Midterm Prep

Question 1

What are biological characteristics that help make a
pest successful?

Answer 1

quick reproduction
* high reproductive rate (offspring, seeds)
* ability to develop resistance to pesticides, rapid spread
(flying, spores, seed)
* ability to survive in diverse conditions
* dormant state that allows them to survive periods of stress

Question 2

What is a Pest?

Answer 2

A pest is any species that
interferes with human activities,
property, or health or is
objectionable
* Definition is subjective and
relative

Question 3

What does “damage” refer to [in this IPM context]

Answer 3

Damage is a measureable
loss of host utility, most often
including yield quantity,
quality, or aesthetic appeal

Question 4

What is the difference between direct and indirect damage fruit?

Answer 4

Direct damage affects yield
(flower or fruit)

Indirect damage affects non-
yielding portion of plant
(leaves, vine, roots)

Question 5

Name some different IPM management philosophies

Answer 5

• Conventional
• Ecological or sustainable
• Organic
• Biodynamic

Question 6

What is IPM?

Answer 6

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of pests or their damage through
a combination of techniques

The goal of IPM is pest management; NOT pest
eradication.
IPM is a risk reduction system -balance cost and benefit of potential control practices

Question 7

IPM programs should do the following 6 things:

Answer 7

1. Target the specific pest
2. Comprehensive
3. Be compatible with ecological principals
4. Accept low levels of pests with tolerable levels of
   economic loss
5. Maintain environmental quality
6. Minimize risk to human health

Question 8

Why wouldn’t a successful IPM strategy include only a single control strategy?

Answer 8

-management relies on MULTIPLE control strategies: control, mechanical/physical, biological and chemical

-multiple strategies = more consistent control, reliance on only 1= undesirable effects

Question 9

What factors would enable different pest activity from vineyard A vs. vineyard B?

Answer 9

-Proximity to bush areas or abandoned
vineyards
* Proximity to other crops
* Inherent cultivar susceptibilities
* Historical presence of certain diseases and
insects
* Soil characteristics

Question 10

What are the four components of IPM?

Answer 10

Scout & Monitor
Pest Identification
Timing
Control

IPM is a continuous feed-back system.

Question 11

Scout and Monitor:

Answer 11

-Direct estimates
-IPM is driven by information
* IPM requires routine vineyard scouting & monitoring
* Increase frequency (1X or 2X per week) during
period of high pest pressure
* Crop, pest and environmental information is used to
anticipate pest problems and to plan preventative
management practices
Monitor different cultivars separately
* Different cultivars are susceptible to different
pests

Question 12

What pests are easy to see?

Answer 12

Caterpillars
* Leafhoppers
* Mites
* Japanese beetles
* Field-bind weed
* Birds
* Phylloxera

Question 13

What pests are concealed and/or difficult to see?

Answer 13

Grape cane girdler
* Grape cane gallmaker
* Mealybugs under bark
* Fungi before fruiting

Question 14

What pests are NOT visible?

Answer 14

-Virus
-Phytoplasma
[Instead, we observe symptoms associated with the pest or conduct a lab test]

Question 15

What are traps (IMP context)?

Answer 15

-insects [must be ,mobile and unable to escape] can be quickly estimated using traps
-traps attract using pheromones, colour, and shape
-traps are easy to check, quick

Question 16

What is the difference between indirect vs. direct estimates?

Answer 16

Indirect estimates counts= don’t relate to a definite measure (percent of damage)
Direct estimates counts= references density in terms of pre-defined unit (per vine, per leaf)

Question 17

During scouting, a standard comparison helps to avoid _____?

Answer 17

avoid overestimating damage

Question 18

What are you monitoring during the IPM phase? What does younger vs. older refer to?

Answer 18

-vine growth stages, weather [temp, humidity, rainfall, wind, cloud cover], climate, spray records

-referring to the plant responding to injury;
YOUNGER = more susceptible [very during flower development and fruit setting]
OLDER = better able to tolerate injury

Question 19

Grape Berry Moth (GBM)

Answer 19

Genus - Paralobesia
Species - Viteana

Question 20

Pest Identification:

Answer 20

-Collect or take pictures of specimen
-Record physical appearance
-describe location (where it was found)
-describe damage and life stage
-context [neighbouring vines also suffering, identify a pattern, damage recent?]

Question 21

When there is physical injury, what could have caused it?

Answer 21

-equipment [mechanical leaf removal]
-hand thinning
-bird damage
-insect damage
-hail

Question 22

Timing: IPM Stage 3 (*)

Question 23

Name some physical/mechanical control?

Answer 23

-netting
-noisemakers
-cultivation of weeds

Question 24

What machine can remove contamination from grapes during harvest?

Answer 24

Opti-grape

Question 25

What machine removes contamination from grapes right after harvest?

Answer 25

Optical sorter and shaker

Question 26

What is cultural control?

Answer 26

Cultural control is the purposeful manipulation of the
environment to make it less favourable to the pest.

• Generally practiced for land management & pest control is
  a secondary benefit
  *prevent or delay the development of pest
  outbreaks
• Requires a thorough understanding of pest ecology
  -Agronomic practices that optimize growing
  conditions for the crop will result in increased
  tolerance to pest injury

Question 27

What are the advantages vs. disadvantages of Biological Control?

Answer 27

Advantages
* Can achieve permanent
control over large areas
* No resistance
development
* Potentially host-specific
and not harmful to non-
target organisms
* No toxicity or residue
problems

Disadvantages
* Not appropriate for all
pest species
* Level of control may be
insufficient
* Control takes time
* Research costs are
high and may not
produce results

Question 28

Name 3 chemical controls?

Answer 28

Pheromones, Growth inhibitors, pesticides

Question 29

Chemical Control advanatges?

Answer 29

• Applicable to most pests
• Curative in effect
• Grower may apply when
  and where required
• Generally achieve high
  levels of pest control
• Non-blemished produce

Question 30

Chemical Control disadvantages?

Answer 30

Disadvantages
* May harm natural enemies
and other non-target
organisms
* Development of resistance
* Potentially harmful to
humans
* Costs are high