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Soil 3600 > Midterm One > Flashcards

Midterm One Flashcards

1
Q

What is Pedology?

A

The study of natural bodies according to their origins, properties and classification.

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2
Q

Define Soil

A

A collection of natural bodies occupying portions of earth’s crust, capable of supporting plant life.

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3
Q

What are the 5 factors creating soil properties?

hint: clorpt

A

Climate, Vegetation + Organisms, acting on Parent Material, as conditioned by Relief, over periods of Time
S= f (cl, o, r, p, t)

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4
Q

What is the upper boundary of soil?

A

air

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5
Q

What is the lateral boundary of soil?

A

H2O bodies + rock outcrops

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6
Q

What is the lower boundary of soil?

A

rock/hard material

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7
Q

Define Pedon

A

The smallest 3D structure at the surface that is considered as soils.

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8
Q

Define Soil Horizon

A

A layer of soil approx. parallel to the surface and differs from other horizons in the soil profile

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9
Q

Define Landscape

A

a collection of 1 or more landforms

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10
Q

Define the O Horizon

A

Organic layers at the surface of the organic soils - not in all soil, only organic

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11
Q

Describe the A Horizon

A

layers nearest the surface, dominated by mineral particles, darkened by OM, has the most intense biological activity

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12
Q

Describe the Ae Horizon

A

intensely weathered + leached, has NOT accumulated OM.

e=eluviated

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13
Q

Describe the B horizon

A

less OM, has prominent silicate clays and oxides (secondary minerals), washed away from above or formed in situ by weathering

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14
Q

Describe the C horizon

A

mineral horizons below solum, least weathered

aka parent material - developed first

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15
Q

What are 5 ecological roles of the functions of soil?

A
  1. medium for plant growth
  2. recycling system of nutrients + wastes
  3. habitat ofr soil organisms
  4. engineering medium
  5. system for H20 supply + purification
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16
Q

What is the origin of soil?

A

non-soil material called rocks + vegetative material in bogs

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17
Q

What is the creation path of soil? (sequence)

A

rocks –> regolith –> parents material –> mature soil

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18
Q

Why does weathering occur more intensely on the surface?

A

rocks at depths are at equilibrium with their environment therefore there are no further changes. rocks are not at equilibrium with their environment on the surface

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19
Q

What is Pedogenesis?

A

all physical, chemical and biological alternations that give rise to different soils

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20
Q

What is Diagenesis?

A

all physical + chemical alterations that occur to rocks. Occur on primary rocks to get secondary rocks.

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21
Q

What are the 4 types of process surface rocks undergo during genesis?

A
  1. Addition to materials
  2. Subtraction of materials (breakdown)
  3. Movement within soil (translocation)
  4. Transformation from one mineral to another (chemical), change in size/formation
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22
Q

Define weathering

A

the action of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere on the surface of the lithosphere.

23
Q

Define Landforms

A

Configurations of the land surfaces taking distinctive forms, produce by natural and/or un-natural processes.
Two types: Initial and Sequential

24
Q

Define Initial Landforms - Primary

A

produced by internal (endogenic) earth forces

-such as tectonic activity, volcanoes, flat scarp

25
Q

Define Sequential Landforms - Secondary

A

produced by external (exogenic) earth forces which cause denudation (lowering of the landscape), create depositional products
-sandbars, moraines, talus cones

26
Q

What are some facts that determine the rate of weathering?

A
  1. Climate
    - governs intensity of phys, chem, + bio.
  2. Physical + Chemical Properties of the Rock
    - harness particle size, solubility +crustalline
27
Q

3 Classifications of Rocks based on mode of formation

A
  1. Igneous (plutonic) rocks - magma
  2. Sedimentary rock - deposited
  3. Metamorphic rocks - through metamorphosis
28
Q

Define Rocks

A

Inorganic soil substances composed of one or more minerals

29
Q

Define Igneous

A

formed from solidification

  • contains many primary minerals
  • either extrusive or intrusive depending on whether it was formed on the outside or inside of the earth
30
Q

Define Sedimentary

A

from deposition + recrystallization of weathering products from other primary and secondary rocks

31
Q

Describe Physical Weathering

A

non-chemical reactions on rock that lead to a change in size

32
Q

Describe Chemical Weathering

A

When chemical species cause a change in size and chemical composition

33
Q

Monomineralic Rock

A

has only one type of mineral

34
Q

What are 4 agents that transport PM?

A

1) Gravity
2) Water
3) Ice
4) Wind

35
Q

What classification do we use to report soil colour?

A

Munsell colour notation

36
Q

Define Hue

A

Dominant spectral solour

B, G, R, Y + intermediates

37
Q

Define Value

A

Relative lightness/darkness of spectral colour

ranged 0-10

38
Q

Define Chroma

A

Relative purity of spectral colour

39
Q

Aggregates/peds

A

compound particles, very small

  • separated by applying pressure to lines of weakness
  • secondary compound particles in coherent shape
40
Q

Soil Structure

A

The arrangement of primary particles into larger secondary particles separated by lines of weakness

41
Q

Structure less

Massive

A

no coherent shapes

  • very sandy soils
  • very clayey soils (clods/hard clumps when dry)
42
Q

Define the Grade of a structure

A

strong, moderate, weak

43
Q

Define the Class of a structure

A

coarse, medium, fine

44
Q

Define the Kind or Type of a structure

A

shape + degree of roundness of peds

45
Q

Flocculating

A

process by which individual particles of clay aggregate into clotlike masses or precipitate into small lumps
-Ca2+ ions

46
Q

Cementing

A

the stable domains of clay are formed by flocculation and OM then they act as cementing agents

47
Q

Granular

A

rounded with a few sharp edges

48
Q

Crumb

A

some granular but porour

49
Q

Blocky

A

mainly sharp edges

50
Q

Subangular Blocky

A

some edges have been rounded

51
Q

Platy

A

wider than it is tall

52
Q

Prismatic

A

Taller than it is wide

53
Q

Columnar

A

taller than it is wide but tops are rounded

Soil 3600 (1 decks)

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