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midterm new Flashcards

1
Q

killer ape theory

A

humans are descendents from apes and are innately aggresive (before hunting hypothesis

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2
Q

developmental theory

A

belief that there is no war in early human society, war becomes more robust and violent over time

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3
Q

hunting hypothesis

A

evolution of killer ape theory - apes were hunters, early man hunted in groups, innate aggression resulted wars,

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4
Q

worlds systems theory

A

DACT
diffusion - spread of material culture across societies
acculturation - how societies adopt foreign ideas
centralized vs uncentralized political systems - serious warfare with statehood and not serious related to uncentralized societies
tribal zone theory - centralized state encroaching on tribal zone

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5
Q

sumerian

A

sumer language isolate - first language, logo graphic

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6
Q

akkadian

A

language of ancient mesopotamia, semitic, cuniform, syllabic

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7
Q

casus belli

A

justification of war(SAP)
self defense
acquisition
protection against chaos

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8
Q

clausewitz

A

18th century prussian general focusing on psychological and political aspects of war. war is opposite of chaos and art not science, wrote “on war”

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9
Q

abstract vs reality

A

from on war where the theory of war is different from the reality

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10
Q

friction

A

even if military is easy to manage, it is made of many components each delaying and may make things go wrong. normal efforts cannot achieve moderate results

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11
Q

fog of war

A

uncertainty of war
multiple factors can effect war

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12
Q

military genius(ICID)

A

intelligent
courage
intuitive
determination

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13
Q

suntzu

A

chinese military general and strategist that wrote art of war

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14
Q

neolithic revolution

A

domestication of plants and animals
climate was stable enough to pass down farming knowledge

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15
Q

homo erectus

A

nomadic hunter gatherers, reliance on skeletal remains to detect violence, often just a skull or jaw bone

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16
Q

acheulean hand axe

A

cannot rely on artifacts to detect human violence - signs of violence - broken bones, fractures from blunt objects

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17
Q

first signs of human violence

A

12 small side depressions
7 front of the head
3 back of head
2 major head trauma

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18
Q

sima de los huesos

A

29 individuals found in caves of spain with evidence of skull injury

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19
Q

jebel sahaba

A

neolithic burial site in north sudan - stone projectiles found in 21 indiviuals

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20
Q

catal hoyuk

A

first human proto city
walls of houses became the city walls, fortified gate, people went in through their roof

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21
Q

uruk period characteristics

A

cities
states
specialized labor
social complexity
economic complexity
writing
architectural advances
ideological art

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22
Q

uruk(city)

A

first city
10x size normal city
mudbrick wall
patron god ishtar

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23
Q

ishtar

A

goddess of war and love

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24
Q

naqada

A

first egyptian fortification
has mudbrick walls
earliest evidence in egypt for a mace

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25
how to smelt
the melting of metal heat separating rock from metal the process of going from ore to smelting it into slag with ash and charcoal remaining in the furnace. to bloom which is the primary smithing slag which fragments.
26
what was found in the royal tombs of ur
gold daggers, copper blades, copper relief and war helmet of meskalamdug
27
Horus
God of war and sky, represented by a falcon
28
Kebara cave
First evidence of projectile found in bone in israel
29
Jericho
First fortification in the near east Walls of stone Dry moat Round towers
30
Narmer palette
Cosmetic palette Temple of horus Earliest hyroglyphics Narmer with processions of the crown Narmer smiting prisoners with a mace(back) Warfare Gods as animals
31
Copper
First widely used metal Best used for big weapons Exists naturally Easy to polish, drill and hammer
32
Timna valley
Rich in copper Mined with tunnels and steep declines
33
Nahal mishmar
Largest copper deposit 429 objects made of copper and bronze Metal mined in jordan Modern metal weapons
34
Bronze
Alloy of tin and copper Better and harder for smaller points Used for weapons in middle bronze age
35
Lu gal
King/warlord - in sumerian Answered to elders and priests
36
Royal tombs of ur
16 royal tombs Hundreds of tombs 58 spears 171 daggers 309 axes
37
Standard of ur
Shell and Lapis lazuli inlays Victory on one side and peace on the other First depictions of sumerian war carts Read from bottom to top - war, collect prisoners, bring to king
38
Steele of vultures
2 sides show victory of king eannatum - one celestial and one terrestrial. Dream given by gods
39
Akkadian empire
Took power from sumer speaking places in south meso to north meso akkad. Incorporated to greater akkad state
40
King sargon
Founder of akkadian empire Sharu kin (king is legit) Had 5400 strong army Loved war Smashed walls to deter defiance Sacrificed for gods before and after war
41
Victory steele of naram sin
Saragons grandson naram sins victory over king of lulubu king satuni
42
Rampart
Earthern mound puled up around a city as a fortifications Middle bronze age
43
Glacis
Made of large stones, cobbles or crushed limestone. Helps protect rampart from erosion
44
Fosse
Dry moat
45
Case mate walls
Houses or store rooms Built up against walls that will be filled during siege
46
Pier gate
Main gate between bastions 6 and 4 pier gate Direct access Arched
47
Postern gate
Back gate Through rampart or under walls
48
Priest king
King chosen by god God incarnate or son of god
49
Cylinder seals
Admin tech Rolled on wet clay as a stamp Glyphic art 2-5 cm of stone Focused on mythical or religious themes
50
Ur III dynasty
Established by king ummama Sumer + akkad Smaller but more centralized Controlled millitary zone between tigris and zagros
51
The death of urnamu (1-7)
Died in campaign against gutians Death of a king
52
Hymns to shulgi(log looking)
Fought against gutians for vengence Considered divine Expanded kingdom Written as though he had god like abilities Helps us understand the dynamic of kings(treated as gods)
53
Lament of ur(then the storm)
Sumerian lament composed about the fall of ur to the elamites
54
Amorites
Westerner nomadic tribe from the syrian steppe Reputation as fierce warriors Available for military service
55
King samshi adad
King of assyria Amorite Controlled ekallum and mari Kingdom collapsed after rule
56
King hamurabi
King of babylon Amorite Founder of old babylonian empire Vassal of king samshi adad Rebelled after his passing
57
Code of hammurabi(big black thing)
7 ft stone stela with the king praying to shamash. 275 laws Protects those not in power Establish a legacy as a great king for future kings to emulate
58
The great war
Hammurabi’s war with Elam. Babylon and Mari form an intelligence to defeat Elam. Indecisive battle at UPI, siege of Razama. Zimri Lim, as an ally of Babylon, defeated Elam.
59
Battle at razama
After siege of razama Elamites siege razama for months Zimri lim as an ally to babylon defeated elam
60
War carts
Wood frame and wheels 4 wheel preceeded 2 wheel High front panel Low side panels Pulled by equids Sumer had 50-80
61
Chariots
Horse pulled Lighter 2 spoked wheels Improved yoke and harness Composite bow
62
Sapping
Digging trenches and tunnels towards sieged city to protect soldiers while undermining city’s defenses Glacis and revetment wall were to prevent this
63
Siege ramp
Piling earth in a ramp like manner to reach city walls Wooden planks placed on ramp for smooth walkway
64
Battering ram
Used to breach walls or force open gates Can be used on siege ramps
65
Ben hassan tomb
A tomb with art of men bringing spears and weaponry to the front lines
66
Catapults
Mechanically powered casting weapons Trebuchets - longer distances
67
Thutmose III(sphinx looking)
King of upper and lower egypt Son of ra Written about in battle of meggido relief
68
Amarna letters
Discusses diplomacy and trade between “Great Powers” (Egypt, Hatti, Babylonia, Assyria, Mittani). Vassal correspondence (Levantine city states)
69
Ugaritic
Semitic Related to hebrew City of ugarit
70
Simple bow
One wood Height of archer Nocks on each end of strings Initial velocity same as composite bow
71
Simple recurve bow
Tips curve away from archer One piece Shorter Flat limbs Sculpted handle and nocks More strain Louder
72
Parts of composite bow
Nock Grip Handle Recurve Bow string

Ancient warfare (3 decks)

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