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Mushrooms > Midterm II > Flashcards

Midterm II Flashcards

1
Q

____ is the staple food of 35% of the world

A

Wheat

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2
Q

Wheat Rust

A

A fungus that targets wheat plants,

there are more than one kind of wheat rust

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3
Q

Sexual recombination of wheat rust occurs on what plant?

A

Barberry bush

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4
Q

For Wheat Rust, no Barberry Bush =

A

no sex

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5
Q

is Wheat Rust an obligate Parasite?

A

Yes

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6
Q

Obligate Parasite

A

Needs a host to survive and reproduce

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7
Q

Why does Wheat Rust require Burberry for survival?

A

Sexual reproduction introduces variation in genes necessary to attack plant defenses. If no variation, then the rust can’t infect the wheat

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8
Q

1953 Wheat Rust Epidemic

A

Rust spores produced in Kansas, spread to Minnesota and North Dakota by wind. 40% loss of spring wheatcrop.

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9
Q

Economic effects of crop damage are a function of

A

who you are, and your local governments attitude and resources

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10
Q

How does Wheat Rust survive the wind over long period of time when migrating/ dispersing?

A

Thick, pigmented walls, prevent it from being burnt by sun or dried out

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11
Q

How are scientists responding to wheat rust?

A

Building rust-resistant forms of Wheat

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12
Q

Is wheat rust ancient?

A

Yes

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13
Q

Which phylum do wheat rust’s belong to?

A

Basidiomycota

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14
Q

Goddes of Rust

A

Ceres

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15
Q

Coffee Rust has caused ___$ of damage in Latin America since 2012

A

1 billion

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16
Q

Chestnut Blight

A

Chestnut blight killed trees on east coast rapidly

By 1940, it was everywhere

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17
Q

Chryphonectria Parasita

A

Introduced from Asia, doesn’t hurt Chinese Chestnuts, but kills American Chestnuts

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18
Q

How does Chestnut Blight kill chestnut trees

A

Creates a canker that kills the tree

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19
Q

How many trees died during Chestnut Blight

A

4 billion trees died in 40 years

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20
Q

What factors might affect the introduction of a genetically engineered tree released in the wild?

A. Genetic variation in the chestnut blight fungus
B. Interbreeding with susceptible chestnut trees
C. Unforeseen effects of the genetic modifications
D. The difference in generation times between the trees and the blight fungus
E. Habitat loss due to human activity

A

hmmm don’t know…seems like all but maybe not B

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21
Q

Tar Spots

A

Each tar spot on a tree is a point of infection
If especially strong, tar spots might defoliate a tree
Usually trees just grow back leaves

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22
Q

How do tar spots disperse?

A

After spending the winter on a leaf on the ground, tar spot explodes/opens and sends its spore adrift.

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23
Q

Every tree has some type of ___

A

disease

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24
Q

____ and ____ are engaged in a constant, slow, evolutionary battle

A

Trees and fungus

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25
Q

How do agriculturists manage plant disease (3 things)

A

Breed new varieties that can resist pathogens
Treating crops w fungicides
Crop rotation to decrease spores in soil

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26
Q

Most devastating disease often introduced from ____ ____

A

Foreign lands

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27
Q

Sudden Oak Death

A

Caused by fungus Phytophthora Ramorum

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28
Q

2012 Outbreak, Fungal meningitis

A

People got infection from steroids prescribed at doctors office. The steroids contained 4 different molds

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29
Q

Company responsible for 2012 outbreak

A

New England Compounding Center

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30
Q

Difference between a Compounder and a Manufacturer

A

Compounder- makes single dose for specific patients that have special needs
Manufacturer- Produces mass quantities of standard drugs

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31
Q

Coccidioidomycosis

A

Makes lots of spores,
lives in mouse poop
Inhaled spores can cause disease

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32
Q

Coccidioidomycosis is usually fatal or nonfatal?

A

Nonfatal

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33
Q

Cocci epidemic in 2013 occurred where?

A

California state prisons, infection rate was 1000x higher than elsewhere in the state

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34
Q

How are cocci spores usually transported

A

Along w/ dust by wind

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35
Q

Ringworm & Athlete’s Foot

A

Fungus diseases of the superficial layers of skin
Caused by several different fungi that have
evolved with us over a long time
Can be spread person to person, or by animals

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36
Q

Will ringworm or athletes foot kill you?

A

No, just gnarly

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37
Q

Why is using drugs to fight fungal infection difficult?

A

Fungal cells are a lot like human cells

Hard to kill fungal cells w/o harming host

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38
Q

Two major kinds of antifungal drugs?

A 
Amphotericin B
Azole drugs (itraconozole)
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39
Q

How to fight mycoses?

A

Avoid exposure to pathogens
Antifungal drugs
Immune system boosters

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40
Q

Why are deaths by fungal infection increasing?

A

Suppressed immunity
Increased travel and trade
Fungi have acquired resistance to antifungal drugs

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41
Q

Malassezia

A

Common fungus that grows on almost all humans and most animals

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42
Q

Examples of Malassezia

A

Dandruff

43
Q

Discoverer of Penicillin?

A

Alexander Fleming in 1928 in London

44
Q

Penicillin is a drug made by

A

some species of Penicillium

45
Q

How does penicillin work

A

The mold grows and kills the bacteria that surrounds it

46
Q

What effect did Penicillin have on deaths in WII

A

Decreased, because penicillin cured bacterial pneumonia, which was a big killer of US troops during WWI

47
Q

What is a beta-lactam antibiotic?

A

A drug like penicillin that inhibits bacterial cell-wall formation

48
Q

___% of people are allergic to Penicillin?

A

10%

49
Q

Do all species of Penicillium make Penicillin?

A

No, some even make mycotoxins!

50
Q

Cyclosporine

A

Key drug used to facilitate transplanted organs

51
Q

What does cyclosporine do?

A

Suppresses body’s rejection of transplanted organs

52
Q

Insulin

A

Grown in culture, used to fight diabetes

53
Q

Where in our bodies is insulin produced?

A

Pancreas

54
Q

In the past, how was commercial insulin grown?

A

Using pancreas of cows and pigs

55
Q

What was the problem w using animal pancreas’ for insulin production

A

Humans had allergies to the animal proteins present

56
Q

What was the solution to the commercial Insulin issue

A

Use Yeast to grow Insulin.

57
Q

How is Yeast used to grow insulin

A

Human insulin genes injected into yeast, yeast make proteins like their human relatives do, so this works. Yeast then excretes proteins that are purified and readied for human use

58
Q

What is Reishi?

A

Fungus that helps with heart health, blood sugar, cholesterol

59
Q

Turkey Tail Fungus

A

Can fight Cancer, inflammation, viruses

60
Q

Cordycepin

A

Immunomodulating compound, strengthens body

61
Q

Where does yeast come from in Pruno-making?

A

The air!

62
Q

Raw Morels are ____, but when cooked, morels become ____

A

Poisonous, Edible

63
Q

Phenology means

A

Fruiting season

64
Q

All mushrooms have a ______ phenology

A

distinct

65
Q

Phenology is currently being effected by

A

Climate Change

66
Q

Many mushrooms experience fruiting seasons in the fall because ________

A

Tree roots, which mingle with mushrooms, are rich with nutrients in the fall..

67
Q

Meadow mushrooms: Agaricus (edible) has a _____ colored sport print while deadly mushrooms with similar phenotype always have a ____ spore print

A

Brown, white

68
Q

Poisons— different mushrooms contain _____ toxins

A

Different

69
Q

True or false: there is no truly reliable kitchen, field, or lab test to determine a mushrooms toxicity

A

TRUE!

70
Q

Mycophagist

A

One who eats mushrooms

71
Q

Amanita bisporigera (destroying angel) has a _____ spore print

A

WHITE

72
Q

Amatoxins

A

Ridiculously powerferful toxins found in mushrooms responsible for 90% of mushroom deaths

73
Q

Amatoxins blocks ____________ from forming and stops creation of ______

A

RNA Polymerase, proteins and enzymes

74
Q

How do Amatoxins kill people?

A

Liver failure!

75
Q

Why are many tasty mushrooms unable to be cultivated in lab ?

A

Because they have a mycorrhizal relationship with tree roots. Without them they can grow, but the won’t fruit.

76
Q

Truffles belong to which phylum

A

Ascomycota

77
Q

Truffles lead to the discovery of what cool symbiotic relationship?

A

Mycorrhizae! Symbiosis between mushrooms and tree roots.

78
Q

Mushrooms contain which taste?

A

Umami

79
Q

Maria Sabina

A

Shaman from latin America who introduced westerners to Psychedelic mushrooms

80
Q

All magic mushrooms belong to which genus

A

Psilocybe

81
Q

Entheogen

A

An entity that generates the divine from within

82
Q

Active component of magic mushrooms?

A

Psilocybin

83
Q

Drawbacks to shrooms

A

1/4 of users experience a panic attack related to shroom consumption
Existing schizophrenia can be triggered

84
Q

Shrooms contain the compounds similar to _______

A

Serotonin

85
Q

Psilocin bonds to the same brain receptors as _______

A

Serotonin

86
Q

Federal laws apply to ______ within mushrooms not the spores themselves….though some states outlaw the spores the spores as well

A

chemicals

87
Q

Magic Mushrooms look like ______ which contains deadly _____

A

Galerina, Amatoxins

88
Q

How does a tree make its biomass?

A

By capturing CO2

89
Q

What happens to the CO2 in a tree when wood rot takes hold of a tree?…..What is this process called?

A

CO2 is released? Carbon cycling

90
Q

What are lichen?

A

Lichens are a mutualistic partnership between algae and fungi. Together, they make a distinctive structure.

91
Q

How are Lichen named?

A

They are called by the name of the fungi and the name of the algae is left off.

92
Q

What is the third component in Lichen?

A

Yeast!

93
Q

What does the yeast in Lichen do?

A

It helps to create the lichens surface

94
Q

Lichens grow _____ly

A

slowly

95
Q

____% of plants form symbiotic relationship with fungi

A

90

96
Q

How do plants benefit from Mycorhizzae

A

Increased absorption of nutrients and water
More access to nitrogen and phosphorous
Protection from diseases
Can grow in places they otherwise could not

97
Q

How is Mycorhizzae a “network”?

A

Can receive information from other plants about threats

Nutrient sharing between different kinds of plants

98
Q

Two kinds of Mycorhizzae

A

Endomycorhizzae

Ectomycorhizzae

99
Q

Ectomycorhizzae

A

Fungus surrounds root cells
Effects mostly trees and shrubs
Mostly mushrooms and cup fungi

100
Q

Which Phylum do cup fungi belong to

A

Ascomycota

101
Q

Which phylum do tasty mushrooms typically belong to?

A

Basidiomycota

102
Q

Endomycorhizzae

A

Occurs within root cells
Most herbaceous plants
Phylum Glomeromycota

103
Q

Most common mushrooms used in food are all a variation of the species

A

Agaricus bisporus

Mushrooms (1 decks)

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