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HSS1100 > Midterm II > Flashcards

Midterm II Flashcards

1
Q

Bacillus anthracis

A
  • G+ bacilli
  • Potent Exotoxin Anthrax
  • Spore forming
  • UNIQUE protein capsule, antiphagocytic
  • Aerobic
  • Sporulating (resistant heat, dryness, UV light)
  • RAPID Treatment with penicillin, ciproflaxin
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2
Q

Bacillus anthrasis Exotoxin

A

-pXO1 plasmid
-optimally transcribed at 37C, increased CO2 and serum proteins
3 proteins:
-Edema factor (EF)
-Protective antigen (PA)
-Lethal Facor (LF)

  • Toxic when combined
  • pXO2 plasmids required for virulence
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3
Q

Bacillus cereus

A
  • G+ bacilli
  • Spores cause food poisoning
  • motile
  • Enterotoxin responsible:
    1) Heat labile: nausea, ab pain, 12-24 hr diarhea
    2) Heat stable: SEVERE nausea and vomiting

RESISTANT

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4
Q

Clostridium botulinum

A
  • G+ bacilli
  • Anaerobic
  • spore forming
  • Fatal
  • Neurotoxin blocks Ach release (flaccid muscle paralysis)
  • Afebrile, nerve palsies, weakness

Treatment
antitoxin and respiratory assistance

-Infant botulism

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5
Q

Clostridium tetani

A

-G+ bacilli
-Spore forming
-Exotoxin: tetanospasm
(muscle spasms, Lock-Jaw)
-Boosters

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6
Q

Clostridium perfringes

A

-G+ bacilli
-Spore Forming
-‘gas gangrene’
2 types of infection
1) wound infection/ cellulitis (necrotic skin, damage to local tissues, spongy)
2) clostridial myonecrosis (trauma into muscles, black fluid FATAL)

Treatment
Oxygn to exposed area, penicillin

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7
Q

Clostridium difficile

A

-G+ bacilli
-Spore forming
-antiobiotic associated pseudomembranous colitis.
-over perscription of broad spectrum ab (hospitals)
Toxin A: diarrhea
Toxin B: cytotoxic to colon cells

Treatment: Live probiotics (vancomycin) low oral bioavailability

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8
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

A
  • G+
  • NON spore forming
  • Faculative intracellular aerobe
  • Listeriosis
  • psychrophile, will live in the fridge
  • meningitis, septicemia
  • crosses blood brain,GI and feto-placental
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9
Q

Corynebacterium diptheriae

A

-G+
-NON spore forming
-Damages Heart and Neurons
Treatment:
-Antitoxin
-Penicillin
-DPT vaccine

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10
Q

EMB/ MacConkey Media

A
  • Selective/ differential media
  • Inhibition of Gram + bacterial growth
  • Lactose fermenters colorize.
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11
Q

Biochemical Classifications (G- bacilli)

A
  • H2S Production
  • Hyrdolysis of Urea
  • Liquefy gelatin
  • Decarboxylation od amino acids
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12
Q

Classification of surface antigens (G- bacilli)

A

Variable O-antigen: outermost layer of LPS

K-antigen: covers the O antigen

H-antigen: flagellar sub unit, only in motile bacteria

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13
Q

Diarrhea-with/without systemic invasion

A
  • bind intestinal cells but do not enter
  • Exotoxin release causes diarrhoea
  • Enterotoxin release causes fluid/ electrolyte loss
  • watery, no fever\
  • ‘Vibrio cholera’
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14
Q

Diarrhea with Intestinal cell invasion

A
  • Virulence factors allow binding and invasion of cells
  • Toxin release destroys cells BLOODY POOPS
  • FEVER
  • ‘shigella’
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15
Q

Diarrhea with invasion of lymph nodes and bloodstream

A
  • ab pain
  • Fever, Headache, increase white cell counts
  • ‘Salmonella typhi, Yersinia enterocolitica, Campylobacter jejeuni’
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16
Q

Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis

A
  • G- baccili
  • Enterocolitis (fever, chills, headache myalgia)
  • 2-3 days recovery
  • you need to ingest 10^5
  • 6-48h incubation

From where?

  • person to person
  • underreported
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17
Q

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium

A

-G- bacilli
-Enteric fever and Enterocollitis
“Typhoid Fever”
-bacterial multiplication in lymphoid tissue
-ulceration, haemorrhage, perforation
-convalescent carriers excrete bacteria for 3 months

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18
Q

Salmonella enterica serovar paratyphoid

A

same as typhoid

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19
Q

Escherichia coli

A

-G- bacilli
-Lactose fermenting
-aerobic
-normal gut flora
ENTEROTOXIGENIC Ecoli: infant diarrhoea, Traveller’s diarrhoea, Enterotoxins

ENTEROINVASIVE Ecoli: like shigellosis

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20
Q

E.coli O157:H7

A
  • Haemorrhagic colitis
  • Hamburger Disease
  • proper food handling
21
Q

Shigellae

A
  • G- Bacilli
  • Non lactose fermenting
  • diarrhoea with mucus, pus and blood

S. dysenterae

  • tropics
  • Severe illness: Watery diarrhoea, cramps, fever.
  • children, poor sanitation, crowding,
  • No Vaccine
22
Q

Vibrio Cholerera

A
  • G- bacilli
  • Enterotoxin binds cells in small intestine
  • Cells secrete chlorides, lower Na+ absorption
  • WATERY diarrhea
  • Severe dehydration and death (10-15 L water loss)
  • Common in Africa
23
Q

Campylobacter

A

-G- bacilli
-Jejuni and coli
-major cause of human enteritis
-normal flora in birds and domestic animals
SYMPTOMS
-fever, ab pain, bloody diarrhoea
-Maybe travellers diarrhea??

24
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

-G- bacilli
-moist habitat
-many resistant strains
-Respiratory pathogen in cystic fibrosis
-

25
Q

Pseudomonas cepacia

A
  • Common in saline solutions
  • able to multiple in low nutrient environment
  • Respiratory pathogen of cystic fibrosis patients
26
Q

Haemophilus influenzae

A
  • G- bacilli
  • Normal noropharyngeal flora in many adults and children
  • meningitis, pneumonia, joint infections
  • vaccine
27
Q

Enterobacter spp.

A
  • G- bacilli
  • wound infections, pneumonia, bacteremia
  • powdered infant formula
28
Q

Heliobacter pylori

A

-G- rods
-spiral bacilli
-stomach ulcers
-Dr. Robert Warren and Dr. Barry Marshall
-Urease secreation to protect from low pH
THERAPY
-Proton pump inhibitors +antibiotics

29
Q

Bordetella pertussis

A 
-G- bacilli
Whooping Cough
4 virulence factors 
1) Perussis toxin (A-B)
2) Extra cytoplasmic adenylate cyclase
3) filamentous hemagglutinin 
4) Tracheal cytotoxin (destroy ciliated cells)

-vaccination

30
Q

Legionella pneumophila

A
  • G- bacilli
  • Opportunistic
  • water, shower heads, air cooling
  • Exposure to aerosol and NO person
31
Q

Mycobactreria General

A
  • cause tuberculosis and leprosy
  • Waxy NO GRAM STAIN
  • disinfectant resistance
  • Ziehl-Neelsen staining
32
Q

Ziehl-Neelsen Staining

A

STAINING OF MYCOBACTERIA

1) Ziehl-Neelesen carbol fuchsin to the slide for five minutes while applying heat
2) Gentle wash with water to cool the slide
3) Acid alcohol added to decolorize
4) Wash slide again with water and counterstain with methylene blue for 1- minutes

33
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

-Chronic, Slow, pulmonary infection
-aerosol droplet transmission
-Obligate aerobe, faculative intracellular parasite
-4-6 weeks see colonies on plate(Lowestein-Jensen Medium)
PRIMARY TB
1) aerosol Inhilation
2)Bacterial multiplication in alveoli
3)Macrophage ingestion of bacilli and formation of primary complex
4) Foci of infection in lungs, spread t kidneys, bones meninges possible)
5) CMI is fully active, infection is stopped
6) some bacilli survive, reactivation many years later

POST PRIMARY

  • Late reactivation in lungs
  • chronic infection
34
Q

TB immunity

A 
Mantoux test
-Tuberculin solution injection intradermally
>10mm positive
5-9 mm Doubtful
<4mm negative
35
Q

Atypical Mycobacterium

A
  • Seen in Immune compromised individuals
  • M. kansassi, M. avium, M intracellulare
  • These give a doubtful mantoux test

M. marinum: skin infection
M. fortuitum: soft tissue abscessess

36
Q

Mycobacterium Leprae (2 Types)

A

TUBERCULOID LEPROSY
-visible nerve enlargement, few erythmatous plaques, low bacteria but high lymphocytes and granulomas

LEPROMATOUS LEPROSY

  • No nerve enlargement
  • many erythmatous nodules, high bacilli, high infectivity
37
Q

Treponema pallaidum

A

-G- Spirochyte
-Syphilis
-unculturable in vivo
Stages
1) Use dark field microscopy, maybe Ziehl-Neelsen
-bacteria in fluid from lesions

2) 6 weeks after appearance of chancre
- generalized mucosal rash
- Lessions with many treponemes (Bact)

3) Latent
- No symptims of infection
- Non-transmittable

4) Late syphilis
- Obliterative endarteritis
- skin, mucosae, Nervous, Cardio

VDRL

  • non-treponemal test
  • nonspecific use of cardiolipin
  • early stage

Treponemal tests
-FTA-ABS flourescent Treponemal Antibody Absorption

38
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi

A
  • G- spirochyte
  • Lyme Disease
  • skin, joints, nervous system, heart
  • Serology for diagnostics

TREATMENT
-Doxycycline, amoxicillin,

PREVENTION

  • avoid ticks
  • vaccine available: ospA antigen or organism
39
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis

A

-Obligate intracellular parasites; cocci
-Can’t make their own ATP
-Can not be grown on artificial media
2 LIFE FORMS
1) elementary body, infectious form (300-400 nm)
2) Reticulate body, growth form (800-1000 nm)
-most common STD in canada and US

  • asymptomatic untreated
  • urethritis/ cervicitis
40
Q

Trachoma

A
  • Chlamydia trachomatis
  • chronic occular infection
  • leading cause of blindness in Middle East, North Africa, South east Asia
41
Q

Lymphogranuloma venereum

A
  • Chlamydia trachomatis

- endemic in tropical and subtropical countries

42
Q

Chlamydia pneumoniae

A
  • Respiratory tract infection, mild pneumonia

- Usually subclinical

43
Q

Chlamydia psittaci

A
  • Bird pathogen
  • Transmission to humans
  • Pneumonia or endocarditis
44
Q

Mycoplasma General

A
  • Smallest free living bacteria (100-300 nm)
  • Saphrophytes, part of normal flora of the oropharynx and Genital tract of humans
  • No true cell wall
45
Q

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

A
  • Primary caus eof atypical pneumonia
  • Diagnosis is clinical, no lab confirmation

TREATMENT
-erthyromycin or tetracycline

46
Q

Levels of fungal infections

A

1) superficial
2) Cutaneous
3) Subcutaneous
4) Systemic

47
Q

Cryptococcosis

A
  • Fungal infection
  • Systemic
  • casues tumours in lungs, can spread to the brain (meninges)
  • defining oppertunistic infection of immunocompromised individuals
48
Q

Aspergillus

A
  • Fungus
  • People with compromised immune systems are susceptible.
  • Secretes aflatoxin which is carcinogenic

HSS1100 (1 decks)

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