Midterm II

Question 1

Physical Dependence

Answer 1

Body unable to function without drug
Drug tolerance
- More of drug is needed to achieve the same effect

Question 2

Withdrawal

Answer 2

Physical symptoms
Can include headaches, nausea, irritability to severe pain, cramping, high blood pressure
Results from a lack of drug in the body system so take more to alleviate symptoms (negative reinforcement)

Question 3

Psychological dependence

Answer 3

Drug is needed to continue emotional or psychological well-being
powerful factor in continued drug use
Any drug can become a focus of psychological dependence
Positive reinforcement

Question 4

Four major drug categories

Answer 4

Stimulants: increase functioning of nervous system
Depressants: decrease functioning of nervous system
Narcotics: painkilling depressant drugs derived from opium poppy
Hallucinogenic: alter perceptions, may cause hallucinations

Question 5

Need for achievement (nAch)

Answer 5

Involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals

Includes realistic and challenging goals

Question 6

Need for affiliation (nAff)

Answer 6

Need for friendly social interactions

Relationships with others

Question 7

Need for power (nPow)

Answer 7

Need to have control or influence over others

Question 8

Personality and nAch

Carol Dwek’s Theory

Answer 8

Carol Dwek’s self theory of motivation
- Need for achievement linked to sense of self and how much control one perceives they have on their lives
□ Beliefs one holds about their own abilities and relationships to others
- View of intelligence as fixed or changeable

Question 9

Arousal Approches

Answer 9

Stimulus motive
- Appears to be unlearned
- Causes an increase in stimulation
□ Example: curiosity, playing, or exploration

Question 10

Arousal Theory

Answer 10

• People have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tension
• Seek to maintain tension by increasing or decreasing stimulation
• Moderate level of tension appears best for most tasks

Question 11

Arousal Approach to Motivation

Yorkes-Dodson

Answer 11

Yerkes-Dodson Law
- Performance is related to arousal
-Moderate levels of arousal lead to better performance
□ Effect varies with the difficulty of the task:
® Easy tasks require a high-moderate level
® More difficult talks require a low-moderate level
-Sensation seeker
□ Needs more arousal that the average person
□ May be related to temperament

Question 12

Incentive approaches

Answer 12

Behavior is explained as a response to an external stimulus and its rewarding properties
○ Based on principles of learning
- Incentives
□ Attract or lure people into action
□ Motivate
○ Expectancy-value theories
- Tolman and others
-Actions cannot be predicted without understanding beliefs, values, and importance associated to them

Question 13

• Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 13

○ Presents a more positive view of human behavior

○ Included both deficiency needs and growth needs

Question 14

• Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 14

Transcendence needs: to help others achieve self-actualization

Question 15

• Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 15

Self actualization needs: to find self-fulfillment and realize ones potential

Question 16

• Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 16

Aesthetic needs: to appreciate symmetry, order, and beauty

Question 17

• Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 17

Cognitive needs: to know, understand, and explore

Question 18

• Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 18

Esteem needs: to achieve, be competent, gain approval and recognition

Question 19

• Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 19

Belongingness and love: to be with others, accepted, and belong

Question 20

• Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 20

Safety needs: to feel secure and safe, out of danger

Question 21

• Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 21

Physiological needs: to satisfy hunger, thirst, fatigue, etc

Question 22

Cross-cultural research

Answer 22

Suggests order of needs does not always hold true for other cultures
Other theorists have developed and refined Maslow’s hierarchy

Question 23

Alderfer (1972)

Answer 23

Believed that more than one need could be active at a time
Progression up and down the hierarchy is common
One need assumes greater importance at a particular time than other needs

Question 24

Self determination Theory

Answer 24

Three inborn universal needs to gain a complete sense of self
-Autonomy
□ In control of one’s own behavior and goals -Competence
□ Ability to master challenging tasks of one’s life
□ If the challenge matches skill level it is labelled as flow
-Relatedness
□ Emotional bonds with others, reciprocal caring relationships, and high quality relationships

Question 25

Stimulants

Answer 25

Amphetamines
- Synthesized in labs rather than found in nature
- Quick tolerance and dependence
- Amphetamine psychosis
□ Causes user to become delusional
○ Cocaine
- Derived from coca plant leaves
-Produces euphoria, energy, power, and pleasure
- Deadens pain and suppresses appetite
○ Nicotine
-Toxic stimulant that produces slight “rush” or sense of arousal
- Raises blood pressure and accelerates the heart
- Rush of sugar into bloodstream that releases adrenaline
- Active ingredient in tobacco
○ Caffeine
- Found in coffee, tea, most sodas, chocolate, and some over-the-counter drugs
- Mild stimulant
-Maintains alertness
- Can increase effectiveness of pain relievers such as aspirin

Question 26

Depressants

Answer 26

○ Known as major tranquilizers
-Drugs that have strong depressant effects
○ Barbiturates
- Have a sedative (sleep inducing) effect
- Overdoses can lead to death
□ Breathing and hear action are stopped
- combination with alcohol is deadly drug interaction
○ Benzodiazepines
-Also called minor depressants
- Lower anxiety and reduce stress
- Sleeping problems, nervousness, and anxiety treated with these drugs
- Includes Valium, Xanax, Halcion, Ativan, and Librium
Rohypnol
□ “date rape” drug
○ Alcohol
-Product of fermentation or distillation of vegetable matter
§ 17.4% of Canadians drink heavily
□ More males than females
- Leading cause of disease and injury
-Cirrhosis of the liver, car accidents, and cancer

Question 27

Narcotics

Answer 27

○ Suppress sensation of pain
○ Bind to receptor sites for endorphin
○ Slow down action of nervous system
-Opium
	□ Derived from the opium poppy
	□ Pain reliever and euphoria inducing
- Morphine
	□ Opium dissolved in acid and ammonia 
-Heroin
	□ Derivative of morphine, extremely addictive
- Methadone
	□ Derivative of opium
	□ Does not produce euphoria, treat addiction with heroin

Question 28

• Hallucinogens

Answer 28

○ Causes brain to alter its interpretation of sensations
○ Produces sensory distortions
-Synesthesia
□ Sensations cross over each other
- Hallucinations
- LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)
□ Synthesized from ergot
□ Powerful synthetic hallucinogen
-PCP
□ Used as an animal tranquilizer
□ Can cause stimulant, depressant, narcotic, or hallucinogenic effects
□ Violent behavior, suicide, and self harm often associated with use
- MDMA
□ Amphetamine
□ Designer drug known as “ecstasy” or “e”
□ Stimulatory hallucinogenic
□ Dehydrates body, raises body temp
□ Drinking too much water and combining alcohol can cause death
- Mescaline
□ From buttons of the peyote cactus
□ Used in some Native American religious and spiritual rituals
-Psilocybin
□ Hallucinogen found in certain mushrooms
□ Found in Native cultures

Question 29

• Marijuana

Answer 29

○ Mild hallucination derived from the leaves and flowers of hemp plant called cannabis sativa
○ Scrapings of leaves that contain cannabinoids is referend to as Hashish
○ Causes mild intoxication, sensory distortions or hallucinations, euphoria, and relaxation
○ Does not produce physical dependency or physical withdrawal symptoms
- Psychological symptoms often seen
○ Considerable exposure to carcinogens when smoking
○ Some medical benefits

Question 30

• Kinsey studies

Answer 30

○ Sexual behavior surveys taken during 1940’s and early 1950’s
○ Revealed that sexual practices such as masturbation and anal sex were common practices among adults
○ Sexual orientation was not an either/or situation
- One is not completely heterosexual or completely homosexual
○ Limitations

Question 31

Janus Report

Answer 31

○ Large scale survey of sexual behavior in the US in 1990’s
○ Results did not differ widely from Kinsey’s
- Most participants engaged in various sexual deviance
- Sexual deviance
□ Behavior unacceptable according to societal norms and expectations