Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Ling 201 > Midterm prep ling > Flashcards

Midterm prep ling Flashcards

1
Q

The IPA

A

International phonetic alphabet, used for transcription

- 1 symbol for every sound used distinctively in 1+ languages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Airstream mechanisms

A 
expelled = egressive
inhaled = ingressive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

larynx

A

Modulates airflow, acts as a valve

  • The vocal chords
  • Cartillage, muscles, tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Vocal tract

A

pharynx, oral & nasal cavity

- Filters ot modify sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Glottis

A

Space between folds where air passes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Voiceless

A

Folds apart

  • No vibration
  • Sound produced = voiceless
    e. g. [s], [f], [h]
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Voiced

A

Folds together

  • Air passes = vibration
  • Fold vibration rate = different pitches
    e. g. [z], [v]
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Breathy

A

Folds partially open

  • Vibration
  • In English = different voices, not sounds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Creaky

A

Folds compressed and slack

  • Vibrates slowly + irregularly = lower pitch
  • Used to distinguish end of utterance, not sounds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why vocal organs?

A

-Larynx descended lower in humans than other primates for speech
Advantage: Tongue can produce wider range of sound
Disadvantage: Easier to choke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Vowels described articulatory, Aerodynamically and by sound class (acoustic)

A

Artic. : Open vocal tract
Aero: Laminal (direct air flow)
Class: More acoustic energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Consonants described particularly, Aerodynamically and by sound class (acoustic)

A

Artic. : Closed vocal tract
Aero: No/turbulent air flow
Class: Less acoustic energy, intervals of silence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Stops/plosives

A

Build up then release of pressure

  • Followed by burst of air = aspiration
    e. g. [p] “spin”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Fricative

A

Small opening, turbulent flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Affricate

A

Stop with slow release

  • Transcribed as stop + fricative using tie bar
    e. g. “raTCHet”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sibilant affricates and fricatives

A

Stridents

  • Noisy
  • Airstream goes through narrow channel + hits teeth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Non-sibilant affricates and fricatives

A

Quieter than sibilants, e.g. “th”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Obstruents

A

Stops, fricatives, affricates
- Obstructed airflow
- Turbulent = noise
Opposite = Sonorants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Sonorants

A

Liquids, approximates, glides, nasals, vowels
- Non-turbulent
- More sonorous
Opposite = Obstruents
*Nasals, liquids and glides can be syllabic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Approximates

A

Liquids and glides

  • Liquids: change [r l] without constriction
  • Glides: Short, non-syllabic vowels such as [j w]
    e. g. laterals - direct air flow around sides of tongue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Nasals

A

Oral stops

  • Lowered velum, air escapes through nose
    e. g. [m n]
22
Q

Articulatory description for vowels

A
  • More open vocal tract
  • Voiced, sonorants
  • Articulated w/ tongue body
23
Q

Acoustic description for vowels

A
  • Louder (than consonants)

- Characteristic resonant frequencies (formant frequencies) determined by shape of vocal tract

24
Q

Acoustic description

A

More accurate than articulatory descriptions

- Less intuitive

25
Q

Monopthongs

A

“Simple vowels”

  • Position of articulators = constant
    e. g. [i]
26
Q

Dipthongs

A

Vowel + glide

  • Noticeable change in articulation
    e. g. [aj]
27
Q

Tense vs. lax

A

More vs. less constriction, longer vs. shorter, Greater distribution vs. less distribution

28
Q

Dialects

A

Affect how vowels are pronounced

29
Q

Coarticulation

A

Spoken language is produced in a continuous stream that we hear as individual sounds
Articulatory: Continuous flow of overlapping gestures
Acoustic: No clear breaks between sounds
- Anticipatory (e.g. nasal) vs. carry-over

30
Q

Reduction

A

Articulatory targets not reached at fast/casual speed

31
Q

Suprasegmentals

A

Phonetic + phonological phenomena that are overlaid on segments
- Stress, tone, and intonation

32
Q

Stress

A

Syllables that are more prominent (longer, louder)
primary= small line below
secondary = small line above

33
Q

Tone

A

Uses pitch to signal differences in word meaning

  • Uses H M L to transcribe
    e. g. MLH = Fall rise
34
Q

Intonation

A

Uses pitch to convey post lexical meanings

  • Tones associated to stressed syllables = pitch accents, star e.g. L*
  • Tones associated w/ edges of utterances = boundary tones , percent e.g. %M
35
Q

Length

A

Phonetics uses colon e.g. [mi:s]

36
Q

Phoneme

A

Perceived to have the same function by speakers

/…/

37
Q

Minimal pair

A

Different by 1 sound, changing changes meaning e.g. sum, sun, sung
*Near minimal cannot be right next to other contrast

38
Q

Allophones

A

Variants of phonemes, more detail
- Complementary distribution/free variation
[…]

39
Q

Phonetic vs. phonemic transcription

A

Phonemic = only info that affects meaning e.g. /paj/
Phonetic = specific
- Broad = rough, closer to phonemic e.g. [paj]
- Narrow = more detailed, uses diacritics e.g. /phaj/

40
Q

Variants of consonant phonemes

A

/t/ – [t] , [th] , [r]

41
Q

Complementary distribution

A

Allophonic variation that is predictable from context

e.g. [l/ – [l with circle] after voiceless stops

42
Q

Free variation

A

Not predictable e.e. occurring in same segmental environment (tone)

43
Q

Natural classes

A

Groups of sounds w/ similar properties (all + only)

- e.g. /p t k/ – voiceless stops

44
Q

Underlying representation

A

Made of phonemes

e.g. eat – /it/

45
Q

Surface representation

A

Derived from underlying, made of allophones

e.g. Flapping: /t/ = [r] between 2 vowels and unstressed syllables

46
Q

Rules’ symbols

A 
C = consonant
V = vowel
# = word boundary
symbol thing = syllable boundary
e.g. A -- B/X\_\_Y
A becomes B when it occurs between X and Y

e.g. Liquids become voiceless after voiceless stops syllable-initially

47
Q

Assimilation

A

2 adjacent segments become more similar
e.g. English palatalization before /j/: d– d3
grade vs gradual

48
Q

Coalescence

A

2 segments merge into 1

49
Q

Lenition + fortition

A

Consonantal weakening + strengthening

  • Lenition: /t/ and /d/ – [r] between a stressed and unstressed vowel e.g. Atomics vs. Atom
  • Fortition: /t/ == [th] at beginning of unstressed syllables
50
Q

Syllables

A

Phonological unit that groups consonants + vowels in structures
e.g. Hawaain (C)V pattern – /a.lo.ha/

51
Q

Onset, rhyme, nucleus, coda

A

Onset: Pre-nuclear consonants
Rhyme: Nucleus + coda
Nucleus: Head of syllable
Coda: Post-nuclear consonants

52
Q

Rules for syllables

A
  1. Maximize onset
  2. More sonorous sounds towards middle (opposite for codas)
  3. No more than 2 segments in onset/coda except for extra syllabic consonants e.e. /s/

Ling 201 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions