Midterm October 21

Question 1

What are two comorbidity with Austism

Answer 1

Two most common disorders

intellectual disability

epilepsy

other disorders - ADHD, conduct problems, anxieties and fears, and mood problems

uMay engage in self-injurious behaviors (SIB)

Question 2

What is the difference between cognitive and behavioral

Answer 2

cognitive – psychological distress results from cognitive biases

behavioral – disorders come from learned behavior

Question 3

Treatment: Educational and Behavioral Approaches

Answer 3

early intervention

inclusion movement

speech Therapy uses shaping, reinforcing responses which are progressively similar to target response).

Other interventions use chaining- reinforcing every step of a complex task.

cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) can incorporate Self-instructional training, using verbal cues to process information and to motivate

u

Question 4

Neurobiological Influences

Answer 4

Adverse biological conditions Examples: infections, traumas, and accidental poisonings during infancy and childhood Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) Teratogens

Question 5

What is the difference between classical and operant?

Answer 5

One of the simplest ways to remember the differences between classical andoperant conditioning is to focus on whether the behavior is involuntary or voluntary. In operant conditioning, the learner is also rewarded with incentives, while classical conditioning involves no such enticements.

Question 6

What is the treatment for schizophrenia

Answer 6

COS is a chronic disorder with a poor long-term prognosis

current treatments emphasize use of antipsychotic medications combined with psychotherapy

medications help control psychotic symptoms, but there can be serious side effects

Question 7

What is Autism Social Interaction Impairments

Answer 7

deficits in social and emotional reciprocity

limited social expressiveness

typical processing of faces and facial expressions

joint attention

Question 8

What is the purpose of a clinical assessment?

Answer 8

Develop an understanding of a child’s functioning

begins with a clinical description: describe thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

leads to a diagnosis and prognosis

This understanding or case conceptualization informs treatment planning

clinical Assessment- comprehensive evaluation of functioning across multiple domains

Question 9

Treatment: Educational and Behavioral Approaches

Answer 9

Early intervention Inclusion movement Speech Therapy uses shaping, reinforcing responses which are progressively similar to target response). Other interventions use chaining- reinforcing every step of a complex task. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) can incorporate Self-instructional training, using verbal cues to process information and to motivate

Question 10

What is different from Psychodynamic and attachment?

Answer 10

psychodynamic– focus on the unconscious motivation of behavior

attachment – focuses on the infant-caregiver relationship and how that affects current functioning.

proximity vs Exploration

internal working model

Question 11

What is the difference between Etiology and Biological

Answer 11

Etiology – the study of the causes of disorders

Biological-genetic effects

Something to keep in your toolkit

Diathesis-stress – genetic vulnerability and stressful situation

Epigenetics – environmental factor changes genetic expression

Question 12

What Communication Impairments can autism have?

Answer 12

inconsistent use of early preverbal communications

those who begin to speak may regress

qualitative language impairments

pronoun reversals

echolalia

perseverative speech

impairments in pragmatics

Question 13

What are criteria for Intellectual Disability

Answer 13

Deficits in: intellectual functioning adaptive functioning: how effectively individuals cope with ordinary life demands and how capable they are of living independently These symptoms must have developed before age 18

Question 14

What is schizophrenia​

Answer 14

schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder – characterized by altered sense of reality and decline in cognitive functioning

DSM-5 Symptoms

delusions

hallucinations

slowed thinking, speech, movement; emotional apathy; and lack of drive

Question 15

What is the etiology of schizophrenia

Answer 15

strong genetic contribution

molecular genetic studies have identified several potential susceptibility genes

environmental factors

stress, distress, and personal tragedy experienced by families of children with schizophrenia

uExpressed emotion

Question 16

How is Social-Emotional (Autism)

Answer 16

deficits in processing social-emotional information

do not engage in pretend play

deficit in mentalization or theory of mind (ToM) - difficulty understanding others’ and their own mental states

Question 17

What is Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)

Answer 17

A neurodevelopmental disorder with:

impairments in social interaction

impairments in communication

repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests, and activities

Question 18

How can we reduce stigma?

Answer 18

Strengths–based perspective

Do not attribute blame

Question 19

What are Three factors contribute to the spectrum nature of autism

Answer 19

Three factors contribute to the spectrum nature of autism

uLevel of intellectual ability

uSeverity of language problems

uDevelopmental progression (how the behaviors change across development)

Question 20

what are the effects of stigma?

Answer 20

eugenics

Question 21

What is three different type of ADHD ?

Answer 21

predominantly inattentive presentation (ADHD-PI)

process information slowly, have trouble remembering things and display low academic achievement

often anxious, socially withdrawn, and may display mood disorders

predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentation (ADHD-HI)

primarily includes preschoolers and may have limited validity for older children

combined presentation (ADHD-C)

most often referred for treatment

Question 22

What is Standard Deviation?

Answer 22

Standard Deviation: The average deviation of a single score from the mean One diagnostic criteria for ID is that the child score below 70, or two standard deviations below the mean

Question 23

What is Inattention?

Answer 23

Sustained attention (vs vigilance): Inability to remain attentive, particularly for repetitive, structured, and less enjoyable tasks

Selective attention vs distractibility

Alerting

Question 24

What is Hyperactivity ?

Answer 24

inability to voluntarily inhibit ongoing behavior

fidgeting and difficulty staying seated

moving, running, touching everything in sight, excessive talking, and pencil tapping

excessively energetic, intense, inappropriate, and not goal-directed

u

Question 25

What is Impulsivity

Answer 25

The inability to control immediate reactions or to think before acting

cognitive, behavioral, and emotional impulsivity

Question 26

What is poor frustration tolerance?

Answer 26

is the ability to withstand obstacles and stressful situations.

Question 27

What is Delayed gratification?

Answer 27

refers to the ability to put off something mildly fun or pleasurable now, in order to gain something that is more fun, pleasurable, or rewarding later.

Question 28

DSM Criteria of ADHD

Answer 28

appears prior to age 12

persists more than 6 months

occur across two or more settings

Question 29

What Medication forADHD

Answer 29

Two classes of stimulants:

• Methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta)
• Amphetamine (Adderall, Vyvanse)
• 80% of children will respond favorably to stimulant medication
• Side effects: appetite suppression, insomnia, tics, slower growth rate