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INST 262 > Midterm Preparation > Flashcards

Midterm Preparation Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of flow

Fluid velocity depends on

A

differential head pressure

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2
Q

Causes of flow

Increase pressure or force

A

increases fluid flow rate

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3
Q

Causes of flow

ΔP Forces fluid to

A

flow through pipe

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4
Q

Causes of flow

ΔP created by

A

physical (height difference) or mechanical means, pumps/compressors

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5
Q

factors that affect selection of flow measuring method

A
  1. Pressure
  2. Temperature
  3. Velocity
  4. Density
  5. Viscosity
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6
Q

Force per unit area

A

Pressure

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7
Q

Pressure Effect

Liquids generally _______, little change in _____ when pressure exerted

A
  1. incompressible fluids
  2. volume
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8
Q

Pressure Effect

Gases are ________

A

compressible

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9
Q

Temperature

Boiling Water at STD =

A

212o F, 100oC

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10
Q

Temperature

F ̊ + 459.69 =

A

Rankine (R)

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11
Q

Temperature

C ̊ + 273.15 =

A

Kelvin (K)

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12
Q

Temperature

Freezing =

A

32 ̊ F , 0 C ̊ (absolute temp 491.69R & 273.15 K)

Most flow problems require the use of absolute temperature

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13
Q

Temperature Effect

In general fluids will decrease in density as the temperature ____

A

increases

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14
Q

Temperature Effect

As the density _____ with the rise of temperature the volume of the fluid will increase

A

decreases

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15
Q

Temperature Effect

Increase in the volume due to temperature will need to be _____ for accurate Flow measurement

A

compensated

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16
Q

Mass of substance per unit volume

A

Density

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17
Q

Weight due to g per unit volume

A

Specific Weight

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18
Q

SI term for Specific Gravity is

A

RELATIVE DENSITY

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19
Q

Density Effect

Use density of a fluid to calculate the ____

A

mass flow

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20
Q

Resistance of flow of a fluid

Stickiness of a fluid

Common unit is centipoise (cP) 1/100 of a poise

A

Dynamic Viscosity

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21
Q

ratio of thedynamic viscosity (μ)

to the Density (ρ) of the fluid

Common units are centistokes (cS)

A

Kinematic Viscosity

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22
Q
A

laminar flow

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23
Q
A

Turbulent flow

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24
Q

Properties of Pipe & Flow

Rough inside of pipe will ___ flow of fluid along pipe wall

A

slow

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25
Properties of Pipe & Flow Most meters need profile to be flat as in\_\_\_\_
turbulent flow
26
Properties of Pipe & Flow Smooth pipe preferred \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
upstream of meter
27
Purpose of Pump & Compressor If the fluid is incompressible such as a liquid needs a _____ to move it
pump
28
Purpose of Pump & Compressor If the fluid is compressible such as a gas need a ______ to move it
compressor
29
Orifice plate with flange taps for gas or liquid flow
30
Orifice plate c/w orifice plate changer, to change orifice while on line
31
Venturi tube for gas or liquid flow
32
Flow nozzle normally used for steam flow
33
Pitot tube, normally used for flue gases in stacks **or** water flow in large pipes
34
Weir, for flow in large aqueducts, i.e. irrigation canals
35
Flow straightening vane, used before or after orifice to remove turbulence
36
Turbine or propeller type meter for gas or liquid
37
Variable area flow indicator or rotameter
38
Mass flow with integer transmitter
39
Vortex meter sensor for liquid or gas
40
Magnetic flowmeter with integral transmitter for conductive liquids
41
Magnetic Flowmeter
42
Thermal mass flowmeter
43
Coriollis flowmeter
44
Sonic / Ultrasound flowmeter
45
Positive displacement meter c/w totalizer and indicator
46
Ultrasonic (sound frequency) flowmeter, Doppler **or** Transit Time
47
Averaging pitot tube for very large flue stacks
48
Primary Elements - Flow
Generic orifice plate Restriction plate
49
Primary Elements - Flow
Orifice plate in quick-change fitting
50
Primary Elements - Flow
Concentric circle orifice plate Restriction orifice
51
Primary Elements - Flow
Eccentric circle orifice plate
52
Primary Elements - Flow
Circle quadrant orifice plate
53
Primary Elements - Flow
Multi-hole orifice plate
54
Primary Elements - Flow
Integral orifice plate
55
Primary Elements - Flow
Generic venturi tube, flow nozzle, or flow tube
56
Primary Elements - Flow
Venturi tube
57
Primary Elements - Flow
Flow nozzle
58
Primary Elements - Flow
Flow tube
59
Primary Elements - Flow
Standard pitot tube
60
Primary Elements - Flow
Annubar
61
Primary Elements - Flow
Turbine / propeller flowmeter
62
Primary Elements - Flow
Vortex shedding flowmeter
63
Primary Elements - Flow
Target flowmeter
64
Primary Elements - Flow
Positive displacement flowmeter
65
Primary Elements - Flow
V Cone meter
66
Primary Elements - Flow
Wedge meter
67
Primary Elements - Flow
Variable area flowmeter
68
Primary Elements - Flow
Open channel Weir / Flume
69
Types of Differential Pressure instruments:
1. Elbow 2. Flow Nozzle 3. Orifice 4. Pitot Tube 5. Pitot Tube (averaging) 6. Venturi 7. Wedge
70
Types of Positive Displacement instruments:
1. Nutating disc 2. Oscillating Piston 3. Oval Gear 4. Roots
71
Types of Ultrasonic instruments:
1. Doppler 2. Transit time
72
Types of Variable Area instruments:
1. Movable Vane 2. Rotameter 3. Weir, Flume
73
Coriolis (Miscellaneous) Measures Accelerations and the result is
mass
74
Differential Pressure (Pressure) measures pressure and the result is
volume
75
Magnetic (Electronic) Measures Electromagnetic Field and result is
velocity
76
Positive Displacement (mechanical) Measures volume and the result is:
volume
77
Target (mechanical) measures force and the result is
velocity
78
Thermal (Miscellaneous) Measures heat transfer and the result is
velocity
79
Turbine (mechanical) Measures volume and result is
volume
80
Ultrasonic (Electronic) Measures accostic waves and result is
velocity
81
Variable area (pressure) measures pressure and result is
volume
82
Vortex (mechanical) Measures frequency and the result is
velocity
83
is the only flow measurement technology that directly measures the volume of the fluid passing through the flowmeter.
Positive displacement flowmeter technology
84
repeatedly entraps fluid in order to measure its flow
Positive displacement flowmeters
85
1. float of given density's establishing an equilibrium position for a given flow rate 2. the upward force of the flowing fluid equals the downward force of gravity
Rotameter
86
Principle of Operation Mag Meters
Fluid must be conductive Coils generate magnetic field The higher the flow speed, the higher the voltage
87
Principle of Operation Vortex Shedder
The alternate shedding of vortices is the basis of meter operation.
88
Principle of Operation Turbine flow meters
like a windmill, utilize angular velocity (rotation speed) to indicate a flow velocity
89
K factor units =
pulses/unit volume
90
K factor defines the relationship between flow rate and \_\_\_
The frequency
91
Principle of Operation Doppler
92
Principle of Operation Transit Time
93
Principle of Operation Coriolis
94
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_flowmeters that produce a pulse output use a k-factor
Vortex and Turbine
95
Orifice Plate Types :
Concentric Eccentric Segmental
96
For differential flow meters; flow varies directly as the \_\_\_\_\_
square root of the differential pressure
97
DP Meters Orifice Advantage
## Footnote Use on liquid, gas, and steam Suitable for extreme temperatures and pressures No moving parts Low material cost Changeable without de- pressuring process Low cost
98
DP Meters Orifice Disadvantage
## Footnote Limited range ability Affected by changes in density, pressure, and viscosity Maintenance intensive High pressure loss Non-linear output, square root extraction required
99
DP Meters Nozzle Advantage
## Footnote Use on liquid, gas, and steam Nozzle used in Steam applications Low system pressure loss Do not require upstream flow profiling
100
DP Meters Nozzle Disadvantage
## Footnote Limited range ability 6:1 & accuracy ±2% Expensive to install Requires high Reynolds numbers (\>10,000) Less permanent pressure loss than orifice, more than Venturi Non-linear output, square root extraction required
101
DP Meters Venturi Advantage
Venturi principally used in Water & Wastewater apps Lower non-recoverable pressure loss than orifice
102
DP Meters Venturi Disadvantage
## Footnote **Initial cost more expensive than orifice plate** **Non-linear output, square root extraction required **
103
DP Meters V-Cone Advantage
Less straight-run upstream piping required than orifice plate
104
DP Meters V-Cone Disadvantage
Non-linear output, square root extraction required
105
DP Meters Pitot Tube Advantage
Very small pressure loss
106
DP Meters Pitot Tube Disadvantage
Non-linear output, square root extraction required Used with clean fluids
107
Variable Area Rotameters Advantage
No external power required for local reading Simple design able to be mass produced, low cost Scale is linear due to variable area design
108
Variable Area Rotameters Disadvantage
Mounted in vertical position only, flow moving upwards Floats designed for specific gravity, correction required when used in other medium
109
PD Meters Nutating Disc Advantage
Ideal for viscous fluid High accuracy & repeatability Minimal straight piping runs May be constructed from a variety of materials
110
PD Meters Nutating Disc Disadvantage
Mechanical parts on flow indication wear Accuracy is adversely affected by viscosities below the meter's designated threshold.
111
PD Meters Oval & Gear Advantage
Measurement independent of viscosity(high) Ease of installation(tight areas, no straight pipe runs required )
112
PD Meters Oval & Gear Disadvantage
Not recommended for water or water like fluids (slippage) Mechanical parts wear
113
PD Meters Sliding Vane Advantage
Sweeping action of vanes prevents buildup of sediment and keeps compartment clean. Wide choice of construction materials. High accuracy and repeatability. Low pressure drop over entire range of flow measuring capabilities
114
PD Meters Sliding Vane disadvantage
Mechanical parts wear
115
PD Meters Piston Advantage
High accuracy and repeatability. Only one moving part to cause wear. Can be made of materials to ensure sanitary needs of food and beverage processing.
116
PD Meters Piston disadvantage
Can only be used with relatively clean liquids.
117
Meter Type : Turbine Advantage
Easy to install and operate Easy to service in the field High Accuracy &Repeatability Self-clearing design Instantaneous flow rate Indicator & totalizer on every model Flow range of up to 10:1 No Power Needed Used with Gas or liquid
118
Meter Type : Turbine disadvantage
``` Requires clean low viscosity fluid Upstream conditioning (straightening vanes) Vibration sensitive Numerous moving parts that could clog, bearings wear out Frequent calibration required Loss of linearity at low flow rate ```
119
Meter Type : Paddle Wheel Advantage
Low cost for certain degree of accuracy Measure flow in either direction Axles and paddles easily replaced
120
Meter Type : Paddle Wheel disadvantage
Use with clean fluid Solids in fluid can damage paddles Avoid low flow
121
Linear Magnetic Advantage
No obstructions to the flow No moving parts to wear or break Maintenance free Debris or solids will not clog the meter, ideal for slurries No head loss Bi-directional flow Unaffected by changes in density and viscosity Linear output Large turndown
122
Linear Magnetic Disadvantage
Mag meters require a conductive process fluid No gases or steam Entrapped air, foam, or two- phase flow cause errors Liner pressure/temperature limits Power consumption of 4-wire device Special installation requirements Grounding/Valve liner requirements Meter must be full
123
Linear Ultrasonic Advantage
No moving parts Unobstructed flow path Wide range ability
124
Linear Ultrasonic Disadvantage
Reynolds number constraints Entrained gas or particles for Doppler Clean liquids for time of flight Straight run piping requirements
125
Linear Vortex Advantage
No moving parts Regular calibration not required Liquid, gas or steam Wide range ability
126
Linear Vortex Disadvantage
Span limitations due to viscosity Flow profile sensitive(high Reynolds number)
127
Mass Coriolis Advantage
Direct mass flow measurement Gives density measurement also Works with viscous fluids Low Pressure drop Corrosive liquids measurement possible High turndown ratio (100:1) Able to work with high pressure and temperature High repeatability and accuracy
128
Mass Coriolis Disadvantage
High purchase Cost High installation cost Mounting position requirements
129
Mass Thermal Advantage
Relatively inexpensive Turndown 100:1 Monitoring low flow Easy to install remove under pressure
130
Mass Thermal Disadvantage
Gas application only (monitor liquid flow)
131

INST 262 (5 decks)

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