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Neuroscience of Behavior > Midterm on EVERYTHING > Flashcards

Midterm on EVERYTHING Flashcards

1
Q

T/F? There is a direct perception/action.

A

False. There is no direct perception/action since there is internal transformations inherent in processing something before it becomes action.

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2
Q

T/F? Info processing depends on internal representations

A

True. Inner representations cause and explain behavior. Part of the 2 concepts of cognitive psychology.

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3
Q

T/F? Mental representations undergo transformations.

A

True.

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4
Q

What are the 4 transformational operations?

A
  1. Encode - identify target
  2. Compare - compare mental rep. with stored memory (see if resembles past experiences)
  3. Decide - whether target matches memorized items
  4. Respond
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5
Q

T/F: Word recognition is automatic.

A

True. “Word superiority effect”

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6
Q

What is phenomenon that people have better recognition of letters presented within word as compared to isolated letters?

A

Word Superiority Effect. (encode, decide, respond - does not need to compare with mental memory). Word recognition is automatic.

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7
Q

This is when two related mental processes are shown to function independently of each other.

A

Double dissociation (ex. speech and language comprehension, brain structures that control them independently)

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8
Q

Why can’t we do a double amygdalohippocampectomy?

A

Lose sense of emotion, can’t process new memories =(

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9
Q

What produces “virtual lesions” disrupting activity in region of brain, can treat depression.

A

TMS (Transcranial magnetic stimulation)

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10
Q

This can study structure of axon tracts, measure white matter pathways. Also, newest way to analyze brain.

A

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DT)

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11
Q

T/F: MRI has higher resolution than CT.

A

True.

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12
Q

This measures electrical activity of brain, shows internal/external changes.

A

Electroencephalography (EEG)

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13
Q

This detect changes in blood flow while engaged in task, reveal metabolic changes associated with neural activity.

A

Functional MRI

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14
Q

Does PTSD cause hippocampal shrinkage, or is it pre-existing condition?

A

PTSD did not appear to cause hippocampal shrinkage… if you don’t have a robust hippocampal activity… you may experience PTSD easier

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15
Q

Reminders of traumatic experiences activate brain regions that support intense emotion, decrease activation of CNS region involved in sensory input with motor input and modulating arousal, and capacity to communicate experience in words.

A

PTSD

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16
Q

What is key psychological issue for all organisms?

A

Control. Opposite is learned helplessness. ex) nursing home study, pick plant and movie night, lived longer.

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17
Q

Key emotional hot spot

A

Amygdala

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18
Q

Area for speech and key for PTSD

A

Broca’s

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19
Q

Key to emotional control and attention; DOWN REGULATED in ppl with PTSD, apathy, Alzheimer’s, and schizophrenia

A

mPFC/ACC (Anterior Cingulate Cortex)

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20
Q

T/F: Theory of Mind is only in the right brain.

A

False. Bilateral. Related to narrative.

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21
Q

What is related to narrative?

A

TOM and Interpreter

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22
Q

T/F: Interpreter is only in L brain

A

False. Bilateral.

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23
Q

What is key to rewards, motor planning, action and execution, dopamine prevalent?

A

Striatum

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24
Q

T/F: Basal Ganglia is dysregulated with PTSD.

A

False. Dys-Regulated Striatum found in PTSD.

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25
Q

This area deals with movement, Parkinson’s

A

Basal Ganglia / Substantia Nigra

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26
Q

What is associated with attention and executive control?

A

PFC and FC

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27
Q

Re-experiencing trauma BLANK the left brain (language), and BLANK the right brain (emotions.)

A

Re-experiencing trauma SHUTS DOWN the left brain (language), and ACTIVATES right brain (emotions). Remember that heightened emotions = decrease capacity to communicate.

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28
Q

T/F: Emotion is critical to survival.

A

True.

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29
Q

T/F: Intense emotions causes increased activation in subcortical brain regions and increase in blood flow in frontal lobe.

A

False. Intense emotions cause increased activation in subcortical brain regions and REDUCTIONS in blood flow in frontal lobe, challenge control

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30
Q

People with PTSD have challenge with being mindful. Why?

A

Dysfunction of frontal cortical circuitry.

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31
Q

What is having no words for emotions, inability to express emotions with words, fail to understand other’s feelings, can’t recognize emotion?

A

Alexithymia.

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32
Q

What are the 3 fundamental physiologic states?

A

Level 1: Social Engagement
Level 2: Fight or Flight
Level 3: When No escape

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33
Q

In Level 1: social engagement where you have control to cope with situation, what is activated?

A

VVC (Ventral Vago Complex): process visual info.

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34
Q

What is activated in Level 2, fight or flight mode?

A

Sympathetic nervous system. It mobilizes muscles, heart, lungs.

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35
Q

What happens in Level 3? Why do we freeze/collapse?

A

SNS arousal gets so extreme, it’s too much for body to handle and shuts down. Dorsal Vagus (which usually mediates between arousal and relaxation) shuts down entire system.

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36
Q

What part of brain mediates decision making, self reflects, theory of mind, modulate/monitor emotions?

A

mPFC

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37
Q

What coordinates emotions, assigns emotion to internal/external stimuli?

A

ACC (anterior cingulate cortex)

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38
Q

What is part of median strip/midline of brain and has little activation in those with PTSD?

A

Posterior and anterior cingulate cortex, mPFC, insula, parietal lobes.

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39
Q

T/F: In PTSD, median strip in brain shut down, takes away horror of past and takes away capacity to feel in present, taking away one’s sense of purpose.

A

True. That was an easy one!

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40
Q

What is disconnect from self and own feelings?

A

Depersonalization.

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41
Q

T/F: Depersonalization occurs in temporal lobe.

A

True.

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42
Q

What happens when you inhibit amygdala?

A

Detachment, hypo emotional

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43
Q

Depersonalization is mediated by increased activity in which part of the brain?

A

Right Lateral Frontal Lobe. Accompanied by inhibitory effect on sympathetically controlled autonomic activity.

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44
Q

T/F: ACC is active in PTSD

A

False. Reduction of activity in ACC (anterior cingulate cortex)

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45
Q

What is damaged when you can’t recognize facial expression/nonverbal communication related to fear?

A

Amygdala. Normally activated during recall of emotionally charged memories. *ACC (anterior cingulate cortex) is interconnected to Amygdala.

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46
Q

T/F: ACC activated during focused attention by trying to inhibit distracting stimuli.

A

True. Also inhibits response during vigilant attention.

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47
Q

T/F: Basal Ganglia play role in affective response to harmful stimuli. Those with lesions show indifference.

A

False. This is the ACC (anterior cingulate cortex).

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48
Q

These two parts of brain co-activate during emotional states, key to generation of autonomic responses.

A

Amygdala and ACC (anterior cingulate cortex).

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49
Q

ACC is BLANK during vigilant attention and BLANK during focused attention.

A

ACC (anterior cingulate cortex) HYPOACTIVE during vigilant attention but ACTIVATED during focused attention and when trying to inhibit distracting stimuli.

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50
Q

Why do patients with depersonalization experience relief from self mutilation?

A

They struggle with focused attention (ACC/mPFC not activated) so having self inflicted pain gives them something to focus on/feel.

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51
Q

What are most effective treatments for people with depersonalization?

A

Yoga and Mindfulness.

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52
Q

T/F: We respond actively to threats by directing flow of information from amygdala to striatum for active coping.

A

True. Striatum = motor planning, motor circuit.

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53
Q

What are some ways people with PTSD can take action, increase activation of striatum?

A

Improv, model mugging, any interventions involving physical action.

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54
Q

Low heart rate variability can lead to…

A

anxiety and depression, coronary vascular disease, increased mortality.

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55
Q

T/F: High HRV (heart rate variability) equates to positive emotions and resistance to stress.

A

True that. Double true.

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56
Q

Hyperarousal, low HRV, increased SNS, decreased PNS, less vagal control over heart rate. What disorder has these fundamental dysregulation of arousal modulation?

A

PTSD.

You knew this!

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57
Q

What therapies/methods help with PTSD?

A

Yoga (decrease hyperarousal), meditation. Any activity with breath and physical movement, increase mindfulness.

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58
Q

T/F: Arousal dysfunction in PTSD due to increase activation of mPFC.

A

False. Decrease activation of mPFC contributes to PTSD. (*includes ACC part of system that integrates emotion and cognition, orchestrates autonomic, neuroendocrine, behavioral expression of emotion)

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59
Q

Agency begins with BLANK, which is knowing what and why we feel.

A

Agency begins with INTEROCEPTION, knowing what and why we feel; mediated by the MPFC which is strengthened by mindfulness and meditation.

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60
Q

What can cause part of brain to shut down aside from lesion?

A

Behaviors, genes, experiences, neuroplasticity

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61
Q

Would you expect individuals with L brain damage to perform better in visual perceptual problem solving?

A

No. Both L and R brain damage struggle. Can’t damage one part of brain without the other at least initially.

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62
Q

T/F: Right Hemisphere outperforms Left in facial recognition.

A

True.

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63
Q

T/F: Right Hemisphere can’t predict random event.

A

True

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64
Q

T/F: Right hemisphere produces BOTH voluntary and involuntary expression

A

False. Left brain is only side that produces voluntary expression. Right produces only involuntary.

(Both L and R produce involuntary expression.)

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65
Q

T/F: Theory of Mind is involved in both, but more on right hemisphere.

A

Hard to say. Appears lateralized to R brain, but actually appears to be a network including mPFC, posterior superior temporal sulcus (STS), precuneus, and the amygdala-temporopolar cortex.

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66
Q

What hemisphere can predict random event better?

A

Left.

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67
Q

Which side of brain where 96% of humans have specialization for language?

A

Left.

Too easy!

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68
Q

This side of brain produces both voluntary and involuntary expression.

A

Left.

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69
Q

T/F: Interpreter is given cue on right hemisphere, and on left, interpreter asks why.

A

True. Left = language, so asking why is left hemisphere.

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70
Q

Which side has more involvement with theory of mind?

A

Right. Appears more lateralized to R, but is actually a network.

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71
Q

What side has better visual inferences?

A

Right.

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72
Q

T/F: Consciousness is a unified experience.

A

True.

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73
Q

What is it called to have feeling for another person?

A

A crush! Yes, and also Theory of Mind (the ability to understand that we have different perspectives than others and being able to attach those different beliefs to yourself and others

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74
Q

Why is reading fiction important?

A

Helps create theory of mind - integral to understanding stories and each other.

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75
Q

This crafts narrative, ability to make causal interpretations about the world and create a continuous sensible narrative

A

Interpreter

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76
Q

What was the example about dementia adults saying they’re okay and they know where they live, when in fact they don’t?

A

Interpreter. They craft answers to make sense in their mind, make sense of what is going on because confusion is scary.

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77
Q

T/F: Emotion and its regulation (Amygdala and mPFC) are key areas in narrative.

A

True. Stories created by BOTH sides of brain working together.

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78
Q

Which side of brain is active in narrative?

A

BOTH! Language, theory of mind, emotions, cognitive element all work together.

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79
Q

Why do we need to make sense of things? Why is narrative so important?

A

It’s fundamental in our need to CONTROL. Fosters self efficacy.

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80
Q

T/F: Choice is related to amygdala.

A

False. Choice is related to STRIATUM. Increase activation in those who are happy because they make best choices.

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81
Q

T/F: Depressed people overestimate level of control.

A

False. Healthy people overestimate, less accurate in how much control they have. Depressed people are more accurate in their level of control.

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82
Q

Animals in captivity get right food but don’t live as long as wild animals. Why?

A

They don’t have control or choice. If you can’t choose, it inhibits arousal, suppress immune system, accuse stress hormone release. Just a lot of bad things.

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83
Q

What two parts of brain involved in reward processing? Choice?

A

Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) and striatum. Choice is inherently rewarding.

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84
Q

Depressed people fail to recruit portions of mPFC. Why?

A

mPFC involved in mediating stress response with perception of control. mPFC down regulates limbic system (amygdala) so stuck in negative process. Reduced activity in mPFC leads to apathy.

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85
Q

What are 3 main themes of story telling?

A

Choice, Destiny’s child, Chance

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86
Q

Why is fiction more persuasive than nonfiction? What are benefits?

A

Increased empathy, poetic justice of society, increase group identity and cultural values. Pass tradition through communication via stories.

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87
Q

What is it called when once you see someone in a good light, you seem them more positively for everything else?

A

I can see your halo halo “HALO Effect.”

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88
Q

BLANK is the tendency to judge a decision by its eventual outcome instead of judging it based on the quality of the decision at the time it was made.

A

Outcome bias. Can lead to risk aversion.

People make poor decisions but turn out well. So we get lucky.

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89
Q

BLANK is knew-it-all-along effect, a tendency to view events as more predictable than they really.

Or, when things go badly, and choices don’t work out, you start to think “oh sh!t, I shouldn’t have done that.”

A

Hindsight bias.

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90
Q

T/F: Without clear sensation, motor function is affected.

A

True. Sensorimotor system important! Sensory + Motor work together.

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91
Q

Where in the brain does multi sensory integration take place?

A

Thalamus

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92
Q

T/F: Visual perception is linked to visual cortical areas, not higher cognitive activity.

A

False. Visual perception is linked to higher activity rather than part of visual cortical areas.

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93
Q

What is gatekeeper of movement with inhibitory and excitatory pathways?

A

Basal Ganglia

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94
Q

T/F: Huntingtons attacks inhibitory pathways in amygdala causing uncontrolled movement

A

False. Huntington’s attacks inhibitory pathways in STRIATUM causing uncontrolled movements

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95
Q

For motor learning, when does someone reach mastery?

A

When they’re able to recognize patterns a novice cannot.

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96
Q

T/F: Development is practice and perception, pattern recognition.

A

True.

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97
Q

What structure in brain is key to forward models, takes in info from motor cortex and sensorimotor system?

A

Cerebellum.

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98
Q

T/F: Stimulation is enough for neuroplasticity.

A

False. Stimulation is not enough, we need to pay attention.

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99
Q

In 1998, what did scientists find with humans injected with BrdU?

A

Growth in hippocampus. First proof of neurogenesis in humans.

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100
Q

What do we mean when we say “Use it or lose it?”

A

All natural systems tend toward energy conservation system, adaptability is inherent. Immobolized joints scar down, unused muscles atrophy.

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101
Q

This is 1 of the 5 best things we can do to our brain. It is a contagion primitive form of empathy, lowers stress, fine tunes sense of time, enhances pleasure.

A

Yawning!

102
Q

T/F: Neuroplasticity needs persistent change.

A

Yes, very true.

103
Q

T/F: Brain changes reflected in behavioral change.

A

True.

104
Q

T/F: An 18 year old will recover faster than a 25 year old, have better outcomes in neuroplasticity.

A

True. Neuroplasticity change is age specific.

105
Q

T/F: Plastic changes are not area dependent.

A

False.

106
Q

T/F: Hippocampus can grow new neurons.

A

True.

107
Q

T/F: Neuroplasticity ends by retirement.

A

False. It continues to old age.

108
Q

How is the brain altered?

A

By a wide range of experiences. Changes in brain are experience dependent.

109
Q

What is the key to strength of plasticity?

A

Complex environments. Relative strength of plasticity related to relevance of event and intensity.

110
Q

This type of meditation is marked by sustained attentional focus, disengage from distraction and redirect goals.

A

Focused Attention Meditation (FAM).

111
Q

What are three points of open monitoring mediation/ mindfulness and based stress reduction?

A

1) Notice sensations
2) Take inventory of thoughts.
3) Nonjudgmental moment to moment awareness.

112
Q

Why is meditation important for cognition?

A

Meditation cultivates slowness, make conscious decisions. Speed accompanies anxiety, and slowing down allows more thorough thought process.

113
Q

In subjects with memory loss will meditation improve cerebral blood flow and improve memory?

A

Subjects meditated 12 minutes a day for 8 weeks. All showed improvement after training with improved CBF that aid attention and executive function

114
Q

What’s the best occupation you can engage in to promote health for mind and body?

A

Exercise! Only 20% of people do.

115
Q

T/F: Active individuals have increased prefrontal and temporal white matter.

A

False. Active individuals have increased prefrontal and temporal GRAY matter.

116
Q

What are the benefits of exercise?

A
  1. Increased prefrontal and temporal gray matter.
  2. Improves learning and memory and delays age related cog. decline.
  3. Alleviates depression.
  4. Reduces inflammation
  5. Increase cerebral blood volume
117
Q

Role of Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)?

A

Regulatory role in control of appetite and metabolism. Proteins that are responsible for the growth and survival of developing neurons and the maintenance of mature neurons.

118
Q

What has regulatory role in control of appetite and metabolism?

A

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)

119
Q

T/F: Increased BDNF leads to increase consumption.

A

False. It decreases consumption. (central factor in exercise) increased BDNF strengths connections and promote growth of myelin.

120
Q

This type of therapy decreases activity in frontal cortex, increases activity in hippocampus.

A

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT).

121
Q

T/F: Exercise decreases size of hippocampus and improves memory.

A

False. It increases size of hippocampus and improves memory.

122
Q

What improves hippcampal function and increases BDNF?

A

Aerobic exercise.

123
Q

T/F: Neuroplasticity only happens when we have good experiences.

A

False. Always happening, bad or good depend on experiences we are having.

124
Q

Can you list 8 things that boost your brain?

A
  1. Smile
  2. Stay intellectually active.
  3. Consciously relax.
  4. Yawn
  5. Meditate
  6. Aerobic exercise
  7. Dialogue with others.
  8. Faith/hope
    * bonus* 9) Kittens
125
Q

Tell me more about left neglect.

A

Inattention to concept that is not in that person’s brain anymore which is why they don’t pay attention. Part of brain that perceives “left” is destroyed, no “left” in their world.

126
Q

What is this concept? 2 competing stimuli, cease to see one stimulus when it is competing with another one. One manifestation in people with certain pathology. In another sense, can happen to any one of us but our attention gets focused and we don’t pay attention to background.

A

Extinction.

127
Q

What model of attention? This is like spotlight that can move around as one desires, or reflexively directed by salient sensory events

A

Spatial Attention.

128
Q

What model of attention? The multitasking of listening that allows for eavesdropping. But you might miss something due to bottlenecks and limited capacity

A

Dichotic listening.

129
Q

What model of attention? In loud environment, still select attention allows concentration on one stimulus while much goes around you

A

Cocktail Party Effect

130
Q

System 1 or 2? can do more than one thing at once, but only if task is easy.

A

1.

131
Q

System 1 or 2? Wants sympathy.

A

1.

132
Q

System 1 or 2? Takes over in emergencies.

A

1.

133
Q

System 1 or 2? In “low effort” mode

A

2.

134
Q

T/F: System 2 needs to overcome impulse of System 1.

A

True.

135
Q

T/F: System 1 keeps you polite and nice when you are angry.

A

False. System 2.

136
Q

This system prone to have biases/systemic errors.

A

System 1.

137
Q

This system can get very lazy.

A

System 2.

138
Q

System 1 or 2? Walking slower than usual, filling out tax forms.

A

2.

139
Q

Questions about Bat or Ball, illusions, etc. What was the point of this?

A

To show laziness of system 2. The wrong answer is the system 1 answer, intuition.

140
Q

Which system protects most important function and others are let go to spare capacity for attention?

A

2.

141
Q

T/F: System 2 has more influence on behavior when system 1 is busy.

A

False. System 1 has more influence on behavior when system 2 is busy. ex) after long test, want sweets.

142
Q

T/F: The more cognitively busy the more likely we make selfish choices, use sexist language, make superficial judgments

A

True.

143
Q

What concept is this? Difficult to exert same level of self control on successive tasks, exercising self control is fatiguing

A

Ego depletion.

144
Q

T/F: All elements of voluntary effort - cog, emotional, physical - draw at least partly on different pool of mental energy

A

False. All elements of voluntary effort - cog, emotional, physical - draw at least partly on SAME pool of mental energy

145
Q

What is relationship of metabolic glucose and ego depletion?

A

Those who had sugar intact after tough cognitive task did better in next task. (right?)

146
Q

What was the cookie experiment about?

A

Those who waited (had more self control) shown to have increased self control later in life and less likely to do drugs.

147
Q

Energy level is influenced by the following demands…

A

attention, self control, emotions, will

148
Q

What concept is this? Word evokes memories, emotions, facial expressions, reactions

A

Associative activation.

149
Q

T/F: We think with our body.

A

True. Physical reaction replicates real experience, cognition is embodied: you think with your body.

150
Q

Addiction is what type of system?

A

System 1 at work. Not able to control impulses.

151
Q

Name 3 principles of association.

A

resemblance, contiguity in time and place, causality

152
Q

T/F: Most of the work of associative thinking is silent, hidden from consciousness

A

True.

153
Q

T/F: Creativity is associative machinery that works really well and facilitated by negative mood.

A

False. Creativity is associative machinery that works really well and facilitated by POSITIVE mood.

154
Q

Exposure to a word can cause immediate change in the ease of recall of related words

A

Priming effect.

155
Q

T/F: Thoughts prime behavior.

A

True. And vice versa.

156
Q

Priming effect that occurs when response to a cleaning cue is increased after having been induced by a feeling of shame.

A

The Lady Macbeth effect. In one experiment, different groups of participants were asked to recall a good or bad past deed, after which they were asked to fill in the letters of three incomplete words: “W_ H”, “SH ER” and “S _P”. Those who had been asked to recall a bad deed were about 60% more likely to respond with cleansing-related words like “wash”, “shower” and “soap” instead of alternatives such as “wish”, “shaker” or “stop”

157
Q

Refers to the influence of suggestion or expectation on involuntary and unconscious motor behavior.

A

Ideomotor effect. ex) hold pencil in mouth, smile.

158
Q

Automatic association such as priming for rudeness, negativity, etc. is product of what system?

A

System 1.

159
Q

What was the example about photos in the coffeeshop of eyes and flowers about?

A

Priming effect. People were more honest when there were photos of eyes look back at them.

160
Q

This test can provide information about visual search speed, scanning, speed of processing, mental flexibility, as well as executive functioning

A

Trails Making test. Used to assess meditation.

Trails Test A: 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4…
Trails Test B: 1 -> A -> 2 -> B…

161
Q

Role of cognitive load on patients with seizure disorder?

A

Cognitive load seen in pt’s with seizure disorder and risk for seizure activity, one pt. with h/o seizures when attending college, quit and got a job as a bike mechanic generally engaged in routine tasks related to bicycle assembly with no seizure activity, then job changed requiring navigation to and from unfamiliar locations and blackouts and seizures began recurring.

162
Q

T/F: Cognitively busy also results in increased self-control as self-control requires attention and effort and could be a factor in bad routines.

A

False. Cognitively busy also results in decreased self-control as self-control requires attention and effort and could be a factor in bad routines.

163
Q

T/F: Highly focused spatial attention can also modulate activity in the visual system in the subcortical relay nuclei in the hippocampus thereby providing strong evidence for early-selection models of attention.

A

False. Highly focused spatial attention can also modulate activity in the visual system in the subcortical relay nuclei in the THALAMUS thereby providing strong evidence for early-selection models of attention

164
Q

This side of brain is more analytical.

A

Left.

165
Q

Boosts creativity but more superficial; produces illusion of familiarity.

A

Cognitive ease.

166
Q

More likely to be vigilant and suspicious, put more effort into your work with fewer errors but less intuitive and creative

A

Cognitive strain.

167
Q

Words with higher rates of exposure judged more favorably than those shown only once or twice

A

Mere exposure effect.

168
Q

Cognitive ease is part of which system?

A

System 1.

169
Q

T/F: Cognitive Ease is both a cause and consequence of pleasant feelings.

A

True.

170
Q

What’s the point of Remote Association Test?

A

Creativity test used to determine a human’s creative potential.

Find the association between these 3 words:
cottage, swiss, cake = “cheese”

171
Q

What test is this? Can you think of a word associated with the three? Are any of the following triads incoherent? Cottage, Swiss, Cake

A

Remote Association Test

172
Q

Uncertainty and doubt the domain of which system?

A

System 2

173
Q

How a question is phrased prompts response, i.e. Is Sam friendly? vs. Is Sam unfriendly? What is this an example of?

A

operations of Associative Memory contribute to a general confirmation bias

174
Q

is the tendency for people to (consciously or unconsciously) seek out information that conforms to their pre-existing view points, and subsequently ignore information that goes against them, both positive and negative.

A

Confirmation Bias

175
Q

Unbelieving is an operation of system…

A

2

176
Q

A deliberate search for confirming evidence by System 2 is called…

A

Positive Test Strategy

177
Q

Another term for exaggerated emotional coherence, suppressed ambiguity

A

Halo Effect

178
Q

WYSIATI?

A

What You See Is All There Is. System 1 will refuse information it doesn’t have, measure success by the story it creates (not information provided).

179
Q

WYSIATI is part of system…

A

System 1

180
Q

What concept facilitates coherence and cognitive ease, explains overconfidence, framing, base rate neglect?

A

WYSIATI

181
Q

“Odds of survival 90%” better than “10% chance of mortality” is an example of…

A

Framing Effect

182
Q

The tendency for people to mistakenly judge the likelihood of a situation by not taking into account all relevant data.

A

Base Rate Neglect.

183
Q

“Steve is very shy and withdrawn, invariably helpful, but with little interest in people or the world of reality. A meek and tidy soul, he has a need for order and structure and a passion for detail.” What are odds he is a library or salesperson? Most people judged the probability according to how similar or the description seemed to fit their idea of a salesperson and a librarian, ignoring the prior probability of any given person belonging to either group. What’s this an example of?

A

Base Rate Neglect.

184
Q

T/F: System 1 is good with AVERAGES, not SUMS.

A

True.

185
Q

Vote-Note Vote- Goat.

Slower to recognize rhyming words with varied spellings is example of…

A

Mental shotgun. VOTE-NOTE VOTE-GOAT. If asked which pair rhymes, you would answer that both do. But you probably would take longer to answer for the second pair because you also processed the spelling differentiation. (95) Although it wasn’t necessary to do that in order to correctly answer the question, you really couldn’t help to consider it.

186
Q

Our ability to over-compute details is also known as

A

Mental shotgun

187
Q

A simple procedure (mental shortcut) that helps find adequate, though often imperfect, answers to difficult questions

A

Heuristic

ex) “Educated guess” is a heuristic that allows a person to reach a conclusion without exhaustive research.

188
Q

T/F: System 2 can then either reject or endorse that heuristic. ex) 3D heuristic, interpret the further figure as bigger.

A

True.

189
Q

State of effortless concentration so deep that they lose their sense of time, of themselves, of their problems.

A

Flow

190
Q

If you have to force yourself to do something, you are less willing or able to exert self-control when the next challenge comes

A

Ego depletion

191
Q

A coherent reaction; if you were primed to think about old age, you would tend to act old, and acting old reinforces thought of old age

A

Reciprocal Priming Effects

192
Q

Illusions of truth…

A

System 2 relies on impression of familiarity (produced by system 1) for true/false judgement; If you cannot remember the source of a statement, you have to go with sense of cognitive ease

193
Q

Three words with a shared association that you have to figure out. (manipulations that increase cognitive ease include priming, clear font, pre-exposing works)

A

Remote Association Test

194
Q

People make judgments and decisions by consulting their emotions.

A

Affect heuristic

195
Q

Survey of German students: How happy are you these days?; How many dates did you have in the last month? This is an example of…

A

Substitution. Also present state of mind looms very large on when people evaluate happiness. Also part of WYSIATI.

196
Q

When it comes to attitudes System BLANK more of an apologist for the emotions of System BLANK than a critic of those emotions

A

When it comes to attitudes System 2 more of an apologist for the emotions of System 1 than a critic of those emotions

197
Q

What is the “Sun-Downing effect”?

A

A symptom of Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia. It’s also known as “late-day confusion.” If someone you care for has dementia, their confusion and agitation may get worse in the late afternoon and evening.

198
Q

T/F Left Brain is involved in maximizing, while Right Brain is involved in matching.

A

False.
Left Brain = matching.
Right brain = maximizing.

199
Q

According to van der Kolk (2006), traumatized individuals have problems with ____________, which causes difficulty performing with focused concentration, and hence, with being fully engaged in the present

A

Sustained attention and working memory

200
Q

T/F: The ACC (anterior cingulate cortex) plays a role in the experiential aspects of emotion, as well as in the integration of emotion and cognition.

A

True.

201
Q

According to van der Kolk (2006), what makes people unique from other mammals?

A

The flexibility to make decisions about how to respond to an experience

202
Q

T/F: Sierra and Barrios (1998) argue that “mind emptiness” is mediated by increased activity in the right lateral frontal lobe accompanied by an inhibitory effect on the sympathetically controlled autonomic activity.

A

True

203
Q

Increased activity in which two regions of the brain are responsible for perceiving control:

A

PFC and striatum

204
Q

According to Gottschall (2012), studies show that reading fiction…

A

Enhances interpersonal understanding, promotes greater sense of morality, empathy

205
Q

T/F: Current knowledge of outcomes does not affect an individual’s ability to reconstruct past beliefs.

A

False. Current knowledge of outcomes does affect our ability to reconstruct past beliefs.

206
Q

T/F: Kahneman (2011) illustrated that it is easier to construct a coherent story when you have limited information available to you

A

True

207
Q

T/F: 96% of humans have R hemispheric specialization for language

A

False. It is L hemisphere.

208
Q

The majority of the population has these actions lateralized to which side of the brain? Facial Recognition

A

Right.

209
Q

The majority of the population has these actions lateralized to which side of the brain? Voluntary Facial Expression

A

Left

210
Q

The majority of the population has these actions lateralized to which side of the brain? Language/Speech

A

Left

211
Q

The majority of the population has these actions lateralized to which side of the brain? Interpreting emotional prosody

A

Right

212
Q

The majority of the population has these actions lateralized to which side of the brain? Problem Solving

A

Left

213
Q

A patient has suffered a stroke and is now unable to attend to the left visual field. What is this condition called?

A

Left Neglect.

214
Q

The nursing home study examined the effect of choices between 2 groups. The CG had a set schedule- movies shown on Wednesdays and plants were watered the same time every day by staff. The IG had a choice to select when to watch the movie and were able to water their plants as desired. What was the result of the study?

A

The IG had lowered mortality rates

215
Q

According to Kolb and Gibb (2008), all of the following are assumptions that underlie brain plasticity EXCEPT:
A. The blueprint for cerebral organization is formed during development
B. Changes in neuronal activity must persist for a few days
C. Cerebral functions are localized and distributed
D. Changes in the brain are only analyzed at the cellular level

A

D. Changes in the brain are only analyzed at the cellular level

216
Q

According to Kolb and Gibb (2008), all of the following are principles of brain plasticity EXCEPT:
A. Changes in the brain structure result changes in behavior
B. Brain plasticity is not always favorable
C. Experience-dependent changes are generalized and age-specific
D. Prenatal events have lasting effects on brain organization and behavior

A

C. Experience-dependent changes are generalized and age-specific

217
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a primary symptom of cerebellar damage. 
A. Aphasia
B. Ataxia
C. Agnosia
D. Agraphia
A

B. Ataxia

218
Q

T/F: Parkinson’s disease is the result of the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra resulting in increased excitation of the cortex through excessive thalamic excitation.

A

False. Parkinson’s Disease is result of loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra resulting in DECREASED excitement of cortex through excessive thalamic inhibition

219
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ helps promote dendritic growth.
A. Plasticity
B. Compensation
C. Genes
D. Stimulation
A

D. Stimulation

220
Q

T/F: Prenatal exposure to stress increases resilience.

A

False

221
Q

T/F: Exposure to stimulating environment boosts resilience

A

True

222
Q

T/F: Neuroplastic changes are experience dependent.

A

True.

223
Q 
The most powerful aversion conditioning senses is
A. Smell
B. Touch
C. Taste
D. Sight
A

C. Taste

224
Q 
Addictive behavior can be harder to overcome due to what neurological process
A. Plasticity
B. Compensation
C. Accommodation
D. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials
A

A. Plasticity

225
Q

Exercise has been shown to do all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Increases prefrontal grey matter volume
B. Alleviates depression
C. Delays age-related cognitive decline
D. Reduces inflammation
E. Decreases BDNF

A

E. Decreases BDNF

226
Q

T/F: System 2 of attention is automatic, quick, involuntary (fast thinking). Also enables one to multi-task, but only if multitasking is easy.

A

False. We all know this is System 1.

227
Q

System 1 or 2? Reading words on a large billboard requires the use of which system of attention?

A

1.

228
Q

T/F: Verbal memory tasks impairs visual search tasks

A

False

229
Q

T/F: Flow requires no self control and frees resources therefore does not decrease with fatigue.

A

True

230
Q 
Common indications of ego depletion include all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Deviating from a healthy diet
B. Making bad decisions
C. Reacting aggressively
D. Impulse control
A

D. Impulse control

231
Q

Which system of attention is being used during: Overcoming impulses from the other system

A

2

232
Q

Which system of attention is being used during Sympathy

A

1

233
Q

Which system of attention is being used during:

Error detection

A

2

234
Q

Which system of attention is being used during:

Construction and interpretation of stories which have active agents, such as personalities, habits, and abilities

A

1

235
Q

Which system of attention is being used during:

Addiction

A

1

236
Q

Which system of attention is being used during: Prioritizing the most important task

A

2

237
Q

Which system of attention is being used during: Cognitive ease

A

1

238
Q

Diff between Rationalism vs Empiricism

A

Rationalism: Truth is intellectual, not sensory

Empiricism: all knowledge comes from sensory experience

239
Q

measures deoxygenated blood and measures changes in neuronal activity

A

fMRI

240
Q

T/F: Depersonalization is one aspect of dissociation

A

True. Depersonalization is one aspect of dissociation (Ken Burns “The War” example: after killing so many people, the guy couldn’t control his right hand from pulling the trigger)

241
Q

What can create internal conflict?

A

We are designed for movement/action… when something inhibits our ability to move, it creates internal conflict.

242
Q

Mindfulness in dialectical behavioral therapy, here are some important things to know about mindfulness…

A

Brain regions with attention, interoception, sensory thicker in meditation participants including prefrontal cortex and right anterior insula.
Appears to improve ability to navigate stress.
Be mindful, identity physical sensations, need to learn that it is safe to have feelings.

243
Q

T/F: To activate mPFC, insula and ACC must learn to tolerate attention to their internal experience, while interweaving cognitive, emotional, sensorimotor elements of traumatic experience

A

True

244
Q

T/F: Depersonalization is disconnect from self and own feelings, primitive behavioral response in mPFC

A

False. Depersonalization is disconnect from self and own feelings, primitive behavioral response in DORSAL VAGAL COMPLEX

245
Q

T/F: VVC inhibits mobilization of SNS, lack of central vagal modulation = lack of responsiveness and interpersonal comfort in traumatized individuals

A

True

246
Q

What structures are involved in TOM?

A

mPFC, PS temporal sulcus, precuneus, amygdala tempora. cortex

247
Q

T/F: Cognitively busy also results in decreased self-control as self-control requires attention and effort and could be a factor in bad routines

A

True

248
Q

According to Kahneman, what two things draw on the same limited budget?

A

Deliberate thought and self control

249
Q

What is Intelligence?

A

Ability to reason, to find relevant material in memory to deploy attention when needed

250
Q

Gorilla study illustrates 2 important facts about our mind…

A
  1. We can be blind to the obvious

2. We are blind to our blindness

251
Q

How does injured brain compensate for lost tissue?

A
  1. Reorganization of existing neuronal network
  2. Development of novel networks
  3. Regeneration of loss tissue

Neuroscience of Behavior (1 decks)

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