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Ancient warfare > midterm new > Flashcards

midterm new Flashcards

1
Q

killer ape theory

A

humans are descendents from apes and are innately aggresive (before hunting hypothesis

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2
Q

developmental theory

A

belief that there is no war in early human society, war becomes more robust and violent over time

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3
Q

hunting hypothesis

A

evolution of killer ape theory - apes were hunters, early man hunted in groups, innate aggression resulted wars,

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4
Q

worlds systems theory

A

DACT
diffusion - spread of material culture across societies
acculturation - how societies adopt foreign ideas
centralized vs uncentralized political systems - serious warfare with statehood and not serious related to uncentralized societies
tribal zone theory - centralized state encroaching on tribal zone

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5
Q

sumerian

A

sumer language isolate - first language, logo graphic

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6
Q

akkadian

A

language of ancient mesopotamia, semitic, cuniform, syllabic

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7
Q

casus belli

A

justification of war(SAP)
self defense
acquisition
protection against chaos

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8
Q

clausewitz

A

18th century prussian general focusing on psychological and political aspects of war. war is opposite of chaos and art not science, wrote “on war”

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9
Q

abstract vs reality

A

from on war where the theory of war is different from the reality

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10
Q

friction

A

even if military is easy to manage, it is made of many components each delaying and may make things go wrong. normal efforts cannot achieve moderate results

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11
Q

fog of war

A

uncertainty of war
multiple factors can effect war

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12
Q

military genius(ICID)

A

intelligent
courage
intuitive
determination

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13
Q

suntzu

A

chinese military general and strategist that wrote art of war

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14
Q

neolithic revolution

A

domestication of plants and animals
climate was stable enough to pass down farming knowledge

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15
Q

homo erectus

A

nomadic hunter gatherers, reliance on skeletal remains to detect violence, often just a skull or jaw bone

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16
Q

acheulean hand axe

A

cannot rely on artifacts to detect human violence - signs of violence - broken bones, fractures from blunt objects

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17
Q

first signs of human violence

A

12 small side depressions
7 front of the head
3 back of head
2 major head trauma

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18
Q

sima de los huesos

A

29 individuals found in caves of spain with evidence of skull injury

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19
Q

jebel sahaba

A

neolithic burial site in north sudan - stone projectiles found in 21 indiviuals

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20
Q

catal hoyuk

A

first human proto city
walls of houses became the city walls, fortified gate, people went in through their roof

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21
Q

uruk period characteristics

A

cities
states
specialized labor
social complexity
economic complexity
writing
architectural advances
ideological art

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22
Q

uruk(city)

A

first city
10x size normal city
mudbrick wall
patron god ishtar

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23
Q

ishtar

A

goddess of war and love

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24
Q

naqada

A

first egyptian fortification
has mudbrick walls
earliest evidence in egypt for a mace

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25
Q

how to smelt

A

the melting of metal
heat separating rock from metal
the process of going from ore to smelting it into slag with ash and charcoal remaining in the furnace. to bloom which is the primary smithing slag which fragments.

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26
Q

what was found in the royal tombs of ur

A

gold daggers, copper blades, copper relief and war helmet of meskalamdug

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27
Q

Horus

A

God of war and sky, represented by a falcon

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28
Q

Kebara cave

A

First evidence of projectile found in bone in israel

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29
Q

Jericho

A

First fortification in the near east
Walls of stone
Dry moat
Round towers

30
Q

Narmer palette

A

Cosmetic palette
Temple of horus
Earliest hyroglyphics
Narmer with processions of the crown
Narmer smiting prisoners with a mace(back)
Warfare
Gods as animals

31
Q

Copper

A

First widely used metal
Best used for big weapons
Exists naturally
Easy to polish, drill and hammer

32
Q

Timna valley

A

Rich in copper
Mined with tunnels and steep declines

33
Q

Nahal mishmar

A

Largest copper deposit
429 objects made of copper and bronze
Metal mined in jordan
Modern metal weapons

34
Q

Bronze

A

Alloy of tin and copper
Better and harder for smaller points
Used for weapons in middle bronze age

35
Q

Lu gal

A

King/warlord - in sumerian
Answered to elders and priests

36
Q

Royal tombs of ur

A

16 royal tombs
Hundreds of tombs
58 spears
171 daggers
309 axes

37
Q

Standard of ur

A

Shell and Lapis lazuli inlays
Victory on one side and peace on the other
First depictions of sumerian war carts
Read from bottom to top - war, collect prisoners, bring to king

38
Q

Steele of vultures

A

2 sides show victory of king eannatum - one celestial and one terrestrial.
Dream given by gods

39
Q

Akkadian empire

A

Took power from sumer speaking places in south meso to north meso akkad.
Incorporated to greater akkad state

40
Q

King sargon

A

Founder of akkadian empire
Sharu kin (king is legit)
Had 5400 strong army
Loved war
Smashed walls to deter defiance
Sacrificed for gods before and after war

41
Q

Victory steele of naram sin

A

Saragons grandson naram sins victory over king of lulubu king satuni

42
Q

Rampart

A

Earthern mound puled up around a city as a fortifications
Middle bronze age

43
Q

Glacis

A

Made of large stones, cobbles or crushed limestone.
Helps protect rampart from erosion

44
Q

Fosse

A

Dry moat

45
Q

Case mate walls

A

Houses or store rooms
Built up against walls that will be filled during siege

46
Q

Pier gate

A

Main gate between bastions
6 and 4 pier gate
Direct access
Arched

47
Q

Postern gate

A

Back gate
Through rampart or under walls

48
Q

Priest king

A

King chosen by god
God incarnate or son of god

49
Q

Cylinder seals

A

Admin tech
Rolled on wet clay as a stamp
Glyphic art 2-5 cm of stone
Focused on mythical or religious themes

50
Q

Ur III dynasty

A

Established by king ummama
Sumer + akkad
Smaller but more centralized
Controlled millitary zone between tigris and zagros

51
Q

The death of urnamu (1-7)

A

Died in campaign against gutians
Death of a king

52
Q

Hymns to shulgi(log looking)

A

Fought against gutians for vengence
Considered divine
Expanded kingdom
Written as though he had god like abilities
Helps us understand the dynamic of kings(treated as gods)

53
Q

Lament of ur(then the storm)

A

Sumerian lament composed about the fall of ur to the elamites

54
Q

Amorites

A

Westerner nomadic tribe from the syrian steppe
Reputation as fierce warriors
Available for military service

55
Q

King samshi adad

A

King of assyria
Amorite
Controlled ekallum and mari
Kingdom collapsed after rule

56
Q

King hamurabi

A

King of babylon
Amorite
Founder of old babylonian empire
Vassal of king samshi adad
Rebelled after his passing

57
Q

Code of hammurabi(big black thing)

A

7 ft stone stela with the king praying to shamash.
275 laws
Protects those not in power
Establish a legacy as a great king for future kings to emulate

58
Q

The great war

A

Hammurabi’s war with Elam. Babylon and Mari form an intelligence to defeat Elam. Indecisive battle at UPI, siege of Razama. Zimri Lim, as an ally of Babylon, defeated Elam.

59
Q

Battle at razama

A

After siege of razama
Elamites siege razama for months
Zimri lim as an ally to babylon defeated elam

60
Q

War carts

A

Wood frame and wheels
4 wheel preceeded 2 wheel
High front panel
Low side panels
Pulled by equids
Sumer had 50-80

61
Q

Chariots

A

Horse pulled
Lighter
2 spoked wheels
Improved yoke and harness
Composite bow

62
Q

Sapping

A

Digging trenches and tunnels towards sieged city to protect soldiers while undermining city’s defenses

Glacis and revetment wall were to prevent this

63
Q

Siege ramp

A

Piling earth in a ramp like manner to reach city walls
Wooden planks placed on ramp for smooth walkway

64
Q

Battering ram

A

Used to breach walls or force open gates
Can be used on siege ramps

65
Q

Ben hassan tomb

A

A tomb with art of men bringing spears and weaponry to the front lines

66
Q

Catapults

A

Mechanically powered casting weapons
Trebuchets - longer distances

67
Q

Thutmose III(sphinx looking)

A

King of upper and lower egypt
Son of ra
Written about in battle of meggido relief

68
Q

Amarna letters

A

Discusses diplomacy and trade between “Great Powers” (Egypt, Hatti, Babylonia,
Assyria, Mittani). Vassal correspondence (Levantine city states)

69
Q

Ugaritic

A

Semitic
Related to hebrew
City of ugarit

70
Q

Simple bow

A

One wood
Height of archer
Nocks on each end of strings
Initial velocity same as composite bow

71
Q

Simple recurve bow

A

Tips curve away from archer
One piece
Shorter
Flat limbs
Sculpted handle and nocks
More strain
Louder

72
Q

Parts of composite bow

A

Nock
Grip
Handle
Recurve
Bow string

Ancient warfare (3 decks)

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