Midterm Key Terms (ch 16-21)

Question 1

GREAT RAILROAD STRIKE

Answer 1

A set of demonstrations that included some violence, that were carried across the US, which supported the striking railroad employees from Martinsburg, West Virginia. They didn’t want to work, since their wages were cut (Foner).

Question 2

ROBBER BARONS

Answer 2

“Aka “captains of industry”; Gilded Age industrial figures who inspired both admiration, for their economic leadership and innovation, but also hostility and fear, due to their unscrupulous business methods, repressive labor practices, and unprecedented economic control over entire industries”
((Foner).

Question 3

WOUNDED KNEE MASSACRE

Answer 3

“Last incident of the Indian Wars; it took place in 1890 in the Dakota Territory, where the U.S. Cavalry” murdered more than 200 Sioux men, women, and children (Foner, 644).

Question 4

KNIGHTS OF LABOR

Answer 4

Established in the year 1869, “the first national union; it lasted, under the leadership of Terence V. Powderly, only into the 1890s; supplanted by the American Federation of Labor” (Foner).

Question 5

VERTICAL INTEGRATION

Answer 5

“Company’s way to avoid intermediaries by producing its own supplies and providing for distribution of its product” (Foner).

Question 6

POPULISTS

Answer 6

Established in 1892, a group that advocated various “reform issues, including free coinage of silver, income tax, postal savings, regulation of railroads, and direct election of U.S. senators” (Foner).

Question 7

NEW SOUTH

Answer 7

“Atlanta Constitution editor Henry W. Grady’s 1886 term for the prosperous post–Civil War South he envisioned: democratic, industrial, urban, and free of nostalgia for the defeated plantation South” (Foner).

Question 8

KANSAS EXODUS

Answer 8

“A migration in 1879 and 1880 by some 40,000–60,000 Blacks to Kansas to escape the oppressive environment of the New South” (Foner).

Question 9

PLESSY V. FERGUSON

Answer 9

“U.S. Supreme Court decision supporting the legality of Jim Crow laws that permitted or required ‘separate but equal facilities for Black and White” people (Foner).

Question 10

THE LOST CAUSE

Answer 10

“A romanticized view of slavery, the Old South, and the Confederacy that arose in the decades following the Civil War” (Foner).

Question 11

CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT

Answer 11

A law in 1882, that halted Chinese immigration to the United States” (Foner).

Question 12

PHILIPPINE WAR

Answer 12

“American military campaign that suppressed the movement for Philippine independence after the Spanish-American War; America’s death toll was over 4,000 and that of the Philippines was far higher” (Foner).

Question 13

ANTI-IMPERIALIST LEAGUE

Answer 13

“Coalition of anti-imperialist groups united in 1899 to protest American territorial expansion, especially in the Philippine Islands; its membership included prominent politicians, industrialists, labor leaders, and social reformers” (Foner).

Question 14

ATLANTA COMPROMISE

Answer 14

“Speech to the Cotton States and International Exposition in 1895 by educator Booker T. Washington, the leading Black spokesman of the day; Black scholar W. E. B. Du Bois gave the speech its derisive name and criticized Washington for encouraging Blacks to accommodate segregation and disenfranchisement” (Foner).

Question 15

LYNCHING

Answer 15

“Practice, particularly widespread in the South between 1890 and 1940, in which persons (usually Blacks) accused of a crime were murdered by mobs before standing trial. Lynchings often took place before large crowds, with law enforcement authorities not intervening” (Foner).

Question 16

PROGRESSIVE PARTY

Answer 16

“Political party created when former president Theodore Roosevelt broke away from the Republican Party to run for president again in 1912. The party supported progressive reforms similar to those of the Democrats but stopped short of seeking to eliminate trusts; also the name of the party backing Robert La Follette for president in 1924” (Foner).

Question 17

FORDISM

Answer 17

“Early twentieth-century term describing the economic system developed by Ford Motor Company based on high wages and mass consumption” (Foner).

Question 18

BIRTH-CONTROL MOVEMENT

Answer 18

“An offshoot of the early twentieth-century feminist movement that saw access to birth control and “voluntary motherhood” as essential to women’s freedom. The birth-control movement was led by Margaret Sanger” (Foner).

Question 19

ELLIS ISLAND

Answer 19

“Reception center in New York Harbor through which most European immigrants to America were processed from 1892 to 1954” (Foner, A-51).

Question 20

SETTLEMENT HOUSE

Answer 20

“Late-nineteenth-century movement to offer a broad array of social services in urban immigrant neighborhoods; Chicago’s Hull House was one of hundreds of settlement houses that operated by the early twentieth century” (Foner, A-74).

Question 21

PANAMA CANAL

Answer 21

“The small strip of land on either side of the Panama Canal; the Canal Zone was under U.S. control from 1903 to 1979 as a result of Theodore Roosevelt’s assistance in engineering a coup in Colombia that established Panama’s independence” (Foner, A-69).

Question 22

DOLLAR DIPLOMACY

Answer 22

“A foreign policy initiative under President William Howard Taft that promoted the spread of American influence through loans and economic investments from American banks” (Foner, A-50).

Question 23

FOURTEEN POINTS

Answer 23

“President Woodrow Wilson’s 1918 plan for peace after World War I; at the Versailles peace conference, however, he failed to incorporate all of the points into the treaty” (Foner, A-54).

Question 24

EUGENICS

Answer 24

“The study of the alleged mental and physical characteristics of different groups of people aiming to “improve” the quality of the human race through selective breeding” (Foner, A-52).

Question 25

TULSA MASSACRE

Answer 25

“A race riot in 1921—the worst in American history—that occurred in Tulsa, Oklahoma, after a group of Black veterans tried to prevent a lynching. Over 300 African Americans were killed, and 10,000 lost their homes in fires set by white mobs” (Foner, A-76).

Question 26

RED SCARE (1919 - 1920)

Answer 26

“Fear among many Americans after World War I of Communists in particular and noncitizens in general, a reaction to the Russian revolution, mail bombs, strikes, and riots” (Foner, A-72).

Question 27

GREAT MIGRATION

Answer 27

“Large-scale migration of southern Blacks during and after World War I to the North, where jobs had become available during the labor shortage of the war years” (Foner, A-56).

Question 28

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE (NAACP)

Answer 28

“Founded in 1910, the civil rights organization that brought lawsuits against discriminatory practices and published The Crisis, a journal edited by African American scholar W. E. B. Du Bois” (Foner, A-66).

Question 29

SEDITION ACT

Answer 29

“1918 law that made it a crime to make spoken or printed statements that criticized the U.S. government or encouraged interference with the war effort” (Foner, A-74).

Question 30

SACCO-VANZETTI CASE

Answer 30

“A case held during the 1920s in which two Italian American anarchists were found guilty and executed for a crime in which there was very little evidence linking them to the particular crime” (Foner, A-73).

Question 31

FLAPPER

Answer 31

“Young women of the 1920s whose rebellion against prewar standards of femininity included wearing shorter dresses, bobbing their hair, dancing to jazz music, driving cars, smoking cigarettes, and indulging in illegal drinking and gambling” (Foner, A-53).

Question 32

INDIAN CITIZENSHIP ACT

Answer 32

“1924 act that conferred American citizenship to all non-citizen Indians born within U.S.
territorial boundaries” (Foner, A-59).

Question 33

GREAT DEPRESSION

Answer 33

“Worst economic depression in American history; it was spurred by the stock market crash of 1929 and lasted until World War II” (A-56).

Question 34

HARLEM RENAISSANCE

Answer 34

“African American literary and artistic movement of the 1920s centered in New York City’s Harlem neighborhood; writers Langston Hughes, Jean Toomer, Zora Neale Hurston, and Countee Cullen were among those active in the movement” (Foner, A-57).

Question 35

EQUAL RIGHTS AMENDMENT

Answer 35

“An amendment to guarantee equal rights for women, introduced in 1923 but not passed by Congress until 1972; it failed to be” approved “by the states” (Foner, A-52).

Question 36

NEW DEAL

Answer 36

“Franklin D. Roosevelt’s campaign promise, in his speech to the Democratic National Convention of 1932, to combat the Great Depression with a “new deal for the American people”; the phrase became a catchword for his ambitious plan of economic programs” (Foner, A-66).