midterm psy1101 Flashcards
What is applied practice?
application of discovered techniques to solve specific practical problems.
What is applied psychology?
psychological principles are used to solve practical problem by influencing behavior or changing environment to match behavior.
What is applied research?
research done to discover new or more effective ways to solve a specific practical problem.
what is basic research?
this is done by psychologists to understand the fundamental principles of the BEHAVIOR AND MIND.
in psychological terms describe behavior
anything observable: actions, words, responses, anything that affects a situation. Behavior can also affect biological activity including actions on a cellular device.
what is behaviorism?
only observable behavior should be studies not conscious experience nothing else
what is biological determinism?
all human behavior is controlled by genetics and biological factors
what is clinical psychology
applied psychology that focuses on identifying, preventing and relieving distress that is pyschological
what are counseling psychologists?
psychologists that help patients deal with ongoing situations
what is culture?
a group of people that share beliefs and behaviors
what is dualism?
philosophical position that the mind and body are entirely separate
what is eclectic approach?
clinical psychological approach that uses therapeutic techniques based on the event and effectiveness
what is epicricism?
EXPERIENCE (view that knowledge is from experience)
what is evolutionary psychology?
mental processes have developed in response to natural selection to solve adaptive problems
what is feminist psychology?
cultural influences on gender and gender differences in behavior
what are functional explanantions?
proximate explanations that want to identify a specific problem as the cause of a behavior or mental process
what is functionalism?
early movement in psychology where they believes that the understanding of behavior process was critical to understanding its operation
what is humanistic psychology?
humans are able to make their own choices to realize their own potentials
what is intersectional approach?
studying cultural influences that examine how multiple social identities intersect at an individual aspect
what are levels of explanation?
it’s knowing that different explanations for a phenomenon can complement one another
what is the mind?
conscious experience: sensations, perceptions, thoughts, and emotions
what is nativism?
some knowledge is inborn or innate
what is phrenology?
pseudoscience: observing or feeling the skull to associate it with how the brain feels and reacts
what is positive psychology?
studies positive emotions of the human: happiness, trust, gratitude
what are process-orientated explanations?
a proximate explanation that focuses on how specific mental physical process explain a trait or behavior
what are proximate explanations?
explanations that describe immediate cause of a trait, behavior, mental process
what is a psychiatrist?
a medical doctors that is trained to assess and treat psychological disorders, and they can prescribe medications
what is psychoanalysis?
psychotherapy designed by Freud that seeks to help patients with their unconscious thoughts, behaviors
what is structuralism?
its the first movement of psychology in history, which focused on breaking down immediate conscious experiences into smaller parts
what is systematic introspection?
one of the first strategies to make inferences about contents of the mind
what is translational research?
taking basic finding and turning them into solutions for practical problems
what are ultimate explanations?
explanations that are used to describe the reason why a trait, behavior, or mental process exists
what is alation?
medical procedure to remove a tissue
what are acquiescent response bias?
this is the tendency for participants to agree or respond yes to all questions without using their actual opinions
what is assent?
a person’s permission to take part in a study, consent
what is beneficence?
where researchers want to do/make good out of a study
what is being bias?
unfair or unequal representation
what is a case study?
an in-depth analysis of a unique circumstance or individual
what is confederate?
it’s a person who is acting as a participant but in reality is another researcher
what is a confounding variable?
other variables that may influence one or both variables that are being measured
what is a correlation coefficient?
a numerical representation of the strength of the relationship between variables (r)
what is data?
facts or information collected, examined and considered for decision making processes
what is debriefing?
information provided to participants about what the researchers was investigating and how their participation will contribute to the research question
what is deception?
refusing to give information about the purpose of the study during the informed consent process
what is decisional impairment?
instances that diminish a potential participant’s capacity to provide informed consent
what are descriptive methods?
any measure to capture, record or describe a group. what is not why is
what is ecological validity?
research findings int he lab can be generalized to the real world
what is eligibility criteria?
inclusion and exclusion criteria to create a set of characteristics shared by all participants
what is entorhinal cortex?
part of the cerebral cortex found on the ventral part of the temporal lobes and plays role in behavior and memory
what is episodic memory?
memories whose contents pertain to specific events - episodes
what is exclusion criteria?
an attribute of a person that would prevent them from participating research study
what is fidelity?
developing trusting relationships between researchers and participants
what are field experiments?
experiment that takes place in real world settings where a researcher manipulates and controls the conditions of the behavior under observation
what is the hippocampus?
part of the cerebral cortex, plays the role in the transference of certain types of memories in long-term memory stores
what is hypothesis?
it is an educated prediction about the outcome of an experiment
what is illusory superiority?
when we describe our behavior better than average
what is inclusion criterion?
an attribute of participants that is necessary to be a part of a research study
what is informed consent?
the process by which research participants learn and understand the purpose, benefits and potential risks of a research study
what is institutional review board (IRB)?
committee of independent group of people who review and assess whether a research project will be carried out in a way that is consistent with general ethical principles
what is integrity?
psychologists should engage in accurate, honest and non-biased practices in the science
what is justice?
the people who participate in the research are the same people who benefit from the results of the research
what is maleficence?
the act of doing harm
what is a naturalistic observation?
observation of behavior as it happens without an attempt to control the subjects natural environments
what is negative correlation?
variables that change in the opposite direction. an increase in one leads to decrease in another
what is participant observation?
a research method in which a research becomes part of the group under investigation
what is positive correlation?
when variable change in the same direction; as one variable increases the other variable increases
what are procedural memories?
memories whose contents pertain to how something is done
what is rationalism?
the belief or theory that reason is the key source of knowledge
what is replication?
a term referring to a do-over of a study using the same methods but different subjects and investigators
what are research ethics?
a set of principles or standards for psychologists to follow in research
what is response bias?
the tendency for people to answer the question the way they feel they are expected to answer
what are scientific theories?
rational explanations to describe and predict future behavior
what are semantic memories?
memories whose contents relate to specific facts and pieces of meaningful info not based on personal experience
what are socially desirable bias?
participants respond to questions in ways that would be seen as acceptable by others
what are vulnerable populations?
any group of individuals who may not be able to provide free and informed consent to participate in research
what are volunteer bias?
a bias whereby only a motivated fraction of a population respond to a survey or participate in research