Midterm Practical Flashcards
heart sits
T5-T9
cardiac auscultations
aortic, pulmonic, tricuspid, and mitral
aortic area
2nd intercostal space, right sternal border, is
pulmonic area
2nd intercostal space, left sternal border, is the
tricuspid area
4th or 5th intercostal space, left or right sternal border,
mitral valve
apex of heart, 5th intercostal space, left midclavicular line
right upper lobe
anterior: ribs 1-4
posterior: ribs 1-5
left upper lobe
anterior: ribs 1-6
posterior: ribs 1-4
right middle lobe
R anterior lat. to medial: ribs 4-6
right lower lobe
ribs 6-12 with deep inspiration
left lower lobe
posterior: ribs 5-10
S1 (lub)
1st heart sound, represents closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves, signals beginning of systole
S2 (dub)
2nd heart sound, closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves, radial pulse, signals beginning of diastole
S3
ventricular failure, low frequency reverberating sound, hallmark of CHF, could also be present in endurance athletes, PG women, infections, fever, anemia, and childern
S4
associated with MI/HTN, late ventricular filling, left ventricular hypertrophy
murmurs
vibrations resulting from turbulent blood flow
pericardial rub
inflammation causing the inner and outer pericardial wall layer to rub together
bronchovesicular breath sounds
sounds of intermediate intensity and pitch
equal lengths
best heard in the 1st and 2nd ICS and between the scapulea
vesicular breath sounds
major normal breath sound
soft and low pitched
inspiratory longer
absent breath sounds
pleural effusion pneomothorax severe hyperinflation obesity pain
bronchial breath sounds
consolidation
atelectasis with adjacent patent airway
pneumonia
decreased breath sounds
hyperinflation in COPD or acute lung disease
pain
crackles
secretions if biphasic
deflation if monophasic
wheezes
diffuse airway obstruction if polyphasic
localized stenosis if monophasic
prehypertention
120-139 or 80-89
stage 1 HTN
140-159 or 90-99
stage 2 HTN
160 or higher or 100 or higher
hypertensive crisis
higher than 180 or higher than 110
P wave
atrial contraction, atrial depolarization
QRS interval
ventricular contraction, ventricular depolarization, conduction from the AV node through the Bundle of His, branches, and purkinjie system
normal duration: 0.04-0.11 sec
T wave
ventricular repolarization
each small square
0.04 seconds
each large square
0.20 seconds
PR interval
conduction through the atria to the AV node and Bundle of His
normal duration is 0.12-0.20 sec
ST segment
time when ventricles have completed depolarization and repolarization begins
elevation and depression are observed in MI
Q-T interval
time interval for ventricular depolarization and repolarization
norm time 0.32-0.40 sec
prolonged associated with drug toxicity and increased risk of dysrhythmias
ectopic beat
irregular beat arising in the heart due to a distrubance of the cardiac rhythm frequently related to the electrical conductance system of the heart
sinus bradycardia
slowed rate
causes: beta-blockers, athlete, decreased automaticity of the SA node
decreased CO
sinus tachycardia
fast HR
causes: inc. SA node, fear, pain, exertion, inc O2 demand
sinus arrhythmia
irregular rhythm
causes: infection, fever, meds
artial fibrillation
irregularly irregular no true p-wave causes: age, CHF, MI, drug use, stress treatment: anticoagulant therapy, med, cardioversion dec CO
premature ventricular complex PVC
irregular regular
QRS: wide and bizarre
causes: caffine, nicotine, ischemia, CHF
1st-degree heart block
regular rhythm, slow PRI interval
cause: CAD/MI
3rd-degree heart block
p-p and r-r rhythms are regular
artial equal to or greater than ventricular
causes: MI or digoxin toxicity
treatment: pace
