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PNUR 2101 CONCEPTS > MIDTERM (JAY) > Flashcards

MIDTERM (JAY) Flashcards

1
Q

What is stigma?

A

negative beliefs that impact the way we see the truth. Can prevent adequate care and seeking care

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2
Q

What is a stereotype?

A

A generalized belief about a group of people; expecting them to act in a certain way

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3
Q

What is discrimination?

A

Behavioural manifestation of prejudice

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4
Q

What is prejudice?

A

Hostile attitudes towards people belonging to a specific group

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5
Q

What are some common myths about mental illness?

A
  • violent and dangerous
  • caused by personal weakness
  • less intelligent
  • rare, untretable
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6
Q

What did Dorothea Dix do?
during 1840s

A

during 1840s, advocated for human tx, MH care, more hospitals. Advent of Nursing Care for the mentally ill was born (social reform)

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7
Q

What was the 1st antimanic med?

A

Lithium

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8
Q

What was the first antipsychotic?

A

Chlorpromazine

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9
Q

What were the first antidepressant meds?

A

MAOI and tricyclic

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10
Q

When was BC’s first asylum opened?

A

1872

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11
Q

What happened to Riverview? Empowerment and Deinstitutionalization

A

1909: construction begins on “Hospital for the Mind”; Essondale, later became Riverview

1913: opened, had 4,630 patients at peak

1970s/80s: patient advocacy groups emerged

1980s onwards: beginning of deinstitutionalization

1990s: Riverview began downsizing

2009: 256 active beds remain

2012: only 3 wards w/ less than 15 patients

2013: lights out

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12
Q

Brief hx of mental illness:

A

Prior to 1790: evil spirits, possession. Chains, shackles, and confinement as tx

1792: Pinel believed human were inhumanely tx; removal of chains

1835: first lunatic asylum

1836: insanity act formed, later became MHA

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13
Q

What is the period of institutionalization in Canada?

A

1845 (Quebec) to 2011 (BC)

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14
Q

What is the significance of veterans in MH care?

A
  • MH tx became focus after WWI veterans were returning w/ shellshock (PTSD)
  • led to the implementation of MH hospitals
  • CNCMH formed in 1918
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15
Q

Define asylum:

A

peace, relief; we added the negative stigma

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16
Q

Define insanity:

A

not of a sound mind; made derogatory

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17
Q

What does psychotherapy do?

A

helps the patient to help themselves by asking strategic Q’s

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18
Q

Hx of MH tx:

A

1915: Malaria Fever Therapy
1920s: hyrdotherapy
1930-50s: Insulin Coma Therapy
1938 - present: ECT
1936-1970’s: Lobotomy
- all were aimed to ‘reset’ the brain

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19
Q

Explain choice community integration (MH care and reform):

A
  • ongoing community involvement, enhanced understanding
  • greater advocacy to protect rights and freedoms of MI ppl
  • empowerment of client to help themselves; psych nurse acts as “facilitator”
  • providing opportunities for people w/ MI to make their own decisions in tx
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20
Q

What is self awareness?

A

understanding one’s biases, beliefs, thoughts etc. and recognizing how they affect self and others

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21
Q

What is projection?

A

falsely attributing to other your own unacceptable thoughts/feelings

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22
Q

What is transference?

A

client unconsciously transfers aspects of past relationship onto nurse

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23
Q

What is ethics:

A

study of good conduct, character, motives. Accountability! Each practitioner has the responsibility to adhere to standards of ethical practice

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24
Q

RPN code of ethics:

A

Primary purpose: protect the public

  • defines/provides RPN’s w/ practice standard
  • governed by Health Professions Act
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25
Q

CRPNBC Professional standards

A

Therapeutic Relationships
Theory/knowledge base
Professional Accountability
Ethical Practice

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26
Q

Health care ethical principles:

A

Autonomy
Beneficence
Non-maleficence
Dignity
Justice
Truthfulness, informed consent & confidentiality

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27
Q

MH Care issues:

A

Behaviour control and restraint
- relational engagement and boundaries
- confidentiality
- ethical practice environments
- social justice

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28
Q

What is medical futility?

A

interventions unlikely to produce any significant benefit to patient

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29
Q

What are the 4 classifications of futility?

A
  1. not futile (beneficial)
  2. futile (not beneficial)
  3. futile from patient perspective
  4. futile from clinician perspective
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30
Q

Definition of critical thinking:

A
  • art of analyzing and evaluating thinking w/ a view to improve
  • encompasses both cognitive processes and attitudes
  • consciously examining our own thinking processes
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31
Q

What is egocentric thinking?

A

Results form our tendency to be self-centered and to view situations/info from our own point of view with the assumption that it is “right”

32
Q

What is sociocentric thinking?

A

Results from internalization of the dominant prejudices of our society or culture

It involves taking on group norms, beliefs, and to blindly conform to group standards without questioning them.

We begin to view situations from this lens and dont consider alternate perspectives/cultures

33
Q

Elements of critical thinking:

A

-purpose

-question at issue

-information

-concepts

-assumptions

-inferences

-point of view

-implications

34
Q

How do we measure the quality of our thinking?

A

Clarity, Accuracy, Precision, Relevance, Depth, Breadth, Logic

35
Q

What is the problem solving process?

A

-Clarify the nature of a problem and suggests possible solutions

-Evaluate solutions and choose best one to implement

36
Q

3 types of questions in problem solving:

A
  1. there is a correct answer: req. knowledge
  2. no ‘right’ answer: calls for subjective opinion/preference
  3. multi ‘right’ answers: clinical judgment
37
Q

close-ended questions

A

Questions that can be answered in short or single word responses.

38
Q

open-ended questions

A

questions that allow respondents to answer however they want

39
Q

What is a complete health assessment?

A

non-emergent data collected at initial visit, or on hospital admission

40
Q

What is an emergency assessment?

A

A quick focused assessment in an emergency situation to identify life-threatening problems

41
Q

What is an episodic/problem centered assessment?

A

follow up assessment to a specific previously identified problem

42
Q

What is a follow-up assessment?

A

analyzing previously implemented evaluation

43
Q

What are the components of a health hx?

A
  • biographical/demographic data (age, gender, address, etc.)
  • chief concern/reason for visit (record verbatim: offers insight into experience)
  • hx of present illness
  • past health hx (including psych hx)
  • family hx
  • holistic assessment (physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, spiritrual)
  • perception of health
  • MSE
44
Q

What does the MSE assess?

A
  • appearance and psychomotor behaviour
  • mood/affect
  • speech (nature of speech)
  • thought form (how are they thinking?)
  • though content (what are they thinking)
  • perception (5 senses, hallucinations and delusions)
  • cognition (memory, concentration, intelligence)
  • insight/judgement
  • risk assessment
45
Q

Head to toe assessment:

A
  • general survey
  • vital signs
  • head
  • neck
  • upper extremities
  • chest/back
  • abdomen
  • anus and rectum
  • lower extremities
46
Q

What is the difference between insight and judgement?

A

insight: someone’s thoughts on their actions - do they understand their illness/know why they are there?

judgement: behavioural manifestation of insight - do they understand if their actions are good/bad?

47
Q

What are the methods of physical assessment?

A
  1. inspection
  2. auscultation
  3. palpation
  4. percussion
  5. olfaction
48
Q

What is the purpose of a conceptual framework?

A
  • guide/organize assessment
  • assist in identifying an dx health problems
  • guide planning evaluation of care
  • guides curriculum for education
  • frame of reference to organize nursing research
49
Q

4 Meta-paradigms of nursing (PEHN)

A
  1. person
  2. environment
  3. health
  4. nursing
50
Q

What is recovery?

A
  • represents return and maintenance of system stability following tx
  • complete recovery may occur beyond baseline, may stabilize system to lower level, or return to level of wellness prior to illness
51
Q

What falls under the psychological variable?

A
  • emotions
  • cognition
  • perception of self
  • self esteem
  • body image
  • self-ideal
  • sexuality
  • self-identity
52
Q

What falls under the developmental variable?

A
  • expected life events
  • unexpected life events
  • growth
  • development
  • transition
53
Q

What falls under the sociocultural variable?

A
  • language/communication patterns
  • cultural roles and expectations
  • social hx
  • relationships/ SOs
  • health beliefs
  • habits/practices
  • ethnicity and race
54
Q

What falls under the spiritual variable?

A
  • purpose and meaning
  • interconnectedness
  • faith
  • religion
  • forgiveness
  • creativity
  • transcendence
55
Q

3 Components of Psychological Variable

A
  1. Emotions (Mood & Affect)
  2. Cognition & Perception (Thought Formation)
  3. Self Concept (Self-esteem, body image, sexuality and how you define yourself)
56
Q

Influences on the development of Self Concept

A

Relations, environment, culture, genetics

57
Q

What is a healthy self concept

A

Is stable, positive, meaningful, and helps an individual cope with stress

58
Q

What does self identity comprise of

A

Ethnicity, religion, social class, age

59
Q

What does self identity assessment comprise of

A

Determining a persons self awareness and their relationships with themselves and others

60
Q

What is self ideal

A

Goals of who you want to be and evaluating who you are

61
Q

What is body image

A

One’s relationship with their body

62
Q

What is body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)

A

Linked with OCD, ones belief that their appearance is flawed when it is not

63
Q

What is self esteem

A

One’s definition of their self worth

64
Q

What is sexual identity

A

how people view themselves as a sexual being and is influenced by culture, ethnicity and religious beliefs and practices

65
Q

What is gender identity

A

Do we identify ourselves as a male, female or other

66
Q

What is gender dysphoria

A

A person who identifies with a different gender from which they were born (the distress resulting from it)

67
Q

What is role performance

A

The way individuals perceive their ability to carry out significant roles

68
Q

What are 5 social processes that influence role performance

A

Reinforcement-extinction
Inhibition
Substitution
Imitation
Identification

69
Q

What is reinforcment-extinction

A

Certain behaviours become common
or are avoided, depending on whether they are approved and
reinforced or are discouraged and punished.

70
Q

What is inhibition

A

An individual learns to refrain from certain
behaviours, even when tempted to engage in them.

71
Q

What is substitution

A

An individual replaces one behaviour with another,
which provides the same personal gratification.

72
Q

What is imitation

A

An individual acquires skills or behaviours by
observing and then imitating the skills and behaviours of other
members of the family or other social or cultural groups.

73
Q

What is identification

A

An individual internalizes the beliefs, behaviours,
and values of role models into a personal, unique expression of
self.

74
Q

What are some behavioural clues of altered self concept

A

Avoidance of eye contact Slumped posture
Poor grooming
Derogatory self talk “ I’m so fat/ ugly/ stupid”
Being overly apologetic Hesitancy in expressing views or opinions
Difficulty making decisions

75
Q

MSE ASSESSMENT AREAS (10)

A

General Appearance (O) & Psychomotor Behavior (O)
Emotional State: Affect (O) and Mood (S)
Speech (O)
Thought Process/Form (O & S)
Thought Content (O & S)
Perception (O & S)
Cognitive Functioning/Sensorium (O & S)
Insight (O)
Judgment (O & S)
Risk assessment (O & S)

PNUR 2101 CONCEPTS (4 decks)

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