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INST 262 > Midterm Preparation > Flashcards

Midterm Preparation Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of flow

Fluid velocity depends on

A

differential head pressure

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2
Q

Causes of flow

Increase pressure or force

A

increases fluid flow rate

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3
Q

Causes of flow

ΔP Forces fluid to

A

flow through pipe

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4
Q

Causes of flow

ΔP created by

A

physical (height difference) or mechanical means, pumps/compressors

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5
Q

factors that affect selection of flow measuring method

A
  1. Pressure
  2. Temperature
  3. Velocity
  4. Density
  5. Viscosity
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6
Q

Force per unit area

A

Pressure

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7
Q

Pressure Effect

Liquids generally _______, little change in _____ when pressure exerted

A
  1. incompressible fluids
  2. volume
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8
Q

Pressure Effect

Gases are ________

A

compressible

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9
Q

Temperature

Boiling Water at STD =

A

212o F, 100oC

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10
Q

Temperature

F ̊ + 459.69 =

A

Rankine (R)

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11
Q

Temperature

C ̊ + 273.15 =

A

Kelvin (K)

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12
Q

Temperature

Freezing =

A

32 ̊ F , 0 C ̊ (absolute temp 491.69R & 273.15 K)

Most flow problems require the use of absolute temperature

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13
Q

Temperature Effect

In general fluids will decrease in density as the temperature ____

A

increases

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14
Q

Temperature Effect

As the density _____ with the rise of temperature the volume of the fluid will increase

A

decreases

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15
Q

Temperature Effect

Increase in the volume due to temperature will need to be _____ for accurate Flow measurement

A

compensated

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16
Q

Mass of substance per unit volume

A

Density

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17
Q

Weight due to g per unit volume

A

Specific Weight

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18
Q

SI term for Specific Gravity is

A

RELATIVE DENSITY

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19
Q

Density Effect

Use density of a fluid to calculate the ____

A

mass flow

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20
Q

Resistance of flow of a fluid

Stickiness of a fluid

Common unit is centipoise (cP) 1/100 of a poise

A

Dynamic Viscosity

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21
Q

ratio of thedynamic viscosity (μ)

to the Density (ρ) of the fluid

Common units are centistokes (cS)

A

Kinematic Viscosity

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22
Q
A

laminar flow

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23
Q
A

Turbulent flow

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24
Q

Properties of Pipe & Flow

Rough inside of pipe will ___ flow of fluid along pipe wall

A

slow

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25
Q

Properties of Pipe & Flow

Most meters need profile to be flat as in____

A

turbulent flow

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26
Q

Properties of Pipe & Flow

Smooth pipe preferred ________

A

upstream of meter

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27
Q

Purpose of Pump & Compressor

If the fluid is incompressible such as a liquid needs a _____ to move it

A

pump

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28
Q

Purpose of Pump & Compressor

If the fluid is compressible such as a gas need a ______ to move it

A

compressor

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29
Q
A

Orifice plate with flange taps for gas or liquid flow

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30
Q
A

Orifice plate c/w orifice plate changer, to change orifice while on line

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31
Q
A

Venturi tube for gas or liquid flow

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32
Q
A

Flow nozzle normally used for steam flow

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33
Q
A

Pitot tube, normally used for flue gases in stacks or

water flow in large pipes

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34
Q
A

Weir, for flow in large aqueducts, i.e. irrigation canals

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35
Q
A

Flow straightening vane, used before or after orifice to remove turbulence

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36
Q
A

Turbine or propeller type meter for gas or liquid

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37
Q
A

Variable area flow indicator or rotameter

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38
Q
A

Mass flow with integer transmitter

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39
Q
A

Vortex meter sensor for liquid or gas

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40
Q
A

Magnetic flowmeter with integral transmitter for conductive liquids

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41
Q
A

Magnetic Flowmeter

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42
Q
A

Thermal mass flowmeter

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43
Q
A

Coriollis flowmeter

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44
Q
A

Sonic / Ultrasound flowmeter

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45
Q
A

Positive displacement meter c/w totalizer and indicator

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46
Q
A

Ultrasonic (sound frequency) flowmeter,

Doppler or Transit Time

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47
Q
A

Averaging pitot tube for very large flue stacks

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48
Q

Primary Elements - Flow

A

Generic orifice plate

Restriction plate

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49
Q

Primary Elements - Flow

A

Orifice plate in quick-change fitting

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50
Q

Primary Elements - Flow

A

Concentric circle orifice plate

Restriction orifice

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51
Q

Primary Elements - Flow

A

Eccentric circle orifice plate

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52
Q

Primary Elements - Flow

A

Circle quadrant orifice plate

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53
Q

Primary Elements - Flow

A

Multi-hole orifice plate

54
Q

Primary Elements - Flow

A

Integral orifice plate

55
Q

Primary Elements - Flow

A

Generic venturi tube, flow nozzle, or flow tube

56
Q

Primary Elements - Flow

A

Venturi tube

57
Q

Primary Elements - Flow

A

Flow nozzle

58
Q

Primary Elements - Flow

59
Q

Primary Elements - Flow

A

Standard pitot tube

60
Q

Primary Elements - Flow

61
Q

Primary Elements - Flow

A

Turbine / propeller flowmeter

62
Q

Primary Elements - Flow

A

Vortex shedding flowmeter

63
Q

Primary Elements - Flow

A

Target flowmeter

64
Q

Primary Elements - Flow

A

Positive displacement flowmeter

65
Q

Primary Elements - Flow

A

V Cone meter

66
Q

Primary Elements - Flow

A

Wedge meter

67
Q

Primary Elements - Flow

A

Variable area flowmeter

68
Q

Primary Elements - Flow

A

Open channel Weir / Flume

69
Q

Types of Differential Pressure instruments:

A
  1. Elbow
  2. Flow Nozzle
  3. Orifice
  4. Pitot Tube
  5. Pitot Tube (averaging)
  6. Venturi
  7. Wedge
70
Q

Types of Positive Displacement instruments:

A
  1. Nutating disc
  2. Oscillating Piston
  3. Oval Gear
  4. Roots
71
Q

Types of Ultrasonic instruments:

A
  1. Doppler
  2. Transit time
72
Q

Types of Variable Area instruments:

A
  1. Movable Vane
  2. Rotameter
  3. Weir, Flume
73
Q

Coriolis (Miscellaneous)

Measures Accelerations and the result is

74
Q

Differential Pressure (Pressure)

measures pressure and the result is

75
Q

Magnetic (Electronic)

Measures Electromagnetic Field and result is

76
Q

Positive Displacement (mechanical)

Measures volume and the result is:

77
Q

Target (mechanical) measures force

and the result is

78
Q

Thermal (Miscellaneous)

Measures heat transfer and the result is

79
Q

Turbine (mechanical)

Measures volume and result is

80
Q

Ultrasonic (Electronic)

Measures accostic waves and result is

81
Q

Variable area (pressure)

measures pressure and result is

82
Q

Vortex (mechanical)

Measures frequency and the result is

83
Q

is the only flow measurement technology that directly measures the volume of the fluid passing through the flowmeter.

A

Positive displacement flowmeter technology

84
Q

repeatedly entraps fluid in order to

measure its flow

A

Positive displacement flowmeters

85
Q
  1. float of given density’s establishing an equilibrium position for a given flow rate
  2. the upward force of the flowing fluid equals the downward force of gravity
86
Q

Principle of Operation

Mag Meters

A

Fluid must be conductive

Coils generate magnetic field

The higher the flow speed, the higher the voltage

87
Q

Principle of Operation

Vortex Shedder

A

The alternate shedding of vortices is the basis of meter operation.

88
Q

Principle of Operation

Turbine flow meters

A

like a windmill, utilize angular velocity (rotation speed) to indicate a flow velocity

89
Q

K factor units =

A

pulses/unit volume

90
Q

K factor

defines the relationship between flow rate and ___

A

The frequency

91
Q

Principle of Operation

Doppler

92
Q

Principle of Operation

Transit Time

93
Q

Principle of Operation

Coriolis

94
Q

_______flowmeters that produce a pulse output

use a k-factor

A

Vortex and Turbine

95
Q

Orifice Plate Types :

A

Concentric

Eccentric

Segmental

96
Q

For differential flow meters; flow varies directly as the _____

A

square root of the differential pressure

97
Q

DP Meters

Orifice Advantage

A

Use on liquid, gas, and steam

Suitable for extreme temperatures and pressures

No moving parts

Low material cost

Changeable without de- pressuring process
Low cost

98
Q

DP Meters

Orifice Disadvantage

A

Limited range ability

Affected by changes in density, pressure, and viscosity

Maintenance intensive

High pressure loss

Non-linear output, square root extraction required

99
Q

DP Meters

Nozzle Advantage

A

Use on liquid, gas, and steam

Nozzle used in Steam applications
Low system pressure loss

Do not require upstream flow profiling

100
Q

DP Meters

Nozzle Disadvantage

A

Limited range ability 6:1 & accuracy ±2%
Expensive to install Requires high Reynolds numbers (>10,000)

Less permanent pressure loss than orifice, more than Venturi
Non-linear output, square root extraction required

101
Q

DP Meters

Venturi Advantage

A

Venturi principally used in Water & Wastewater apps Lower non-recoverable pressure loss than orifice

102
Q

DP Meters

Venturi Disadvantage

A

Initial cost more expensive than orifice plate

**Non-linear output, square root extraction required **

103
Q

DP Meters

V-Cone Advantage

A

Less straight-run upstream piping required than orifice plate

104
Q

DP Meters

V-Cone Disadvantage

A

Non-linear output, square root extraction required

105
Q

DP Meters

Pitot Tube Advantage

A

Very small pressure loss

106
Q

DP Meters

Pitot Tube Disadvantage

A

Non-linear output, square root extraction required

Used with clean fluids

107
Q

Variable Area

Rotameters Advantage

A

No external power required for local reading
Simple design able to be mass produced, low cost

Scale is linear due to variable area design

108
Q

Variable Area

Rotameters Disadvantage

A

Mounted in vertical position only, flow moving upwards Floats designed for specific gravity, correction required when used in other medium

109
Q

PD Meters

Nutating Disc Advantage

A

Ideal for viscous fluid
High accuracy & repeatability

Minimal straight piping runs

May be constructed from a variety of materials

110
Q

PD Meters

Nutating Disc Disadvantage

A

Mechanical parts on flow indication wear
Accuracy is adversely affected by viscosities below the meter’s designated threshold.

111
Q

PD Meters

Oval & Gear Advantage

A

Measurement independent of viscosity(high)
Ease of installation(tight areas, no straight pipe runs required )

112
Q

PD Meters

Oval & Gear Disadvantage

A

Not recommended for water or water like fluids (slippage) Mechanical parts wear

113
Q

PD Meters

Sliding Vane Advantage

A

Sweeping action of vanes prevents buildup of sediment and keeps compartment clean.

Wide choice of construction materials.
High accuracy and repeatability.

Low pressure drop over entire range of flow measuring capabilities

114
Q

PD Meters

Sliding Vane disadvantage

A

Mechanical parts wear

115
Q

PD Meters

Piston Advantage

A

High accuracy and repeatability.
Only one moving part to cause wear.
Can be made of materials to ensure sanitary needs of food and beverage processing.

116
Q

PD Meters

Piston disadvantage

A

Can only be used with relatively clean liquids.

117
Q

Meter Type :

Turbine Advantage

A

Easy to install and operate Easy to service in the field High Accuracy &Repeatability Self-clearing design Instantaneous flow rate Indicator & totalizer on every

model
Flow range of up to 10:1 No Power Needed
Used with Gas or liquid

118
Q

Meter Type :

Turbine disadvantage

A 
Requires clean low viscosity fluid
Upstream conditioning (straightening vanes) Vibration sensitive Numerous moving parts that could clog, bearings wear out Frequent calibration required Loss of linearity at low flow rate
119
Q

Meter Type :

Paddle Wheel Advantage

A

Low cost for certain degree of accuracy
Measure flow in either direction

Axles and paddles easily replaced

120
Q

Meter Type :

Paddle Wheel disadvantage

A

Use with clean fluid Solids in fluid can damage paddles
Avoid low flow

121
Q

Linear

Magnetic Advantage

A

No obstructions to the flow No moving parts to wear or break
Maintenance free

Debris or solids will not clog the meter, ideal for slurries No head loss
Bi-directional flow Unaffected by changes in density and viscosity

Linear output Large turndown

122
Q

Linear

Magnetic Disadvantage

A

Mag meters require a conductive process fluid
No gases or steam Entrapped air, foam, or two- phase flow cause errors

Liner pressure/temperature limits
Power consumption of 4-wire device

Special installation requirements Grounding/Valve liner requirements

Meter must be full

123
Q

Linear

Ultrasonic Advantage

A

No moving parts Unobstructed flow path Wide range ability

124
Q

Linear

Ultrasonic Disadvantage

A

Reynolds number constraints Entrained gas or particles for Doppler
Clean liquids for time of flight Straight run piping requirements

125
Q

Linear

Vortex Advantage

A

No moving parts Regular calibration not required
Liquid, gas or steam Wide range ability

126
Q

Linear

Vortex Disadvantage

A

Span limitations due to viscosity
Flow profile sensitive(high Reynolds number)

127
Q

Mass

Coriolis Advantage

A

Direct mass flow measurement
Gives density measurement also
Works with viscous fluids Low Pressure drop Corrosive liquids measurement possible
High turndown ratio (100:1)

Able to work with high pressure and temperature High repeatability and accuracy

128
Q

Mass

Coriolis Disadvantage

A

High purchase Cost

High installation cost

Mounting position requirements

129
Q

Mass

Thermal Advantage

A

Relatively inexpensive Turndown 100:1
Monitoring low flow
Easy to install remove under pressure

130
Q

Mass

Thermal Disadvantage

A

Gas application only (monitor liquid flow)

INST 262 (5 decks)

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