more than one variable at a time.

One-way SA
Multi-way/scenario SA
Probabilistic SA
Threshold Analysis
Analysis of extremes

A

Analysis of extremes

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42
Q

is implemented by running a modified version of the standard two-level simulation required for Expected Value of Perfect Information.

A

POSA

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43
Q

the range of values in the distribution of the parameter of interest.

A

Outer-loop

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44
Q

full PSA (monte carlo simulation) applied to all other parameters in the model whilst holding the value of the chosen parameter fixed.

A

Inner loop

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45
Q

The range of values sampled are in?

A

centiles or deciles

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46
Q

STEPS IN PROBABILITISTIC ONE-WAY SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS (POSA):

A

Select a parameter for POSA
Sample Outer Loop Value for the Parameter.
Run Inner Loop Simulation
Record the conditional expected costs and outcomes for all
strategies.
Return to Step 1 sampling a new Outer Loop value until all values of interest have been evaluated.
Rank the costs and outcomes for each strategy by the
sampled value of the parameter.
Use the ‘reference case’ value of lambda - the cost
effectiveness threshold to calculate the conditional
Incremental Net Monetary Benefit for each sampled value.
* (E2E) (C2- C1) = c INMB
Read-off the probability of each sampled value being
observed from the Probability Density Function used for
the full Probabilistic Sensitivity Analysis.

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47
Q

In POSA, The greater the number of values chosen, the greater the precision.

T/F

A

T

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48
Q

a measure used in health economics to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a medical intervention compared to an alternative. It represents the ratio of the difference in costs between the two interventions and the difference in their outcomes. A lower ICER indicates that the intervention is more cost-effective, while a higher ICER indicates that the intervention is less cost-effective.

A

Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio (ICER)

The formula for calculating the ICER is:
ICER = (Cost of Intervention A - Cost of Intervention B) / (Effectiveness of Intervention A - Effectiveness of Intervention B)

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49
Q

use absolute Net Monetary Benefits rather than incremental Net Monetary Benefit. The strategy with the highest Net
Monetary Benefit is always the best value.

A

POSA FOR EVALUATIONS WITH 3 + STRATEGIES

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50
Q

It is inadequate, at risk of bias, and prone to misinterpretation by decision makers

A

Conventional (Deterministic) One-way Sensitivity Analysis

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51
Q

Is implemented by running a modified version of the standard
two-level simulation required for Expected Value of Perfect
Information.

A

POSA

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52
Q

The range of values in the distribution of the parameter of interest.

A

Outer Loop

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53
Q

Full PSA (monte carlo simulation) applied to all other parameters in the model whilst holding the value of the chosen parameter fixed.

A

Inner Loop

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54
Q

a form of analytical model, in which distinct branches are used to represent a potential set of outcomes for a patient or patient cohort (York Health Economics Consortium,
2016).

A

DECISION TREE

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55
Q

are used to model interventions that have few and distinct outcomes that can be measured at a specific time point or over short time horizons.

A

DECISION TREE

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56
Q

represented by a circle, shows the probabilities of certain results.

A

Chance nodes

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57
Q

represented by a square, shows a decision to be made

A

Decision nodes

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58
Q

represented by a triangle, shows the final outcome of a decision path.

A

End nodes

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59
Q

the application of an analytical method for systematically comparing different decision options. It assists with selecting the best or most cost-effective alternative.

A

DECISION ANALYSIS

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60
Q

provide a framework to process, and apply follow as you collect, information and evidence to the decision.

A

DECISION-MAKING MODELS

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61
Q

helps to collect the evidence, process the information, and identify the best way to make decision

A

DECISION-MAKING TOOLS

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62
Q

STEPS IN DECISION ANALYSIS:

A

IDENTIFY THE SPECIFIC DECISION
SPECIFY ALTERNATIVES
DRAW THE DECISION ANALYSIS STRUCTURE
SPECIFY POSSIBLE COSTS, OUTCOMES, AND PROBABILITIES
PERFORM CALCULATIONS
CONDUCT A SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

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63
Q

a choice is allowed

Chance node
Choice node
Terminal node

A

Choice node

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64
Q

chance comes into the equation

Choice node
Chance node
Terminal node

A

Chance node

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65
Q

the final outcome of interest for each option in the decision is represented

Choice node
Chance node
Terminal node

A

Terminal node

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66
Q

one of the tools that help decision makers with more than a solution to a problem.

A

Sensitivity analysis

67
Q

is used to compare the impact of various one-way sensitivity analyses

A

Tornado diagram

68
Q

• population-level health state transition model; flowcharts focus on how various factors could affect decision or goal.
• serves to break up the analysis into shorter time frames (or cycles) to better represent the nature of the disease or condition

Markov model
Decision Tree

A

Markov model

69
Q

Markov model is a ____ ____ for randomly changing systems where it is assumed that future states do not depend on past states. These models show all possible states as well as the transitions, rate of transitions and probabilities between them.
A Markov model is used to recognize patterns, make predictions and to learn the statistics of sequential data.

A

Stochastic method

70
Q

4 Types of Markov model:

A

Markov chain
Hidden Markov model
Markov decision processes
Partially observable Markov decision process

71
Q

It is well suited for chronic conditions. It uses disease states to represent all possible consequences of an intervention of interest. These are mutually exclusive and exhaustive and so each individual represented in the model can be in one and only one of these disease states at any given time.

Markov model
Dynamic Transmission model
Decision Analysis model

A

Markov model

72
Q

A type of probabilistic graphical model exists, which enables the prediction of an unknown sequence of variables from a group of observed variables.

Partially observable Markov decision processes
Markov chain
Hidden Markov model

A

Hidden Markov model

73
Q

In this model, the hidden variables in this context are also referred to as latent states; utilizing this can make it possible to compute the joint probability of a group of hidden states. Ultimate goal: identify the most likely sequence of hidden states, which has the highest probability of occurrence.

Partially observable Markov decision processes
Markov decision processes
Markov chain
Hidden Markov model

A

Hidden Markov model

74
Q

a mathematical framework used to model decision-making problems under uncertainty. The decision maker chooses an action from a set of possible actions in each state, and the outcome of the action is probabilistic.

Partially observable Markov decision processes
Markov decision processes
Markov chain
Hidden Markov model

A

Markov decision processes (MDP)

75
Q

a type of Markov decision process (MDP) used to model decision-making problems in which the state of the system is not fully observable. The decision maker must choose an action based on the current observation and the history of past observations and actions.

Partially observable Markov decision processes
Markov decision processes
Markov chain
Hidden Markov model

A

Partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs)

76
Q

A Stochastic method for randomly changing systems where it assumed that future states.

A

Markov model

77
Q

Two commonly applied types of Markov model are used when the system being represented is autonomous.

a) Markov chain, Markov decision process
b) hidden Markov models, partially observable Markov decision process.
c)Markov chain, Hidden Markov models
d) Markov decision process, Partially observable Markov decision process.

A

c) Markov chain, Hidden Markov models

78
Q

Another two commonly applied types of Markov model are used when the system being represented is controlled.

a) Markov chain, Markov decision process
b) hidden Markov models, partially observable Markov decision process.
c)Markov chain, Hidden Markov models
d) Markov decision process, Partially observable Markov decision process.

A

d) Markov decision process, Partially observable Markov decision process.

79
Q

A Russian mathematician who first studied such systems in the early 20th century.

a) Andrie Markov
b) Andy Markov
c) Andrey Markov

A

c) Andrey Markov

80
Q

models used can be deterministic or stochastic, individual
or cohort based?

Markov model
Dynamic Transmission model
Decision Analysis model

A

Dynamic transmission model

81
Q

It is used for the analysis of interventions against an infectious
disease concerning the population of interest and capable of reproducing the direct and indirect effects that
may arise from a communicable disease control program.

Markov model
Dynamic Transmission model
Decision Analysis model

A

Dynamic Transmission model

82
Q

COMPARTMENTS OF THE DYNAMIC TRANSMISSION MODEL ARE DISEASE-CLASSIFIED:

A

Susceptible (S)
Infected (I)
Recovered (R)

83
Q

____ must be used when decision makers are interested in
local elimination of an infectious disease or eradication

Markov model
Dynamic model
Decision Analysis model

A

Dynamic model

84
Q

All economic evaluations reflect a degree of
uncertainty thus it is important that all types of
uncertainty are appropriately presented to the
decision-maker.

T/F

A

True

85
Q

THRESHOLD ANALYSIS BELONGS TO WHAT TYPE OF SENSITIVITY ANALYSES?

Probabilistic sensitivity analysis
Deterministic sensitivity analysis

A

Deterministic sensitivity analysis

86
Q

An amount, level, or limit on a scale. When it is reached,
something else happens or changes.

A

Threshold

87
Q

Threshold Analysis is also known as?

A

break-point analysis

88
Q

Seeks to identify the value of a parameter where the best decision change and used to determine the threshold value of an input parameter at which a health care strategy becomes cost-effective.

Sensitivity Analysis
Decision Analysis
Threshold Analysis

A

Threshold Analysis

89
Q

_____has been developed to help assess and quantify
the robustness of recommendations made based on results
obtained from NMAs to potential limitations of the data.

Sensitivity Analysis
Decision Analysis
Threshold Analysis

A

Threshold Analysis

90
Q

The critical value of the parameters should be identified. This critical value is defined as the _____ for which the conclusion of the analysis would change.

A

threshold parameter value

91
Q

WHAT ARE THE TWO SENSITIVITY ANALYSES?

A

Probabilistic sensitivity analyses
Deterministic sensitivity analyses

92
Q

A financial approach designed to estimate, over a defined
time horizon, the financial consequences of adopting a
health intervention.

Cost estimation
Budget Impact System
Budget Impact Analysis
Health Impact System

A

Budget Impact Analysis

93
Q

The objective of Budget Impact Analysis is to increase the awareness of DOH or PhilHealth policymakers with regard to the financial impact of introducing new technology, and to aid in budget or service planning of government and/or social insurance.

T/F

A

True

94
Q

In establishing perspective in BIA, the ______ perspective should be used, namely the DOH and PhilHealth.

A

government payor’s

95
Q

In establishing time horizon in BIA, at least a 1-year assessment, and ideally up to _____ years forecasts.

A

3-5

96
Q

In identifying eligible population in BIA, volume of px should be clearly defined. Population should be adjusted for the level of use of government facilities.

T/F

A

True

97
Q

In identifying eligible population in BIA, volume of px should be clearly defined. Population should be adjusted for the level of use of government facilities. Distinction on the full or gradual implementation of the new tx and distinction between the maximum and potential number of px that may benefit from the new tx.

T/F

A

True

98
Q

specifies the methodological standards considered by the HTAC in making judgments on the value of health technologies to patients and the wider health system.

A

‘reference case’

99
Q

The cost effectiveness analysis should preferably be conducted from a _______perspective, i.e., taking into account all costs and outcomes related to the health care system.

A

publicly-funded healthcare payor

100
Q

This measure captures both the positive and negative effects of a health technology on the length and quality of life and is generalizable across disease states and is the preferred measure of health outcome because it is based on
specific societal preference.

A

QALY

101
Q

In the Philippines, an established value set is available for the Filipino population based on a nationwide study conducted by Dr. Hilton Lam in ____.

YEAR
MONTH
WEEK
DAY

A

YEAR

102
Q

acceptable for practical considerations especially
where QALY measures are unavailable for specific health conditions in the Philippines.

A

Disability adjusted life years (DALYs)

103
Q

an outcome measurement that focuses on how the patient experiences an illness rather than on clinical assessment.

QoL
EQ-5D-5L

A

Quality of Life

104
Q

preferred instrument for the measurement of generic
preference-based health-related quality of life (HRQoL) because it is the most translated and most widely used
validated tool in economic evaluations; and, is practical in capturing relevant key domains of health.

QALY
DALY

A

DALY

105
Q

drugs, hospital services, hospitalization

DIRECT HEALTHCARE COSTS
DIRECT NON-HEALTHCARE COSTS
INDIRECT PRODUCTIVITY LOSS

A

DIRECT HEALTHCARE COSTS

106
Q

transportation, accommodation, family care

DIRECT HEALTHCARE COSTS
DIRECT NON-HEALTHCARE COSTS
INDIRECT PRODUCTIVITY LOSS

A

DIRECT NON-HEALTHCARE COSTS

107
Q

unpaid assistance, absent from work, decreased productivity due to health issues

DIRECT HEALTHCARE COSTS
DIRECT NON-HEALTHCARE COSTS
INDIRECT PRODUCTIVITY LOSS

A

INDIRECT PRODUCTIVITY LOSS

108
Q

In estimating clinical and cost effectiveness, ____ should be sufficient enough to reflect all important differences in costs or outcomes between the technologies being compared.

Time Horizon
Lifetime time horizon
Time horizon shorter than a patient’s lifetime

A

Time Horizon

109
Q

required when alternative technologies lead to differences in survival or benefits that persist for the remainder of a person’s life

Time Horizon
Lifetime time horizon
Time horizon shorter than a patient’s lifetime

A

Lifetime time horizon

110
Q

___ justified if there is no differential mortality effect between treatment options, and the differences in costs and health-related quality of life are short-term

Time Horizon
Lifetime time horizon
Time horizon shorter than a patient’s lifetime

A

Time horizon shorter than a patient’s lifetime

111
Q

For a period of 45 years, approximately ______% is implicated as discount rate

A

5.33%

112
Q

For a period of 75 + years, approximately ______% is implicated as discount rate

A

3.66%

113
Q

pertains to the methodological disagreement among analyses (e.g., method of costing, discount rate) is not included with the
assumption that the economic evaluation followed the steps and the reference case.

Parameter uncertainty
Methodological uncertainty
Modelling or Structural uncertainty
Sources of values to inform parameter estimates

A

Methodological uncertainty

114
Q

uncertainty with the functional form of the model (e.g., categorisation of different states of health and the representation of different pathways of care)

Parameter uncertainty
Methodological uncertainty
Modelling or Structural uncertainty
Sources of values to inform parameter estimates

A

Modelling or Structural uncertainty

115
Q

uncertainty with the true numerical values of input parameters (i.e., mean health and cost inputs) in the model

Parameter uncertainty
Methodological uncertainty
Modelling or Structural uncertainty
Sources of values to inform parameter estimates

A

Parameter uncertainty

116
Q

uncertainty with different estimates of key parameters (e.g., estimates of relative effectiveness)

Parameter uncertainty
Methodological uncertainty
Modelling or Structural uncertainty
Sources of values to inform parameter estimates

A

Sources of values to inform parameter estimates

117
Q

Univariate sensitivity analysis

Probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA)
Deterministic Sensitivity Analysis

A

Deterministic Sensitivity Analysis

118
Q

Scenario analysis

Probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA)
Deterministic Sensitivity Analysis

A

Deterministic Sensitivity Analysis

119
Q

Multivariate sensitivity analysis

Probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA)
Deterministic Sensitivity Analysis

A

Deterministic Sensitivity Analysis

120
Q

Threshold analysis

Probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA)
Deterministic Sensitivity Analysis

A

Deterministic Sensitivity Analysis

121
Q

It is assumed that all inputs used in the model are estimated with a degree of imprecision.

Scenario analysis
Threshold analysis
Univariate sensitivity analysis
Multivariate sensitivity analysis

A

Univariate sensitivity analysis

122
Q

Scenarios are useful to test particular subsets of multivariate analyses. May represent the most optimistic and the most pessimistic parameter combinations.

Scenario analysis
Threshold analysis
Univariate sensitivity analysis
Multivariate sensitivity analysis

A

Scenario analysis

123
Q

Model results are estimated varying multiple parameters at the same time to analyse how the combined variations affect the results.

Scenario analysis
Threshold analysis
Univariate sensitivity analysis
Multivariate sensitivity analysis

A

Multivariate sensitivity analysis

124
Q

For key parameters of the model, critical values of parameters should be identified.

Scenario analysis
Threshold analysis
Univariate sensitivity analysis
Multivariate sensitivity analysis

A

Threshold analysis

125
Q

Specifies the methodological standards considered by the HTAC in making judgments on the value of health technologies to patients and the wider health system.

Comparator
Reference Case
Direct costs

A

Reference Case

126
Q

This should be sufficient enough in estimating clinical and cost effectiveness to reflect all important differences in costs or outcomes between the technologies being compared.

Time Horizon
Heterogeneity
Uncertainty

A

Time Horizon

127
Q

This where the effects and costs of the health technologies are assessed on sub-populations

Time Horizon
Heterogeneity
Uncertainty

A

Heterogeneity

128
Q

____ takes into account the ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI) associated with the use or non-use of a health technology.

HTA
HTAC
PITAHC

A

HTA

129
Q

_____in health implies that ideally, everyone should have a fair opportunity to attain their full health potential, and that no one should be disadvantaged from achieving this potential
(World Health Organization, 2019)

Equity
Equality

A

Equity

130
Q

MOST COMMON QUALITATIVE METHODS:

A

Participant observation
In-depth interviews
Focus group discussions and online ethnography

131
Q

Factors to stratify health opportunities and outcomes:

A
  • Place of residence
  • Race/ethnicity/culture/language
  • Occupation
  • Gender/sex
  • Religion
  • Education
  • Socioeconomic status
  • Social capital
  • Plus other possible factors such as disease status or disability
132
Q

This must be considered at all stages of an evaluation from the design, analysis, and reporting of the results.

A

ELSI checklist

133
Q

method for assessing and improving health consequences of projects and polices in non-health sectors.

A

Health Impact Assessment

134
Q

WHY CONDUCT A HIA?

A

Make better decision
Promote cross-sectoral cooperation
Promote equity
Provide information before the fact, leaving time to make adjustment in plans
Assist in policy making

135
Q

Is a combination of procedures, methods, tools or process by which a policy, program or project may be judged as to its potential effects on the health of a population, and the distribution of those effects within that population.

A

Health Impact Assessment

136
Q

HIA must be conducted _________ the proposed project or policy is fully planed or implemented, so that it can take advantage of the information the HIA provides.

A

Before

137
Q

STEPS OF HIA:

A

SCREENING -Is HIA required?
SCOPING - What to do and how to do it.
APPRAISAL - Identifying health hazards and considering evidence of the impact
REPORTING - Development recommendation to reduce hazards and/or improve
MONITORING - Briefly elaborate on what you want to discuss.

138
Q

to help understand the potential relationship between the proposal and the determinants of health

Risk Assessment
Cost-benefit Analysis
Cost estimation

A

Risk Assessment

139
Q

to help understand the potential relationship between the proposal and the determinants of health, and to help identify recommendations for altering the proposal to improve health.

Risk Assessment
Cost-benefit Analysis
Cost estimation

A

Cost-benefit Analysis

140
Q

refers to the process by which the HTAC evaluates and makes judgement on the value of a health technology in the Philippines context using its established criteria based on
the evidence presented by the subcommittees supported by the HTA output of the Assessment Teams

Evidence Summary
Evidence Appraisal
Critical Appraisal
Clinical Assessment

A

Evidence Appraisal

141
Q

The HTAC recognizes that in many instances evidence may be perfect and that there may be certainties surrounding clinical and economic value of a health technology

T/F

A

False
Answer: imperfect…uncertainties

142
Q

The _______ must present first its output to the subcommittees which shall conduct an initial deliberation and appraisal.

PITAHC
Assessment team
HTAC subcommittees
HTAC Core Committee

A

Assessment team

143
Q

The preliminary output of the Assessment Team
shall undergo peer review by experts identified
by ____

FDA
DOH
DOST
PITAHC

A

DOST

144
Q

______shall present the rationale, methods and results of the assessment

Assessment team
Internal Assessment Team
HTAC subcommittees
HTAC Core Committee

A

Assessment team

144
Q

______shall moderate the public consultation

Assessment team
Internal Assessment Team
HTAC subcommittees
HTAC Core Committee

A

Internal Assessment Team

145
Q

________ shall observe the proceedings of the public consultation

Assessment team
Internal Assessment Team
HTAC subcommittees
HTAC Core Committee

A

HTAC Core Committee

146
Q

The _____ shall conduct quality assurance of the finals assessment output which shall be appraised by the HTAC Core Committee

Assessment team
Internal Assessment Team
HTAC subcommittees
HTAC Core Committee

A

HTAC subcommittees

147
Q

If the output of the Assessment Team is approved an evidence summary must be develop to be presented to the _____ for final deliberation and recommendation

Assessment team
Internal Assessment Team
HTAC subcommittees
HTA Core Committee

A

HTA Core Committee

148
Q

The evidence summary shall have the following contents:

A

Background
Description of the new health technology and comparator
Clinical effectiveness and safety
Economic evaluation
Health system implications
Legal, ethical, social issues if any

149
Q

The EBP Process involves five steps:

A

ASK
ACQUIRE
APPRAISE
APPLY
ASSESS

150
Q

___is an acronym used to break down a clinical question or problem into appropriate keywords that enables effective searching within a database. Each letter of the acronym represents a different component of the clinical question.

A

PICO

151
Q

Diagnosis:
Which diagnostic test should you select and how should you interpret the results of that test?

Cross-Sectional Studies, particularly Prospective, Blind Comparison to a Gold Standard Study
Randomized Control Trials
Cohort Studies or Case Control Studies
Cohort Studies

A

Cross-Sectional Studies, particularly Prospective, Blind Comparison to a Gold Standard Study

152
Q

Therapy:
Which treatment will be the most beneficial and worthwhile?

Cross-Sectional Studies, particularly Prospective, Blind Comparison to a Gold Standard Study
Randomized Control Trials
Cohort Studies or Case Control Studies
Cohort Studies

A

Randomized Control Trials

153
Q

Prognosis:
How can you predict the likelihood of a particular outcome for your patient?

Cross-Sectional Studies, particularly Prospective, Blind Comparison to a Gold Standard Study
Randomized Control Trials
Cohort Studies or Case Control Studies
Cohort Studies

A

Cohort Studies or Case Control Studies

154
Q

Etiology:
How can you determine the cause of a disease?

Cross-Sectional Studies, particularly Prospective, Blind Comparison to a Gold Standard Study
Randomized Control Trials
Cohort Studies or Case Control Studies
Cohort Studies

A

Cohort Studies

155
Q

_______such as truncation and wildcards, can be used to improve the results of your database searches.

Advanced search syntax
Alternative search terms
Refining a search

A

Advanced search syntax

156
Q

add limits to your results, add more concepts, use broader or more general search terms.

Advanced search syntax
Alternative search terms
Refining a search

A

Refining a search

157
Q

when searching for evidence based literature, it’s important to
include synonyms and alternative terms to find all relevant
literature. This can include words that are spelled differently
overseas , concepts that are referred to differently , conditions
with both formal and informal names and terms that have changed over time

Advanced search syntax
Alternative search terms
Refining a search

A

Alternative search terms

158
Q

Designed to guide the critique of economic evaluations. A rating scale, developed by Doran, was utilized to attribute a potential score of 1 to each of the items on The checklist. The aggregate results provide an economic quality appraisal of:
* Poor (1–3 points),
* Average (4–7 points)
* Good (8–10 points)

ELSI checklist
DRUMMOND’S checklist
AOTA
NOTA

A

DRUMMOND’S checklist

159
Q

a useful and quick tool to assess the quality of economic
evaluations and to enable decision makers and researchers to focus on the most relevant studies.

ELSI checklist
DRUMMOND’S checklist
AOTA
NOTA

A

DRUMMOND’S checklist

160
Q

the objective, balanced, and responsible use of current research and the best available data to guide policy and
practice decisions, such that outcomes for consumers are improved.

A

Evidence-based practice (EBP)

161
Q

the process of examining a research article to determine its
validity and applicability to your clinical question. It is important because it ensures that you have a holistic view of the research article - including any strengths, weaknesses, or biases.

A

Critical appraisal

162
Q

a way of examining the research to assess its validity and relevance. It is an essential step in making sense of the research evidence.

A

Critical analysis

Health Technology Assessment & Health Policy (3 decks)

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