MIDTERM OTHER IDs Flashcards
Industrialization
transformation of work from hand tools to machines spurred by the Enlightenment. Industrialization led to mass production, with new technologies being developed and factories taking in larger and larger labor forces thus increasing the urban population. With the sudden increase in population, conditions began to worsen, sanitation wasn’t well organized, and wages fell dangerously low. With the need for more workers, even children were taken in, and exploited for their work, even in the most dangerous conditions.
Urbanization
Urbanization was caused by industrialization, and labor forces were more centered around cities with factories and more advanced technologies as opposed to the countryside. The proximity of these populations to the factories and other workplaces led to a change in tastes, a more direct way of getting needed materials, and crowding resulted in appalling conditions, overcrowding, disease, and crime.
Nationalism
The belief that each nation has both the right and the duty to constitute itself as a state. With the uprising against the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century, new groups were able to declare their statehood and establish their own country this was often done by one group linking together with other groups with similar identities(such as is the case with Germany), and would be a continuous phenomenon throughout the 19th and 20th century, particularly during WWI and WWII, but also with the rise of colonialism and imperialism. The process of nation formation went from cultural assimilation, to economic integration, to international competition and territorial absorption, and consolidation.
Colonialism
Started with the discovering of the Americas and the exploitation of resources and people for colonial projects. Led to a new nation being founded where political ideals could be formed apart from their state of origin.
Imperialism
movement to colonize regions of other countries, the assertion of dominance, caused by the desire to expand one country’s culture and economy in other locations around the world. The scramble for Africa demonstrates the willingness of countries to send people abroad to establish industries, with the goal of civilizing the savage inhabitants, as Rudyard Kipling emphasizes in his White Man’s Burden. This led to conflicts between states that were imperializing regions close together, as well as conflicts between the European powers and the African locals. Anna Comfort responds to this theory of imperialism for a noble cause as unjustified and points out that these European countries should fix their domestic problems before trying to “better the lives of the savages”.
Social Darwinism
used as a justification for imperialism, Darwin’s theory of the survival of the fittest were applied in a discriminatory way, where the Europeans, who thought highly of themselves, thought themselves fit to fix the problems of those uncivilized peoples, particularly in Africa, but also in Asian countries. Social Darwinism was also the backbone of the stratification of European society, with some people being deemed fit to hold government positions and hold the majority of the wealth while others were lesser and left to be peasants.
Treaty of Versailles
Peace arrangement of the Allied Powers(United States, Britain, France, and Italy) with Germany, in which Germany had no say. Outlined territorial, military and economic provisions which Germany was to follow and separated Austria-Hungary into two separate countries. Germany’s army was cut down, their overseas colonies were divided and they had to pay reparations, as well as losing valuable farmland. Germany was held responsible for all casualties.
Vladimir Ilich Lenin
Founder of the Soviet Communist party and leader of the Bolshevik Revolution. He believed power lay with the proletariat, the workers, and that they would overcome the bourgeoisie through a socialist revolution. Part of his plan included seizing Russia. Fought in the October Revolution, was victorious, and put the Bolsheviks in power, allowing them to kill civilians by the masses. The Whites(anti-soviets) fought against Lenin’s Red Regime and attempted to overthrow him.
February Revolution
riots and strikes over the scarcity of food. Government corruption was evident. The consistent Czar Nicholas dissolving the dumas each time they opposed his opposition. February revolution 1st stage of Russian revolution) no match for Germany’s military. Russia claimed as the most casualties. Riots took place on the streets violent protests led to the overthrow of the Czar. Loss of faith of the czar regime and rise to the Marxism socialism of Bolsheviks.
War communism
the end of capitalism, Took control of land and food production. Production was to be run by the state. Control of peasant activity. War communism was a failure; peasants grew for themselves, industrial cities starved, working class dropped. System replaced by New economic policy. War communism failed because the people had no incentive to work for money because money was abolished.
National Self Determination
Creation of national governmental institutions by a group of people who view themselves as a distinct nation. Opposed to colonialism and imperialism. Occurred as greater country powers were taking out their holds in other countries, allowing smaller groups to get together and declare independence as a country.
Ataturk
Ataturk was the Turkish revolutionary leader who led a nationalist movement to decolonize from the Ottoman Empire after WWI. He created a secular, liberal modern government with expanded rights for citizens. Both Turkey and Mexico were nominally independent but dominated by foreign investments/industrial control/politics and military control (in Turkey); nationalist revolutions led to constitutional governments, economic protectionism, and the creation of national identities.
Turkish Republic
national (Turk) replaced religious (Muslim) as means of organization. Secular/western culture/(resulted from decolonization efforts between WWI and WWII)
Porifirio Diaz
The president, monarchical figure who ruled unrighteously, (Mexican American War?) president of Mexico, preference for a strong central government/ Due to national debt he encouraged foreign investment. Disposed of his opposition and took land from peasants. Modernized country and produced growth of economy.
Francisco Madero
Diaz’s opponent in the election that would have won, but was arrested and imprisoned by Diaz. Wrote about his experience of being expelled from his rightful position and incited the people to further action so as to fight for their representation in government and eventually that they would gain rights. social justice and democracy. Imprisonment for his opposition to Diaz. organized the Anti-re electionist Party when Diaz got elected/ Mexican revolution, announced election 1910 void, proceeded to attack Diaz until he surrendered. Restoration of the gap between the rich and poor. Destroying the old government and reign of dictatorship Diaz bringing a new change of economic and social ideology.
Pancho Villa
Mexican revolutionary general. Bandit history. Joined Madero in fighting Diaz. Madero became president and Villa became a colonel. General Huerta accuses Villa of stealing a horse then turned on Madero assassinating him. Villa controlled northern of Mexico sought to overthrow him.
PRI
was founded on the bases of in a period of conflict with the Roman Catholic church, rebellion in the military, and disputes with the United States.Party of the Institutionalized Revolutions; dominated political party in Mexico; developed during the 1920s and 1930s incorporated labor, peasant, military, and middle-class sectors; controlled other political organizations in Mexico
Modernity
transition from traditional to modern society, in Madero’s eyes, he saw this as the replacement of traditional mexican culture with the encroachments of America, such as when he describes the implementation of American wallpaper even
Superego
According to the psychoanalysis of Sigmund Freud, the superego is the moralizing and criticizing part of the human psyche. His book, civilization and its discontents depicts three parts the id ego and superego. The id desires to fulfill all human instincts and desires. Unconsciously. The superego is the rational and reason that is formed by society that suppresses the id. SUper ego is necessary for us to function in society and as a community.
