MIDTERM PSY 303 Flashcards
Language and Mental Health Stigma (Chapter 1)
Thoughtful and intentional with our language whenever possible.
Willing to consider new language.
“Patient” versus “client” versus “consumer”.
Identify first versus people first language.
Ableist language.
Criteria for making judgments about abnormality (e.g., maladaptiveness, deviancy) (Chapter 1)
Abnormal psychology- understanding the nature causes, and treatment of mental disorders.
Family aggregation- disorder runs in families
Indications of abnormality
Subjective distress
Maladaptiveness
Statistical deviance
Violation of societal standards
Social discomfort
Irrationality + unpredictability
Dangerousness
Rely on societal judgements + culture
Over time
DSM-5 and defining mental illness (Chapter 1)
Mental illness
Use of the American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM-5; 2022)
“ A clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome that is associated with distress or disability”.
DSM and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders- 5th edition (DSM-5)
Published by the American Psychiatric Association
Primary system for diagnosing psychological/psychiatric disorders in the US.
Includes 157 diagnostic categories.
Uses a categorical system of diagnosis (in contrast to a dimensional approach).
For each disorder, if criteria are met, the diagnosis is assigned.
Pros and Cons of assigning diagnoses (Chapter 1)
Pros:
Scientific system of classification/ naming structure
Allows clinicians to better study and understand different disorders.
May improve treatment methods
Social structure, sense of community, sense of meaning
Economic drivers (e.g insurance)
Cons
Provides information in a shorthand form, thus leading to a loss of information
Focus on diagnosis, not the actual person
Labeling, stigma, stereotyping
Errors, fuzziness
Culture and diagnosis (Chapter 1)
Culture shapes the experience of clinical symptoms..
Culture-specific disorders exist.
Variations exist in the way different cultures describe psychological distress, react to it.
Lack of research
The epidemiology of mental illness (including types of prevalence and prevalence rates) (Chapter 1)
The epidemiology of mental illness (i.e., the study of distribution of disorders in the population)
Prevalence (i.e., the number of active cases)
Point prevalence (i.e., active cases of a disorder in a given population at a given point of time)
1-year prevalence (i.e., anyone suffering from a disorder at any point in time throughout the year)
Lifetime prevalence (i.e., estimate of the number of people suffering from a disorder any time in their lives)
Comorbidity (Chapter 1)
Comorbidity is when a person has two or more illnesses or disorders at the same time or in sequence. The illnesses can interact with each other, which can affect the person’s health outcomes and symptoms.
DSM-5 versus HITOP versus ICD-11 versus RDoc (Chapter 1)
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders- 5th edition (DSM-5-TR).
Published by the American Psychiatric Association.
Primary system for diagnosing psychological/psychiatric disorders in the US.
Includes 157 diagnostic categories.
Uses a categorical system of diagnosis (in contrast to a dimensional approach).
For each disorder, if criteria are met, the diagnosis is assigned.
HITOP
Published by the World Health Organization (starting July 2022).
Global authorship.
Includes psychiatric and other health conditions.
Overlaps a great deal with DSM-5, and ICD-11 codes are used by US providers.
Incorporates more dimensional diagnosis.
Incorporates more information about cultural variations in presentation.
Research Domain Criteria (R-Doc; NIMH)
Fully dimensional.
Uses a biological model of psychopathology and focuses on understanding neural mechanisms/pathways/etiology.
Explores dimensions of emotion, cognition, and behavior.
Hippocrates and mental illness (Chapter 2)
Denied that deities and demons caused illness.
Believed brain pathology was the cause of mental disorders.
Emphasized the importance of hereditary.
First non-magical causation of mental illness.
Using demonology, gods, and magic to explain abnormality (and relevant “treatments”) (Chapter 2)
Belief by the Chinese, Egyptians, Hebrews, and Greeks.
Possession by good vs. evil spirits.
Treatment methods:
Casting out evil spirit, prayers, noisemaking, potions, etc.
Placebo effect is strong so these probably “worked” in some cases.
Greek and Roman Thought and Sanatoria (Chapter 2)
Development of the first sanatoria
Believed there were physical (brain injury) or mental (economic misfortune) causes.
Treatment methods: special diets, massage, hydrotherapy, gymnastics, education.
Mental Health in the Middle Ages (include Europe v. the Middle East)
(Chapter 2)
The first mental hospital was established in Baghdad in A.D. 792
Emphasized the importance of ritual and superstition instead of science to explain abnormality.
Lycanthropy (i.e. possession by wolves)
Exorcisms
Asylums and Dorothy Dix
(Chapter 2)
19th century Dorothy Dix and the establishment of more humane public psychiatric hospitals.
The rise and fall of the public institution
In 1940, housed over 400,000 with 90% of people with severe mental illness residing in state-funded hospitals.
Deinstitutionalization
Movement of people with mental disorders from psychiatric hospitals back into the community
Accelerated in 1980s- homelessness
Paresis and Syphilis (1820’s-1920’s) (Chapter 2)
Paresis (is a condition typified by a weakness of voluntary movement, or by partial loss of voluntary movement or impaired movement) and Syphilis is an infection caused by bacteria. Most often, it spreads through sexual contact. The disease starts as a sore that’s often painless and typically appears on the genitals, rectum or mouth. Syphilis spreads from person to person through direct contact with these sores.
Emil Kraepelin and classification (Chapter 2)
Emily Kraepelin (1856-1926; a German psychiatrist)
Compendium der Psychiatrie (published in 1883, it contributed to the idea that mental disorders resulted from brain pathology).
Psychoanalytic and Behavioral influences (Freud, Watson, Pavlov)
(Chapter 2)
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalytic perspective
Psychoanalysis
The behavioral perspective
Contributions of Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) and William James (1842-1910)
Classical conditioning and Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
John B. Watson (1878-1958) and behaviorism
Research Designs: Case study (Chapter 1)
Rare conditions. You have to recruit people to be in your study. A lot of these studies happen in clinical settings like hospitals, etc. To recruit people you have to advertise and put them up wherever you can. Then you bring them to the clinic and pay the participants. Is a way to learn more about complex situations, and you can evaluate how various people responded in that situation.
One problem with Case studies Risk of bias, as the researcher’s personal opinions and preferences may influence the research. And the bias of the patient
Another problem with Case studies is Generalizability It’s difficult to generalize findings from a single case study to other settings or populations.
Correlational Design (Chapter 2)
Looking at two variables both dependent variables and how the relate to each other for example how depression is related to anxiety. We need a way to measure these things for example surveys.
Pearson’s r the most common way of measuring a linear correlation. It is a number between –1 and +1 that measures the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables.
r= 0 means that there is no correlation
r= -1 means that there is a negative correlation
r= +1 there is a positive correlation
r= +0.7 means that there is a strong positive correlation
r= -0.6 means that there is a strong negative correlation
Observational (Quasi-Experimental) (Chapter 1)
Observational (Quasi-Experimental) Design- research in which the experimenter passively observes the behavior of the participants without any attempt at intervention or manipulation of the behaviors being observed. Such studies typically involve observation of cases under naturalistic conditions rather than the random assignment of cases to experimental conditions: Specially trained individuals record activities, events, or processes as precisely and completely as possible without personal interpretation
Experimental Research Designs (Chapter 1)
Experimental research- research utilizing randomized assignment of participants to conditions and systematic manipulation of variables with the objective of drawing causal inference. It is generally conducted within a lab or other controlled environment, which in reducing the potential influence of extraneous factors increases internal validity or external validity.
Used to draw conclusions about causality
Resolves questions of directionality
Scientists exhibit more control
Experimental Psychopathology is usually done in lab versus Clinical Research is usually done in hospitals
Experimental Psychopathology versus Clinical Research (Chapter 1)
Experimental Psychopathology is usually done in lab versus Clinical Research is usually done in hospitals.
Experimental psychopathology is a subfield of psychopathology research that aims to understand the causes of mental illness, while clinical research is concerned with the assessment and treatment of psychological disorders
Single-Case Experimental Design (Chapter 1)
Researchers administer the intervention and collect data for an individual case (such as a child or family). Each case serves as its own control, so there is no need for a comparison group in the study design. The outcome is measured repeatedly throughout the study.
Animal Models (Chapter 1)
There are many ways in which human and non-human behavior overlap. Animals show the same expressions of emotions as humans.
Example: Hopelessness Model of Depression.
Types of Causes and Risk Factors (Chapter 3)
Necessary cause: If disorder Y occurs, Cause X must have preceded it.
Sufficient cause: If Cause X occurs, then Disorder Y will also occur.
Contributory cause: If X occurs, then the likelihood of Disorder Y increases.
