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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 2 > MIDTERM LABORATORY L1: ELECTROLYTE TESTING > Flashcards

MIDTERM LABORATORY L1: ELECTROLYTE TESTING Flashcards

1
Q

most abundant cation in extracellular fluid

A

sodium

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2
Q

specimens for sodium testing

A

serum
plasma
sweat
24 hour urine

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3
Q

plasma anticoagulants

A

lithium heparin
ammonium heparin
lithium oxalate

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4
Q

T or F:
hemolysis can cause a significant change in sodium testing

A

F
no significant change

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5
Q

MARKED hemolysis can cause what discrepancy in sodium testing

A

decrease, due to dilutional effect

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6
Q

test that detects the amount of sodium and chloride in sweat

A

sweat electrolyte test

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7
Q

sweat electrolyte test is aka

A

iontophoretic sweat test/chloride sweat test

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8
Q

sweat electrolyte test is primarily used for px with symptoms of what dse

A

cystic fibrosis

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9
Q

best specimen for sodium testing

A

24 hour urine

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10
Q

methods for sodium testing

A

1) Flame Emission Spectrophotometry (FES)
2) Ion Selective Electrode (ISE)
3) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS)
4) Colorimetry

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11
Q

color of sodium in FES

A

yellow

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12
Q

routinely used method for sodium testing

A

ISE

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13
Q

in ISE, what is being measured

A

activity of ion (not directly the concentration)

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14
Q

membrane used for sodium ISE

A

glass aluminum silicate

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15
Q

source of error in sodium ISE

A

protein buildup on the membrane through continuous use

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16
Q

2 types of ISE based on sample preparation

A

direct
indirect

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17
Q

type of ISE that provides undiluted sample to interact w/ ISE membranes

A

direct ISE

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18
Q

type of ISE that uses diluted sample

A

indirect ISE

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19
Q

ISE that is more accurate to use

A

direct ISE

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20
Q

what kind of sample can cause falsely decreased results in sodium ISE

A

hyperlipidemic/hyperproteinemic

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21
Q

colorimetry method of sodium

A

Albanese-Lein

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22
Q

reagent of Albanese-Lein

A

sodium uranyl zinc acetate

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23
Q

end color of Albanese-Lein

A

yellow

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24
Q

sodium levels in:
severe dehydration

A

increase

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25
Q

sodium levels in:
severe polyuria

A

decrease

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26
Q

sodium levels in:
diarrhea

A

decrease

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27
Q

sodium levels in:
excessive treatment w/ sodium salts

A

increase

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28
Q

sodium levels in:
metabolic acidosis

A

decrease

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29
Q

sodium levels in:
renal insufficiency

A

decrease

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30
Q

most important cardiac ion

A

potassium

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31
Q

major intracellular cation

A

potassium

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32
Q

serum K may be higher than plasma K by how much

A

0.1-0.7 mmol/L higher

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33
Q

why does serum have higher K levels than plasma

A

due to activation of coagulation-> release of potassium from platelets

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34
Q

factors that can cause elevated K levels

A

coagulated blood
thrombocytosis
elevated platelet count
prolonged tourniquet
excessive clenching of fists

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35
Q

specimen consideration for whole blood samples for K testing

A

stored at room temperature, never iced and analyzed promptly or centrifuged

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36
Q

hemolysis can affect K levels by

A

falsely elevated

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37
Q

most common cause of artifactual hyperkalemia

A

hemolysis

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38
Q

specimens for K testing

A

serum, plasma, 24 hr urine

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39
Q

methods for K testing

A

1) Flame Emission Spectrophotometry (FES)
2) Ion Selective Electrode (ISE)
3) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS)
4) Colorimetry

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40
Q

most common method of K tetsing

A

ISE

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41
Q

membrane used in K ISE

A

valinomycin gel

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42
Q

colorimetric method for K

A

Lockhead and Purcell

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43
Q

reagent for Lockhead and Purell

A

sodium cobaltinitrite

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44
Q

end color of Lockhead and Purell

A

blue

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45
Q

K levels:
renal failure

A

increased

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46
Q

K levels:
dehydration

47
Q

K levels:
malnutrition

48
Q

K levels:
negative nitrogen balance

49
Q

K levels:
shock

50
Q

K levels:
gastrointestinal fluid loss

51
Q

K levels:
hyperactivity of adrenal cortex

52
Q

K levels:
adrenal insufficiency

53
Q

end color of K FES

54
Q

major extracellular anion

55
Q

specimen for chloride

A

serum
plasma
sweat
24 hr urine

56
Q

anticoagulant of choice for chloride testing

A

lithium heparin

57
Q

negative charge ionic form of chlorine

58
Q

methods for Cl testing

A

1) Mercurimetric Titration: Schales & Schales
2) Ion Selective Electrode (ISE)
3) Spectrophotometry

59
Q

indicator of Schales & Schales

A

diphenylcarbazone

60
Q

end color of Schales & Schales

A

blue-violet

61
Q

membrane for Cl ISE

A

tri-n-octyl propyl ammonium chloride decanol

62
Q

Cl spectrophotometry methods

A

1) Whitehorn titration
2) Cotlove chloridometer

63
Q

reagent for whitehorn titration

A

mercuric thiocyanate

64
Q

end color for whitehorn titration

65
Q

cotlove chloridometer produce

A

silver chloride

66
Q

most abundant ion in the body

67
Q

percentage of calcium in bone and ecf

A

99% bone, 1% ECF

68
Q

uses of Ca in the body

A

1) enzyme activation
2) muscle contraction
3) coagulation, etc.

69
Q

total Ca2+ specimen

A

serum or plasma (lithium heparin)

70
Q

ionized Ca2+ specimen consideration

A

1) must be collected anaerobically
2) cannot use sodium and lithium heparin

71
Q

preferred sample for ionized Ca2+

A

heparinized whole blood

72
Q

why ionized Ca2+ specimen must be collected anaerobically

A

loss of CO2 will increase the pH of sample

73
Q

why liquid heparin cannot be used for ionized Ca2+ specimens

A

will partially bind calcium and lower the ionized calcium concentration

74
Q

for ionized Ca2+ specimen, serum from sealed evacuated tubes may be used if:

A

clotting and centrifugation are done quickly (<30 mins) at RT

75
Q

Ca2 urine specimen sample consideration

A

acidified with 6mol/L HCl

76
Q

HCl acts as

77
Q

acid to urine ratio for Ca2 testing

78
Q

methods for Ca2 testing for total Ca2 analysis

A

1) Ortho-cresolphthalein complexone (CPC) (colorimetric)
2) AAS
3) Precipitation test
4) FES

79
Q

in CPC method, what is used to prevent Mg2 interference

A

8-hydroxyquinoline

80
Q

reference method for total Ca2+ analysis

81
Q

dye used in CPC method

A

Arsenzo III dye

82
Q

membrane used in Ca2 ISE

83
Q

methods under precipitation test for Ca2 testing

A

1) Clark-Collip PPT
2) Ferro-Ham PPT

84
Q

endpoint of Clark-Collip PPT

A

oxalic acid

85
Q

end color of Clark-Collip PPT

86
Q

endpoint of Ferro-Ham PPT

A

chloranilic acid

87
Q

end color of Ferro-Ham PPT

88
Q

end color of Ca2 FES

89
Q

calcium levels:
hyperthyroidism

90
Q

calcium levels:
malignant tumors

91
Q

calcium levels:
hypoparathyroidism

92
Q

calcium levels:
osteomalacia

93
Q

calcium levels:
rickets

94
Q

calcium levels:
acute osteoporosis

A

a=increased

95
Q

calcium levels:
adrenal insufficiency

96
Q

calcium levels:
renal failure

97
Q

calcium levels:
tetanus

98
Q

second most abundant cation in intracellular fluid

99
Q

used as cofactor and involved in neuromuscular excitability

100
Q

magnesium levels:
uremia

101
Q

magnesium levels:
chronic renal failure

102
Q

magnesium levels:
malabsorption syndrome

103
Q

magnesium levels:
diuretics

104
Q

magnesium levels:
glomerulonephritis

105
Q

magnesium levels:
hyperparathyroidism

106
Q

magnesium levels:
diabetic acidosis

107
Q

methods used for Mg testing

A

1) Colorimetric
2) Dye Lake Method
3) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
4) Ion Selective Electrode
5) FES

108
Q

methods under colorimetry for Mg testing

A

1) Calmagnite
2) Formazan dye
3) Methylthymol blue

109
Q

most common colorimetric method for Mg testing

A

calmagnite

110
Q

color for calmagnite

A

reddish violet complex

111
Q

dye used for dye lake method for Mg tetsing

A

Titan yellow

112
Q

membrane used for Mg ISE

A

neutral carrier polymer

113
Q

color of Mg in FES

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 2 (3 decks)

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