Midterm Lecture, Part 1 Flashcards
The ___ hosts huge volumes of information posted by authors of articles and studies with topics they want to convey to their readers.
World Wide Web
Their discussions contained ___ on the knowledge they have discovered.
explanations of their viewpoints
They ___ to convince their readers that their arguments are valid and sound.
reason out
Reason is the strategy for figuring in a ___, ___ method for accomplishing ___ and ___.
coordinated, clear; information and understanding
Since it is a method, its significance and importance is in its strategy.
Reason
The ends toward which it is utilized characterizes the legitimacy of the technique.
Reason
___ is the standards for assessing the utilization of reason.
Understanding and information
The fundamental characteristics of reason is ___.
“clarity”
The thoughts or ideas should be ___.
clear and determinable
The ___ should be unmistakable, and striking.
recollections (memories) or reflections
The feelings of the person giving the reason are perceived as just ___, with no further significance.
feelings
Reasoning is the action of thinking about something in a ___, ___ way.
logical, sensible
The method involved with thinking is utilized to simply decide, take care of issues, and assess things.
Reasoning
Reasoning :: It tends to be (1) ___, (2) ___, or (3) ___ and varies regarding treatment of vulnerability (uncertainty) and incomplete (partial) truth.
(1) formal or casual (informal)
(2) hierarchical (top-down)
(3) base up (bottom-up)
Reasoning :: It tends to be formal or casual (informal), hierarchical (top-down), or base up (bottom-up) and ___.
varies regarding treatment of vulnerability (uncertainty) and incomplete (partial) truth
Since ___ is the motivation behind reason, it should utilize clear techniques, as well as clear instruments.
clarity
Since clarity is the motivation behind reason, it should utilize ___, as well as ___.
clear techniques; clear instruments
Reason :: It must use ___, ___, and ___.
logic; deduction; induction
Major Types of Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning
Critical Thinking
It is a legitimate methodology where you progress from general ideas to specific conclusion.
Deductive Reasoning
It permits you to take data from at least two statements and make a logically sound (strong) conclusion.
Deductive Reasoning
___ is making conclusions based on premises commonly thought to be true (valid).
Deductive thinking
Deductive thinking is likewise called
“deductive logic”
Reasoning :: Likewise called “deductive logic”, it utilizes a ___ (conclusion).
logical assumption to arrive at an obvious end result
Reasoning is frequently alluded to as ___
“top-down thinking.”
If a statement is thought to be accurate and the second statement connects with the first statement, the ___ must also hold true for the ___.
original statement; second statement
Example: If a vehicle’s trunk is large and a bicycle does not fit into it, you might expect the bicycle should likewise be large. We know this since we were furnished with data that we accept is accurate — the storage compartment is large. In view of our logical thinking abilities, we will conclude that the bicycle doesn’t fit in a large trunk because it is likewise large or larger. Insofar as the ___ depend on precise data, the result of this kind of conclusion is often ___.
two premises (statements); true (valid)
Explanation: The example (a) incorporates two statements of precise data and a conclusion in view of the initial two statements. However as long as the initial two statements of data are (b) ___, the conclusion should likewise be (c) ___.
(a) trunk of a vehicle and bike
(b) accurate (right)
(c) accurate (precise)
___ helps arrive at decisions, like taking care of an issue or beating a test (challenge).
Deductive (Logical) thinking
Deductive thought utilizes data assumed to be ___.
accurate (exact)
It excludes feelings, sentiments, or assumptions without proof since deciding the exactness of this information is difficult.
Deductive thoughts
Understanding the ___ can assist you with applying logic to tackle difficulties in your work.
process of rational thinking
The process of deductive reasoning includes:
Initial Assumption
Second Premise (assumption)
Testing
Conclusion
Deductive reasoning (rational thinking) starts with an assumption (reason). This assumption is usually a generalized (summed up) explanation that if something is true (valid), it should be true (valid) in all cases.
Initial Assumption
A second premise (reason) is made about the first (principal) assumption. The second related statement should likewise be valid if the first (main) assumption is valid.
Second Premise (assumption)
the assumptions are tested in various scenarios.
Testing
The information is determined to be valid or invalid based on the test results (outcomes)
Conclusion
___ starts with an assumption (reason). This assumption is usually a ___ that if something is ___, it should be ___ in all cases.
Deductive reasoning (rational thinking); generalized (summed up) explanation; true (valid); true (valid)
___ is made about the ___. The ___ should likewise be valid if the ___ is valid.
A second premise (reason); first (principal) assumption; second related statement; first (main) assumption
Another example of deductive reasoning:
The catalog states that all entering freshmen must take a mathematics placement test.
You are an entering freshman.
What is the conclusion?
Conclusion: You will have to take a mathematics placement test.
___ aims at least one or more factual statements.
Deductive Reasoning and Logic Programming
Deductive reasoning helps one ___.
think logically and go with significant choices (decisions)
The primary benefit is that your decision is valid assuming your thinking (reasoning) is right and your original premises are valid in all circumstances.
Deductive reasoning
Example:
The school requires all freshmen students to take a math placement test. Pedro is a freshman.
What is the condition? - “all freshmen students take a
math placement test”.
What will be the conclusion?
Assume: (premise1) a = freshmen student; (premise2) b == a; (expected result) c = math placement test; (exit strategy) d = not required
Assign: b = Pedro;
Testing: test the status of variable b;
Program logic: if b then c else d
Applying existing logical thinking abilities during decision-making will assist you with settling on better-informed decisions in the ___.
working environment
Deductive reasoning in the workplace requires the following skills:
Problem-solving
Teamwork
Customer Service
You can apply the deductive reasoning process to your critical thinking efforts by first recognizing an accurate (exact) assumption you can use as a foundation for your solution (answer). Deductive reasoning (rational thinking) frequently prompts less blunders (errors) since it decreases the guesswork.
Problem-solving
Utilizing the course of logical thinking, you can recognize where the issue lies, reach accurate conclusions, and assist team members
adjust (align).
Teamwork
By recognizing what the client is discontented with and afterwards interfacing it to what you know about their experiences, you can adequately address their concern and increase consumer loyalty.
Customer Service
You can apply the deductive reasoning process to your critical thinking efforts by first recognizing an accurate (exact) assumption you can use as a foundation for your solution (answer). Deductive reasoning (rational thinking) frequently prompts less ___ since it decreases the guesswork.
blunders (errors)
Utilizing the ___, you can recognize where the issue lies, reach accurate conclusions, and assist team members adjust (align).
course of logical thinking
By recognizing what the client is discontented with and afterwards interfacing it to what you know about their experiences, you can adequately address their concern and increase ___.
consumer loyalty
Using Deductive Reasoning when looking for a job;
Since numerous businesses value critical abilities to think or problem-solving skills, it is useful to feature your ___ during the hiring process.
deductive thinking abilities
You can show your logical thinking knowledge by stating it as an expertise in your resume or sharing it in an introductory letter. During interviews, talk about instances of how you ___ in your current job, or how you will apply this expertise in your new position.
utilize logical (rational) thinking
___ is a logical process that includes utilizing specific experiences, perceptions or realities to assess what is going on.
Inductive thinking
___ is a strategy for logical reasoning that joins observations with experiential data to arrive at a conclusion.
Inductive thinking
When you utilize a specific set of data or existing information from previous experiences to decide, you’re utilizing ___.
inductive thinking
Example: If you review the population information of a city beyond 15 years, you might notice a reliable rate of population increase. To foresee (predict) what the population may be in five years, you can utilize the existing data to make an estimate.
This is inductive thinking
Types of Inductive Reasoning
Inductive Generalization
Statistical Induction
Casual Reasoning (cause and effect)
Induction by Confirmation
This kind of inductive thinking includes considering proof from past similar situations to make a conclusion.
Inductive Generalization
In Inductive Generalization - You could use evidence like the following to support an inductive generalization:
Large sample
Random sampling
Example: For the past three years, the company has exceeded its revenue goal in Q3. Based on this information, the company is likely to exceed its revenue goal in Q3 this year.
Inductive Generalization
This type of inductive thinking uses factual information to reach conclusions. While this sort of thinking gives an assumption, it is vital to stay open to new proof that could adjust your hypothesis (theory).
Statistical Induction
Example: 90% of the sales team met their quota last month. Pat is on the sales team. Pat likely met his sales quota last month.
Statistical Induction
This kind of reasoning includes making a logical association between a reason (cause) and a possible impact (effect). For it to be effective, it is useful for it to include areas of strength between the starting situation and the resulting inference (conclusion). Observable proof is additionally significant for this sort of thinking.
Casual Reasoning (cause and effect)
This kind of reasoning includes making a logical association between a reason (cause) and a possible impact (effect).
Casual Reasoning (cause and effect)
For it to be effective, it is useful for it to include areas of strength between the starting situation and the resulting inference (conclusion). ___ is additionally significant for this sort of thinking.
Observable proof
Example: Joe consistently gets a stomach ache after eating pears. He doesn’t get a stomach ache after eating any other type of fruit. Eating the pears might cause Joe’s stomach ache.
Casual Reasoning (cause and effect)
___ permits you to arrive at a conclusion by accepting tolerating explicit (known) suspicions (assumptions). Police Officers and investigators use this kind of thinking to develop a hypothesis for investigations. They may then attempt to gather proof to help their hypothesis (theory)
Induction by Confirmation
Police Officers and investigators use this kind of thinking to develop a hypothesis for investigations. They may then attempt to gather proof to help their hypothesis (theory)
Induction by Confirmation
Example: Anybody who breaks into a building may have opportunity, motive and means. Renee was in the area, dislikes the homeowner and has lock picks in his bag. Renee likely broke into the building.
Induction by Confirmation
is a thought process wherein you question, investigate, interpret, assess, and make a judgment about what you read, hear, say, or write.
Critical Thinking (decisive reasoning)
The term comes from the Greek word kritikos signifying “ready to pass judgment or observation”.
Critical Thinking (decisive reasoning)
___ is about making solid decisions in view of dependable data.
Great decisive reasoning
Applying ___ does not mean being negative or focusing on faults (shortcomings).
decisive reasoning
It implies having the option to explain your reasoning so you can separate an issue or a piece of data, decipher it, and utilize that translation to arrive at an educated choice or judgment (for instance planning an extension, answering an assessment piece or figuring out a political inspiration)
Critical thinking
In the academic setting, ___ is commonly connected with arguments. You may be asked to think critically about other people’s arguments or create your own.
critical thinking
To improve as a critical thinker, you need to figure out how to:
- clarify your thinking purpose and context
- question your sources of information
- identify arguments
- analyse sources and arguments
- evaluate the arguments of others
- create or synthesize your own arguments
clarifying your purpose and context will help you focus your thinking and avoid information overload and distractions
clarify your purpose and context
learn how to select sources of information that are the most credible, accurate, and relevant for your thinking tasks
question your sources
the ability to identify arguments will help you recognize the man points made in your sources
identify arguments
to demonstrate your critical thinking, you need to be able to carefully examine sources, arguments, theories and processes, and explain how they work
analyse sources and arguments
as a critical thinker, you need to be able to evaluate arguments, as well as the claims, evidence and reasoning that comprise them
evaluate the arguments of others
learn how to bring together evidence, reasoning and claims, and create your own argument
create or senthesize your own arguments
critical thinking
clarify
question
identify
analyse
evaluate
create
How to Apply Questioning Skills?
Question the relevance and reliability of what you hear, read or see.
Question the authority and purpose of what you hear, read or see.
How to Apply Questioning Mindset?
Be inquisitive and curious.
Always seek the truth, rather than accepting things without questioning.
How to Apply Analytical Skills?
Carefully examine ideas and information.
Systematically consider all aspects of a problem and look at each element in its wider context.
How to Apply an Analytical Mindset?
Make connections between ideas.
How to Apply Evaluation Skills?
Recognise (and avoid) flaws of reasoning.
Consider what is implied in what you see, hear and read.
How to Apply an Evaluation Mindset?
Compare different viewpoints and arguments, and point out their strengths and weaknesses.
How to Apply Synthesis Skills?
Use logic and reason to formulate your conclusions and arguments.
Use strong evidence, based on analysis and evaluation, to support your conclusions.
How to Apply an Synthesis Mindset?
Consider the bigger picture or context, and use strong evidence and reason to formulate your conclusions, decisions, judgements and arguments
Inductive vs Deductive Reasoning
Both inductive and deductive thinking bring important advantages to the work environment.
Here are how the definitions differ from each other:
Inductive - Inductive reasoning uses insight (experience) and proven perceptions (observations) to figure out the result. The objective is to predict a probable result.
Example: (experience) I get tired if I don’t drink coffee. (observation) Coffee is addictive. (predict a probable result) I’m addicted to coffee.
Deductive - Deductive thinking utilizes speculations (theories) and convictions (beliefs) to support and demonstrate a particular conclusion. The objective is to demonstrate (prove) a reality (fact).
Example: (theory) Human beings need to breathe to live. (belief) You’re a
human. (proven fact) You need to breathe to live.
___ is the act of making generalized conclusions based off of specific scenarios while ___ is the act of backing up a generalized statement with specific scenarios
inductive reasoning; deductive reasoning
determining when you should leave for work based on traffic patterns
inductive reasoning
rolling out a new accounting process based on the way users interact with the software
inductive reasoning
developing a marketing plan that will be effective for a specific audience
deductive reasoning
designing the floor plan and layout of a shop to maximize sales
deductive reasoning
deciding on incentive plans based on an employee survey
inductive reasoning
determining the most efficient ways to communicate with clients
deductive reasoning
changing a meeting time or format based on participant energy levels
inductive reasoning
planning out a budget to get the highest output from your investments
deductive reasoning
