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(4) VPHY > Midterm Questions > Flashcards

Midterm Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Changes in ionized calcium within the cell regulate a protein called?

A

Calmodulin

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2
Q

One anatomic feature that efficiently directs hormones to their target tissues

A

Portal circulation

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3
Q

consists of blood flow from capillaries in one organ to a vein and then to capillaries in another organ

A

Portal circulation

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4
Q

During transport, these prohormones are cleaved to yield AVP or oxytocin, and their binding proteins,
called

A

Neurophysins

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5
Q

Define Endocrinology

A

It is the study of communication within a living organism by means of hormones.

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6
Q

Define hormones

A

are the chemical messengers of the endocrine system

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7
Q

Define Hormones

A

are the chemical messengers of the endocrine system

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8
Q

Define Feedback Control

A

It is the regulation of hormonal secretion from an endocrine gland by an effect of the circulating hormones that the gland itself produces.

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9
Q

Discuss the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis

A
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10
Q

Hormonally active form of testosterone in male

A

Dihydrotestosterone

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11
Q

Forms the junction between the pars distalis and pars nervosa

A

Pars intermedia

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12
Q

Communication involves secretion of hormones from a cell directly into the surrounding extracellular space; the hormone then interacts with adjacent or nearby cells without being transported by
blood

A

Paracrine communication

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13
Q

delivers very high concentrations of the hormone to its target site

A

Paracrine communication

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14
Q

Communication involving secretion of peptides or other neurotransmitter molecules by neurons.

A

Neurocrine communication

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15
Q

is a specialized form of paracrine function in which the
chemical messenger is transferred to a target cell via a
synapse or neuromuscular junction

A

Neurocrine communication

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16
Q

Cyclic AMP is derived from ATP through the action of?

A

Adenylate cyclase

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17
Q

Are enzymes that catalyze the conversion of inactive proenzyme to active enzymes.

A

Kinases

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18
Q

The fact that 80 to 90% of the blood supply for the adenohypophysis comes from the

A

portal circulation

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19
Q

The placenta of the mare also produces a gonadotropin called

A

equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG)

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20
Q

is synthesized by the endometrial cups of the
uterus, which in mares begins to develop about
day 36 of pregnancy

A

equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG)

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21
Q

One of the most common endocrinopathies in cat

A

Hyperthyroidism

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22
Q

The fibers also contain their respective carrier protein called?

A

Neurophysins

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23
Q

Prolactin is synthesized, processed, packaged, stored, and released by?

A

Lactotropes

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24
Q

A disease caused by excess growth hormone secretion

A

Acromegaly

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25
Q

(Enumerate) Several characteristics of hormone

A
  1. They are present in the blood and other extracellular fluids in low concentrations.
  2. The existence of mechanisms that direct hormones to their target cells and tissues.
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26
Q

(Enumerate) Few hormones are produced without feedback regulation

A
  1. Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin (eCG)
  2. Progesterone
  3. Estrogen
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27
Q

(Enumerate) Second messenger of hormones

A
  1. Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
  2. Calcium
  3. Phosphotidylinositides
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28
Q

(Enumerate) Initial steps in signal transduction are as follows

A
  1. Hormone binds to receptor on the outer surface of the plasma membrane.
  2. Receptor binding activates intramembranous regulatory proteins.
  3. Stimulatory regulatory proteins increase adenylate cyclase activity.
  4. Adenylate cyclase catalyzes formation of cyclic AMP from ATP.
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29
Q

(Enumerate) Tropic Hormones

A
  1. Thyrotropin or Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  2. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  3. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  4. Prolactin, Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
  5. Growth hormone or Somatotropin
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30
Q

(Enumerate) Cells in Neurohypophysis

A
  1. Pituicytes
  2. Nonmyelinated axons
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31
Q

(Enumerate) The primary stimuli for oxytocin release from storage sites in the neurohypophysis are

A
  1. Distention of the reproductive tract, particularly in the pregnant female.
  2. Stimulation of the mammary gland by the young
  3. Audiovisual contact with the offspring
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32
Q

(Enumerate) Components of the endocrine system that communicate by routes other than blood vessels

A

(PANS)
Paracrine
Autocrine
Neurocrine
Solinocrine

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33
Q

(Enumerate) FUNCTIONS OF HORMONES

A

(3M’s & G)
1. maintenance of pregnancy
2. maintain homeostasis
3. Metabolism
4. Growth and development

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34
Q

A single hormone can affect a single function, give example

A

erythropoietin on hemoglobin synthesis by erythrocytes

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35
Q

single hormones having multiple
actions, give example

A
  1. thyroxine on enzyme synthesis
  2. erythropoiesis
  3. bone turnover
  4. carbohydrate
  5. lipid metabolism
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36
Q

multiple hormones having single actions, give example

A
  1. regulation of lactation by prolactin
  2. placental lactogens
  3. corticosteroids
  4. thyroxine
  5. sex steroids
  6. oxytocin
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37
Q

multiple hormones producing multiple
actions, give examples

A
  1. reproductive steroids
  2. oxytocin
  3. parturition
  4. fetal development
  5. corticosteroids on pregnancy
38
Q

(Enumerate) Characteristics of hormone

A

1) single hormone can affect a single function
2) single hormones having multiple
actions
3) multiple hormones having single actions
4) multiple hormones producing multiple
actions

39
Q

the hormonally active form of testosterone in the male

A

Dihydrotestosterone

40
Q

negatively controls PTH secretion

A

Ionized calcium

41
Q

glucose negatively controls _________ and
positively controls _________ secretion

A

glucagon
insulin

42
Q

the volume of extracellular fluid negatively controls __________ production by feedback mechanism

A

aldosterone

43
Q

(Enumerate) few hormones are produced without feedback regulation. Those produced by the?

A

placenta, such as :
1. equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG)
2. progesterone
3. estrogens

44
Q

These hormones affect other hormones

A

tropic hormones

45
Q

(Enumerate) four criteria for assay validity

A

(i) specificity
(ii) accuracy
(iii) precision
(iv) sensitivity

46
Q

is often the result of an autoimmune process whereby the thyroid gland is
invaded by immune cells and the hormone-secreting cells are destroyed

A

Primary hypothyroidism

47
Q

can be due to insufficient secretion of TSH, but it should be distinguished
from “hypothyroxinemia”, which can be produced by concurrent disease, e.g., hyperadrenocorticism, malnutrition, and certain drugs.

A

Secondary hypothyroidism

48
Q

Anatomical subdivisions of the pituitary gland:

A
  1. Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)
  2. Neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)
49
Q

Three parts of the adenohypophysis

A
  1. the pars distalis
  2. the pars tuberalis
  3. the pars intermedia
50
Q

is the largest part of the adenohypophysis

A

pars distalis

51
Q

pars distalis five populations of cells

A

(i) thyrotropes
(ii) gonadotropes
(iii) lactotropes
(iv) corticotropes
(v) somatotropes

52
Q

which secrete the “tropic” hormones that regulate function of other endocrine glands

A

corticotropes

53
Q

regulate other nonendocrine organs and tissues

A

somatotropes

54
Q

is an upward extension of the adenohypophysis and is attached to the infundibulum

A

pars tuberalis

55
Q

forms the junction between the pars distalis and pars nervosa and is the source
of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

pars intermedia

55
Q

In cattle, pigs, and rats, ACTH produced by the pars intermedia is cleaved into what?

A

1) α- MSH
2) Corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide, or CLIP

56
Q

parts of the adenohypophysis of the dog and horse significant source of ACTH, and tumors of thIs part can lead to spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism in these species

A

pars intermedia

57
Q

Two parts of the neurohypophysis:

A
  1. infundibulum or pituitary stalk
  2. pars nervosa (posterior or neural lobe)
58
Q

(Enumerate) Hormones produced in the hypothalamus and stored in and released from the neurohypophysis are nonapeptides and include:

A
  1. oxytocin
  2. arginine vasopressin
  3. lysine vasopressin
  4. arginine vasotocin
59
Q

All hypophysiotropic hormones are peptides except

A

dopamine (prolactin release-inhibiting hormone)

60
Q

(Enumerate) The synthetic stimulatory hypophysiotropic hormones are:

A

(i) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
(ii) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
(iii) Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
(iv) Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

61
Q

cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme

62
Q

17α-hydroxylase/17, 20-lyase

63
Q

21-hydroxylase

64
Q

11β-hydroxylase

65
Q

aldosterone synthase

A

CYP18B2/18-HSD

66
Q

aromatase

67
Q

CYP11A1

A

cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme

68
Q

CYP17A1

A

17α-hydroxylase/17, 20-lyase

69
Q

CYP21A2

A

21-hydroxylase

70
Q

CYP11B2

A

11β-hydroxylase

71
Q

CYP18B2/18-HSD

A

aldosterone synthase

72
Q

CYP19A1

73
Q

is a single-chain polypeptide hormone

74
Q

Prolactin is produced by widely dispersed pituitary gland cells called

A

lactotropes or mammotropes

75
Q

prolactin is under inhibitory control by this hormone

76
Q

in some old and new literature, prolactin is called luteotropic hormone (LTH)?

A

luteotropic hormone (LTH)

77
Q

Atrophy of adrenal cortex caused by this Hormone Deficiency

78
Q

(Enumerate) General depression of metabolism of fat, carbohydrates, and protein caused by these Hormone Deficiency

A

Adrenal steroids, STH, TSH, ACTH, gonadotropins

79
Q

Hormone Deficiency of Prolactin and STH; others like ACTH and TSH to lesser
degree causes

A

Cessation of lactation

80
Q

this hormone appears to reduce growth hormone secretion independently of GHRH and by blocking GHRH action

A

Somatostatin

81
Q

is an important mediator of growth
hormone action and is produced by many cells, particularly those of the liver

A

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (somatomedin C)

82
Q

is secreted by cells of the central nervous system and is involved mainly with fetal tissue development

A

Insulin-like growth factor-2

83
Q

(Enumerate) The gonadotropes have specific membrane receptors for GnRH. The intracellular messengers include

A

ionized calcium
IP3
DAG

84
Q

HORMONES OF THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIS

A

Arginine Vasopressin and Oxytocin

85
Q

antidiuretic hormone or ADH

A

Arginine vasopressin

86
Q

(Enumerate) The primary stimuli for
oxytocin release from storage sites in
the neurohypophysis are:

A
  1. distention of the reproductive tract,
    particularly in the pregnant female
  2. stimulation of the mammary gland by
    the young
  3. audiovisual contact with the
    offspring
87
Q

functions of oxytocin

A
  1. inducing parturition
  2. increase uterine
    contraction
  3. treatment of retained placenta, metritis, and in some cases agalactia
88
Q

The adenohypophysis arises from an evagination of the ectodermal roof of the oropharynx (i.e., a mouth cavity) commonly called

A

Rathke’s pouch.

89
Q

Adrenocorticotropin is a 39-amino acid peptide derived from a much larger precursor called

A

proopiomelanocortin (POMC)

90
Q

Whatever the chemical nature of hormones they all have several characteristics in common. First, they are present in the blood and other extracellular fluids in low concentrations.

(4) VPHY (4 decks)

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