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PSYC 1001 > Midterm One > Flashcards

Midterm One Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Structuralism

A

The examination of the structure of the mind (ideas, sensations, etc.) Based on the idea that psychology ought to be analyzing consciousness into its elements and examine how they’re related. Emerged under Edward Titchener in 1892.

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2
Q

Edward Titchener

A

Former student of Wilhelm Wundt and father of structuralism (1892).

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3
Q

What were most structuralists concerned with?

A

Sensory experiences, and this was dependent on introspection.

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4
Q

Definition of Functionalism

A

School of thought based on the idea that psychology should investigate the structure and purpose of consciousness. Viewed consciousness as a stream. Interested in how people adapt their behaviour to their environment.

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5
Q

Functionalism fostered what movement?

A

Behaviorism

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6
Q

William James

A

Mainly influenced functionalism.

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7
Q

Behaviourism

A

Theoretical orientation based on the premise that psychology should only describe observable behaviour. Mental processes are not verifiable and not a proper subject.

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8
Q

John B. Watson

A

Founder of behaviourism

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9
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

Influential psychologist and behaviourist, asserted that free will is an illusion. Experimented on animals and asserted that behaviour was entirely environmentally-based.

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10
Q

Humanism

A

Theoretical orientation founded in opposition to behaviourism, states that people are not pawns of their animal heritage (therefore animal research is kinda moot). Humans have a basic need to fulfill their potential (self-actualization)

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11
Q

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

A

Fathers of humanism

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12
Q

Three levels of analysis within psychology

A
  1. Human nature (we are all the same)
  2. Group differences (we are like some others)
  3. Individual uniqueness (we are like no others)
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13
Q

Research psychology

A

Studying people (or animals) to try and determine human characteristics (influences on behaviour)

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14
Q

Applied psychology

A

Therapists and other psychologists utilizing the knowledge gained in research to have a real-world difference

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15
Q

Animism

A

The belief that animals, people, and inanimate objects are inhabited by spirits.

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16
Q

Dualism

A

The belief that the mind and body are two separate categories. The body functions like a machine but the mind is not made up of ordinary matter.

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17
Q

Empiricism

A

Pursuit of truth through observation and experience.

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18
Q

Rationalism

A

Pursuit of truth through reason.

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19
Q

Materialism

A

Reality can only be understood by examining the physical world.

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20
Q

What is psychology?

A

The science of behaviour and the physiological and cognitive processes which underlie it.

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21
Q

Research Psychology

A

Psychologists who are studying people (or animals) in order to determine basic human characteristics (influences on behaviour).

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22
Q

Applied Psychology

A

Therapists and other psychologists who are using the knowledge acquired through research to make a difference in the real world.

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23
Q

Idiographic research

A

Focuses on one individual (case study)

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24
Q

Nomothetic research

A

Involves statistical comparisons of data from across different groups of participants. Uses this data to test a theory.

25
Q

The scientific method in psychology (five steps)

A

i. Identifying the problem (hypothesis)
ii. Designing a study
iii. Performing a study
iv. Examining the data
v. Communicating the results

26
Q

Independent variable

A

The variable being manipulated by the researcher

27
Q

Dependent variable

A

Variable that is measured.

28
Q

Random assignment

A

Each participant has an equally likely chance of being assigned to either group in the study.

29
Q

Control group

A

The group that is experiences no change in the independent variable.

30
Q

Experimental group

A

The group that is affected by a change in the independent variable.

31
Q

Reliability

A

Tool/test must be able to consistently measure the variable it is supposed to be measuring. If a test is not reliable, it cannot be valid.

32
Q

Validity

A

If the tool/test actually measures what it’s supposed to measure, then it is valid.

33
Q

Confounding of variables

A

Third-party effect on variables.

34
Q

Counterbalancing

A

Rather than giving questionnaires to participants in the same order, we randomize the order in which questionnaires are created, a way to control for the confounding variable of order.

35
Q

Experimental studies

A

Can infer causation between two variables of interest, may be due to unknown third variable.

36
Q

Correlational studies

A

Cannot infer causation. Can only state that there may be a relation between the variables of interest. May be due to unknown third variable.

37
Q

Population

A

Group that the sample is selected from.

38
Q

Sample

A

Fraction of the population being studied.

39
Q

Standard Deviation

A

Number that describes the average amount that scores differ from the group’s mean

40
Q

Double-blind study

A

Neither participant nor admin knows participant’s group

41
Q

Statistical significance

A

Determined by the outcome of statistical analyses performed on the data from a study, is the claim that an observed relation or difference between two variables is
probably not due to chance

42
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

Number used to describe the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables. Uses r to describe.

43
Q

What does a correlation coefficient of r = 0 signify?

A

No relation between variables

44
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Used to summarize and describe the data collected in the study.

45
Q

Generalization

A

Can the results be generalized to the entire population?

46
Q

Inferential statistics

A

Based on the numbers collected in the sample.Based on the numbers collected in the sample. Looking to determine if the pattern we find in the sample’s data can
be generalized to the population. Asking: Can we infer that the trend we see in the sample’s data is also
true for the population?

47
Q

Attribution theory

A

Theory of motivation (a way of looking at why people engage in motivated behaviour - by examining how a person explains events or the behaviour of self and others). This helps understanding of their current/future behaviour and that behaviour’s consequences.

48
Q

Casual ascriptions

A

Tendency to explain events in a certain way

49
Q

Bernard Wiener’s 3 Dimensions for classifying casual ascriptions

A

i. locus of causality (internal vs external)
ii. stability over time (stable vs unstable)
iii. controllability (controllable vs uncontrollable)

50
Q

2 More Dimensions

A

iv. globality across situations (global vs specific)
v. intentionality (intentional vs unintentional)

51
Q

Julian Rotter

A

Proposed that our casual ascriptions can be classified according to their locus of control (locus of causality).

52
Q

Motivation is shaped by

A

Expectancy and value

52
Q

Attributional retraining

A

Therapeutic technique where students are taught to provide certain casual ascriptions for academic success and failure (and to avoid other casual ascriptions)

53
Q

Response set

A

Tendency to respond to questions in a particular way that is unrelated to the correlation content of the questions

54
Q

Replication

A

Repetition of a study to see whether the earlier results are duplicated

55
Q

Social desirability bias

A

Tendency to give socially approved questions to questions about oneself

56
Q

When do placebo effects occur?

A

When participants’ expectations lead them to experience some change even though they receive empty, fake, or ineffectual treatment.

57
Q

When does sampling bias occur?

A

When a sample is not representative of the population from which it was drawn.

PSYC 1001 (3 decks)

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