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HES 211 > Midterm II > Flashcards

Midterm II Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main components of CV system?

A

High pressure disturbitons - arterial system
low pressure collection - venosu system
exchange system - lungs
pump - heart

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2
Q

What are 5 parts of oxygen cascasde?

A

ventilation
pulmoary diffusion
o2 delivery
skeletal muscle difusion
skel muscle oxugen utilization

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3
Q

what is Vo2 peak?

A

peak rate (power) at which O2 is consumed, transported and used for muscular work (energy)

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4
Q

in order to meet demands the body has to ____ and ____ o2 efficiently

A

deliver and utililize

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5
Q

O2 consumptions = _____ x ____

A

delivery utilixation

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6
Q

oxygen enters teh o2 cascade thru the _____. system

A

pulmonary

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7
Q

once o2 enter lungs it diffuses across ____

A

alveoli

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8
Q

how is o2 transported to tissues?

A

hemoglobin

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9
Q

what is amount and rate of gs exchange faciliated by? what is the 2 components of this

A

pulmonary minute ventialtion
- respiration rate and tidal volume

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10
Q

For succsfull perfusion of o2 there needs to be enough ____. This is generated thru ___

A

pressure/blood pressure. genrated thru cardiac output (Q) and Vasuular (TPR) methods

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11
Q

how does body akter blood flow during exercise? how much does it change

A

residitubtues blod flow to working organs and muscles - goes from 5000mL to 25 000 during exercise

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12
Q

Gas-carrying blood is transported by the ______ via flow generated by the
_____

A

VASCULAR SYSTEM , CARIDAC SYSTEM

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13
Q

Heart increases flow & delivery by increasing ___ which is product of __

A

CO, SV + HR

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14
Q

what is SV

A

amount of blodo pumped per beat

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15
Q

what is the fick equation

A

VO2 = (SV x HR) x (a-vO2 diff)

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16
Q

Both___ and __ regulatory mechanisms affect magnitude of O2 consumption

A

central and peripheral

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17
Q

increaes of VO2 max with trianing primarily due to ?

A

SV

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18
Q

what are some fators that affect SV ?

A

ventricle size, contracitlity, blood volume/hemoglobin

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19
Q

some factors that affeect HR?

A

Sympathetic/parasumpatheric systems

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20
Q

what are 2 main component sof Avo2 difference>

A

metabolic oxidative potenital + muscle blood flow

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21
Q

tests lasting longer tahn ___ typicall challenge aerboc metabolism

A

2 minutes

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22
Q

what is Vo2 and VO2 max

A

vo2 is amount of o2 consumer per minute at given exercise intensity
Vo2max is max amount of o2 consumed per minute

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23
Q

what shodul u keep SBP below?

A

250

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24
Q

what are some factors you could consider when deciding to test?

A

what CRF will tell you about individual and how u can use results/are they beenficial

individual peception of exercise + motivation

what tools od i have to increase asafety and reduce risk

most situation benefits outweigh risk - may need to put work - trust, empathy and rapport are important

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25
Q

what is the difference between absolute and realtive contraindications

A

absolute means under no circumstance should test be executes
and relative means it could be executed if benefits outweigh risks

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26
Q

what are teh two main sub categories of Vo2max tests?

A

Lab tests or field tests

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27
Q

which test measures expired gases?

A

max direct lab test

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28
Q

Does a maximal indirect lab test measure expired gases? How is measured?

A

no - it is graded

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29
Q

what is an example of a submax direct test?

A

symptom limited, ventilaotru threshold or stress test

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30
Q

what type of test is the YMCA and single stage ebbling?

A

Submax indirect lab test - graded

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31
Q

what is an example of a macimal direct FIELD teset?

A

one with douglnbas bag - a time trial with portable gas analysis

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32
Q

what type of tets is the beep test?

A

Indirect maximal field test

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33
Q

Example of submax direct FIELD test

A

training sessions with portable gas analysis

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34
Q

what type of test is a 1 mile walk/6min walk/step test?

A

Submax indrect

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35
Q

what are some pros of Field test? cons?

A

PROS
- practical: low cost, resources, trained personell time
- familiar
- group testing
- reasonable valid +relaible (mod/high correaltion to vo2 max)

CONS
- difficulty/no monitoring
- assumptions (running at constant speed)
- prediction of Vo2 (i.e efficiency)
- environmental issues - competeitveness (beep)

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36
Q

what are some pros and cons of lab tests?

A

PROS
- better quality
- controlled enviroment
- better monitoring/risk reduc
- more data produced( HR, BP, RPE symptom
- useful in exercise rx

CONS
- equipmment needs (access, maintenance and quality control0
- trained personnel
- inorgani environemnt
- time demand
- psychological

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37
Q

pros and cons of indirect tests

A

PROS
- practical and accesible
- reduced cost
- more comfortable
- less specialized personnel
- incraesd group size
- can have good qaulity

CONS
- assumptions (i.e HR max)
- reduced validity
- affected by medication
- rigid procedures
- specific to pop/demographics
- reliant on predictive variables

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38
Q

pros and cons of direct tests?

A

pros - valid + reliable
- criterion
- more useable data
- no assumptions
- flexibility in protocol
- all populations
- less reliant on predictive

CONS
- specialized equipment
- trained personnel
- inorganic environment
- time demand
- comfort

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39
Q

what are pros and cons of submax test

A

PROS
- more safe, reduced risk and increased comfort for client
- less specialized staff
- large groups
- shorter duration
CONS
- lower test quality (10-20% error)
- predictive varibles + assumptions
- less data for exercise rx
- predicted max _ limited diagnostic capability

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40
Q

Pros and cons of MAX test

A

PROS
- increased validity
- more data for rx (i.e symptom limited)
- increaed dianoses
- clincal effectiveness

CONS
- increased risk, less safe + uncomfortable for clinet
- specialized personnel
- increased time req
- increased monitoring
- lomited to individual testint

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41
Q

what is tthe typical modality for clinacl popilations? why?

A

bike - safeer , can use lower intenity and it is easier to monitor

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42
Q

pros and cons of using treadmill for test?

A

Pros
familiar, automized, incr validity

Cons
- safety
- varied efficiency
- monitoring chllenge
- hard to do lower intensity

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43
Q

pros and cons of bike as modality for vo2 max test

A

Pros
- safe
- low intsity
- easy to monitor

Cons
- decreased validity (10%)
- muscle fatigure
- familiarity
- influence by musle ibre, type and cadence

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44
Q

What are the pros and cons of arm ergometry for tessting

A

pros
- accessible + safe
cons
- increased risk of HT
- increased work respiratory muscle
- decreased validity

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45
Q

what are some other considerations when testing?

A

age, emogrpahic, ability
modality
wuality
number of individuals to test
estimated fitness level
current health status
CVD risk
time
practicality

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46
Q

what are the 4 types of CRF tests in terms of differing intensity?

A

Contstant load/single stage test, ramp test, incremental/step test, non fixed load/time trial test

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47
Q

what is the purpose fo constant load CRF tests?

what is held constant and what is varied?

what are teh dependent on

A

measure phsyiological respose to support work at a pre-detmrmined workload

External workload held constant while internal is varied - response to support fatiure resistance/ power output endurance

intensity - wether a steady sate is achieved

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48
Q

example of constant load test

A

cycing at set work rate till exhaustion

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49
Q

what is a ramp test?

A

gradual increase in intenisty/workload over time(i.e 2W very 5s)

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50
Q

what is the difference between ramp and incremental/step test

A

incremental test has a verifcation phase/validuty check to determine if it is increaed or not

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51
Q

what type of intensity test is the ymca cycle ergometer/ebbling

A

Incremental/step test

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52
Q

what is a functional thrshol power test/non fixed load/ time trial test?

A

a that evaluates abilit over a period of time? for example 12min run

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53
Q

what type of test is the CPET?

A

direct maximal

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54
Q

what does a CPET do?

A

increase intensity and meaures bodys response to load - measures expired air/gas content

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55
Q

what does a CPET asses?

A

inspired/expired air, metabolic measurement
dozens of meaured/calc variables per breat (VO2, RER, tidal volumune, pulm vent)

  • HR, SPO2, ECG
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56
Q

what is one hugely awesome thing CPET can do in terms of O2?

A

obersve limtaitons to o2 delivery and identify the mechanisms

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57
Q

whar are 4 general reasons we measure things?

A

safety, internal workload, external workloald, preception of pain/faitgue.. in systems

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58
Q

what is the main reason we measeure HR, BP and ECG

A

safety

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59
Q

what are some examples of external workload measurements? Internal?

A

External - speed, grade, power
Internal - physiological response

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60
Q

what are the main things you should mo

A
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61
Q

what are 5 ways we can monitor intesnity during symptom-limited max test

A

ecg, HR, BP, signs and symptoms, RPE

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62
Q

what should you do before, during and after test for ECG monitoring

A

Before - monitor coninuously, record in supine and postion of exercise
during
during - record last 5-10 seconds or every 2 mins
after - record immediatly post exercise, after 60 seconds and then every 2 mins

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63
Q

For ECG, HR +BP how should u montior before the test?

A

monitor continuously, record in supine position and the position of the exercise

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64
Q

what should you make sure to do before montioring RPE?

A

explain the scale to client

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65
Q

when shoudl you record ECG - when shoudl you monitor?

A

record ecg last 5-10sec of each stage or ecery 2 mins for RAMp
monitor continously

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66
Q

what should you do before, during and after test for HR monitoring

A

before: record in supine and position of exercise
during +after- monitor continous - record last 5-10 s of each min

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67
Q

what should you do before, during and after test for BP monitoring

A

before - supine + execise postion
during + = last 30-60s of each stage or 2 mins (for ramp)

after - immediately post exercise, 60 s, then every 2 mins

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68
Q

what should you do before, during and after test for sign and symptom monitoring

A

measure continuosly throughout whole time and record as observed - at end until shymtpoms resolve

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69
Q

what should you do before, during and after test for RPE monitoring

A

before = supine = exercis eposition
during = last 5-10s of each stage or every 2 mins (ramp_
after - obtain peak exercise shortlu after exercise is terminated

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70
Q

what 3 variables are taken during the last 5-10 seconds of each stage durin symptom limited max test

A

HR, ECG, RPE

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71
Q

if you miss something / a measurement should u move onto next stage?

A

no should extend the stage to get the data

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72
Q

can we measure variable immediatelt after incrasing or while increasin workload/

A

no - must wait for steady state

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73
Q

what are some condition realted ways to monitor intensity? when are testsypically terminated with thes? how many levels on the scale?

A

angina + dyspnea scale +PAD/peripheral vasular disease (leg pain) scales
4 levels on the scale - terminated if scales reported at 3/4

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74
Q

what are 2 fundamental measures? also useful info?

A

HR and RPE
BP - req tech skill tho

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75
Q

what are the 3 other scales (angina, dypnea, leg pain) dependent on?

A

past med history, current diagnoses, signs and symptoms

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76
Q

when would u measure o2 sat?

A

espiratory conditions, suspected hypoxia, supplemental oxygen
* Pulse oximeter is a very simple piece of equipment, measuring constantly, not invasive
* Hard cut off of <88%
When to use what
LO6

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77
Q

what is the cutoff for o2 stauration?

A

Hard cut off of <88%

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78
Q

what is the test termination criteria for all CRF testing?

A

Signs of physiological distress:
* Pain/discomfort in chest, jaw, arms, neck
* Dyspnea
* Dizziness / Syncope
* Pallor/cyanosis (poor perfusion)
* Unable to maintain cadence, speed, correct posture on equipment
* Unusual fatigue or SOB with exertion
* Subject request to stop
Equipment:
* Failure
* Obvious calibration error/problem with data
* Safety issue

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79
Q

what is the test termination for
a) disease specific scales
b) SPo2
c) HRmax

A

1) 3/4
2) <88%
3) 85% HR max

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80
Q

how do you use the instantaneous hr method to calcualte Hr from ECG

A

divide the number of second in a minute by time elapsed in r-r interval (each boc is 0.04s)

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81
Q

can rates aboveor below 60-100 be normal

A

yes fependinf on context

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82
Q

what is NSR?

A

Normal sinus rhythm - idnicated normal rhythm originating at SA node/ The R-r intervals are consistent.

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83
Q

what are the 2 ways NSR can be altered?

A

inconsisten R waves or atypical waveform

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84
Q

Does the conduction system need to be perfect for heart to work?

A

yes - very precise and coordinated

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85
Q

if the elctrical system of heart isnt working problem what happens?

A

arrythmia?

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86
Q

Explain electrical path of heart?

A

SA node (spontanous depolarization) - thru right and left atria - to AV node - to bundle of his - bundle branches (wrap aorund venticles posteriorly and anteriorly) - to purkinje fibres and branch off - reach ventricles and send main contraction

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87
Q

what does AV node do?

A

slow down depolarization by fraction of a second and allow ventricles time to fill/blood to empry from atria

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88
Q

what type of channels does the SA node have? whta does this cause?

A

leaky NA+ and ca2+ channels. spontatnous depolarization after repolarization

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89
Q

quick path of conduction of hear

A

SA node - atria - AV node - bundle of his - bundle branches - purkinje fibres - ventricles

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90
Q

what does ECG measure

A

heart as a voltage and elcetrical activity of hear

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91
Q

how many seconds is each litte? big? box on ecg

A

little = 0.04 seconds and big is 0.2 seconfs

92
Q
A
93
Q

what is 1 small box in voltage on ecg? 1 large box? 2 lage boxes?

A

1 small box = 0.1mv
1 large box. = 0.5 mV
2 = 1mV

94
Q

what do we sue to analyze a wave form?

A

time and voltage and compate it to reg cardiac cycle

95
Q

what does P wave rep?

A

atrial depolarization - smal and thin walled so so they produce small wave firm

96
Q

what is the PR segemtn in ECG?

A

electrically quiet period between atrial and ventricle depolariation

97
Q

what does the QRS complex represernt?

A

venricular deoplarization

98
Q

what is greater volatfe at the QRS cmoplex indicative of

A

more cardiac cells/larger champer

99
Q

Q = ___ deflection
R =
s _

A

negative, postiiev, negative

100
Q

what does the ST segment rep?

A

early initial ventricular repolrization

101
Q

what does the T wave rep

A

ventriular repolarixation

102
Q

what wave is soemtimes seen and what does itmean ?

A

U wave - terminal ventricular repolarization

103
Q

what is a normal p wave duration?

A

less than 120ms (0.23s)

104
Q

what is s normal P wave amplitude?

A

less tahn 0.25 mV

105
Q

what is a normal PR. interval

A

120-200

106
Q

QRS duration

A

les than 100ms

107
Q

How do u use 1500 method for measurement of HR

A

r-r intervals - divide 1500 byb number of boxes

108
Q

what is bradycardia

A

slow hear reate <60bom

109
Q

what is tachycardia

A

rate>100bpm

110
Q

what are teh two elecgtrodes at the top of ur collar bone called

A

RA and LA

111
Q

where are leads 1 to 6 electrodes place

A

V1 - right centre - goes down and under left boob - ends under arpit of left at V6

112
Q

where ate LL and LR electrodes

A

just above hips

113
Q

what plane do teh 6 limb leads give us? chest ;eads?

A

vertical plane,
ches = horizontal plane

114
Q

waht does negative pile rep in 12 lead ecg> positive?

A

negative = zero reference
p;ostive = point of ciew
line = line of sight

115
Q

what is lead one and what does it look at

A

lead 1 = RA negative LA postive - looks at heart from left

116
Q

What electrodes does lead II use and what doe it looka t?

A

RA (-) to LL (+)
inferior left view of heart - (looking up from left foot to right arm

117
Q

What electrodes does lead III use and what doe it looka t?

A

LA (-) and LL (+) - inferior righht - from left leg to left arm

118
Q

what are augmentred limb leads ?

A

they record cvotlage from one positive electrode only and take the negative electrode as the average of the two remaining limb leads

119
Q

what are the three augmented limb leads

A

aVR, aVL, AVF

120
Q

what are augmented limb leads sometimes called?

A

unipolar or bipoalr

121
Q

how many small boxes in one large box in an ecg

A

5 small boxes in one large

122
Q

whar does AVR look at and what leads?

A

aVR looks at upper right side of heart
it is RA (+) to LA/LL(-)

123
Q

what does aVL look at? what leads?

A

looks at upper left side of heart
LA (+) and LL/RA(-)

124
Q

what does aVF measure? what leads

A

measures inferior wall of heart
LL+ AND RA/LA (-)

125
Q

what do chest leads provide views of?

A

horizontal plane

126
Q

are chest and augmented leads uni or bipolar?

A

unipolar

127
Q

average of ___ limb elctrodes are taken as negative reference for chest leads. and ___ for augmente

A

3 for chest, 2 for augmented

128
Q

depolarization towards a lead causes a ____ defelction

A

postiive

129
Q

depolarization away from a lead causes _____ deflection

A

negative

130
Q

how many limb leads and how many chest leads

A

limb = 4
chest = 6

131
Q

what pole do u look from on the lead of ecg

A

positive to negative

132
Q

ECG provides excellent diagnosis for those at riskof ____

A

CVD

133
Q

how does ECG detect MI

A

changes in ST segment

134
Q

what does the ST stegment represent?

A

early stages of ventricular repolarization

135
Q

what is vo2max/peak

A

Highest rate of oxygen transport and utilization that can be achieved at maximal exertion

136
Q

why predict crf fitness

A

driect measurement is impractical - equipment, highly trained people, not accesible
- improve feasibility of testing, less stressful, , improves safety

137
Q

what are. 5 key assumptions of indirect testing

A

steady sstae acheived at each submax wrok;pad
2 )linear relationship betwen HR and work rate
3) linear relationships exists between vo2 and work rate
4) mechanical efficiency is cosntant for all individuals
5) max HR decreases with age in a predictable fashion

138
Q

what is steady state defined as? when do u measure HR

A

c change in <5bpm in last 2 mins. Last 5s of the stage

139
Q

what do u do if the stage is not as steady state?

A

extend the stage

140
Q

what will udnerestimatd HR do? overestimate?

A

inflate vo2, overestimate will decreaes it.

141
Q

what are pre testing guidleines for HR?

A

no smoking, caffeine, food >2hrs prior, no alcohol, vigorous exercisse >6hrs

142
Q

what RPM is considered comfortable and mechncially efficient?

A

50rpm

143
Q

what are some considerations for mechanical efiiciency

A

familiarity, rpm consisten, power ouput/speed consistent

144
Q

what are 5 factors that can affect HR during testing?

A

pre testing instuction (caffeins, food, smoking, vig activiry)
2 ) anxiet/nervosuenss by testing environment
3) medications or substances
4) equipment/meaurement error - right sensor, averaginf, poor technique
5) looking at, or thinking about HR

145
Q

what IS APMHR. Equation?

A

age predicted max HR. 220-age, or 208-(0.7*age)

146
Q

is APMHR accurate?

A

lots of error - 10-15bpm

147
Q

at low intensities of _____ HR Q is mostly depdnednt on?

A

110-120, SV

148
Q

at high intensities >170 ___ can decrease and ___ les achieveable

A

SV can decrease and steady state less acheivable

149
Q

when is relationship betwen vo3 and HR steongest

A

when HR is betwen 110-170

149
Q

most preditive protocols requrire HR to be within___ and ___ rto rpoduce valid results

A

110 - 85% HRmax (around 85% HR max is ideal)

150
Q

when do elite atheltes better use SV and what does this result in

A

better during mod intesnity resulting in lower Hr

151
Q

predictive tests genrallt ____ Vo2max for athletes

A

overestimate

152
Q

what is a fixed distance test?

A

predetermined distance in shrotest anmtn of time
consiten pace
cinverts walking/runnign speed to vo2
regression equation to predict VO2max (validated against a criterion measure
1 mile run/walk

153
Q

what is a fixed time test

A

max distance in set time

converts walking/runnign speed to vo2
regression equation to predict VO2max (validated against a criterion measure
12 min run or 6 min walk

154
Q

what s a multistage test. what populatios is it used for? why is it usefulf or exercise prescription?

A

Uses incremental exercise to increase HR to 110-85% HRmax in a systematic way, achieving
steady state at each stage

heathy and cardiac pop

useful for exercise prescriptiin - your ecord response to several workloads

Ymca, bruce, mCaftstep

155
Q

what are single stage test? wghat is the steady state HR?

A

ses heart rate response to a single workload to predict VO2max
based on ACSM metabolic equations for estimating vo2 (energy cost)

steady stsate Hr 5–70% HRreserve

ebbling, queens college step test

156
Q

what are step teest? what pop used for?

A

Used a fixed stepping rate and step height to predict VO2
* Can be single stage or multistage
* Can be individualized for stepping rate and step height
* Used more with younger healthy participants
* Risk of falls with older adults
* O2 cost can be high even at lower stages
* Good for large groups
* Consider skill level and familiarity (administrator and client!)
Step tests

157
Q

what incremenets and rpm are used for cycle ergometer test

A

25 watts (0.5kg) and 50rpm

158
Q

in order to calculate preicted vo2 max you need a mun of ___ steady satet stages between 110-85% HRmax

A

2

159
Q

how shoukd you always start ymca test

A

at 50rpm and 0.5kp/25W

160
Q

if Hr is less than 80 after warm up how much to add?

A

2.5kp

161
Q

if hr is between 80-89 during warm up f ymca how much to add?

A

2kp/100W

162
Q

if Hr between 90-100during warmuo of ymca hwow much to add?

A

1.5kp/75Q

163
Q

if HR is >100 during ymca warm up, how mcuh should you add?

A

1kp/50W

164
Q

after the warm up and first stage how much shoukd you add?

A

DONT USE tHE tABLE , add 0.5kp

165
Q

what do you do if client reached 85% HR max?

A

TERMINATE TEST IMMEDIATELY

166
Q

when should you stop tst .. when HR comes withing ___ of HR max?

A

wyen HR comes iwthing 10bpm of HR maxit is best to stop and go to recovery

167
Q

if the stage is not increasing by at least 5 bpm what do u do?

A

extend stage

168
Q

what ages is ebbling designed for?

A

ealthy adults between 20-49 years

169
Q

how do you warm up for ebbling ?

A

4 mins , 3.2-4.0mph and 0% grade - then 5% grade (at same speed as warmup) - test ends when 4 mins at 5% grade is completed or other test termination is reached

170
Q

when should u monitor HR

A

before <100, during = last 5 s of min

171
Q

when do u do blood pressure, what is cut off before
after/

A

cut off before. = 160/90
last 30s of each stage
After = immediately, mins 3, 5 post

172
Q

when do u take rpe

A

last 5 sec of staf e

173
Q

what are some situations that require a more acurate dtermination of Vo2max

A
  • asses effectiveness in traing, Info needed for diagnosis/prognosis (i.e stress test)
    Inform prescription based on onset of symptoms

-

174
Q

what are some main prupsoes for max tests?

A

Asses potential for endurance performance
Diagnosis: used to determine presence of ischemic heart disease
Prognosis: determine risk for adverse event relative to disease history
Evaluation of the cute exercise response to inform exercise prescription

175
Q
A
176
Q

what are diff terms of direct max test

A

CPET, GXT, stress test, incremental, symptom-limited max test, MAP

177
Q

what is the gold standard for arobic fitness and cv health

A

Vo2 direct

178
Q

what are some ubnphysiological factos that determine vo3max

A

genetics, sex,age, mdoality, trainig, environemnt

179
Q

up to ___ % of vo2 max by genetics

A

75

180
Q

males have ___ vo2 max because ___

A

greater cardiac mass, blood volume and elan mass

181
Q

after ___ vo2 decreases 10% per decade due to ___

A

30, decrease in HR max/reduced Q and oxidatvie metabolism

182
Q

what percent of. vo2max is trainable

A

20-25%

183
Q

what is. alimit to vo2 max

A

anything thta effecs oxygen delivery an duse for example pulmoanry fibrosis - limits gas exchange due to thickenign of pulmonay capillarhamper o2 delviery to workitn muscles

184
Q

what is pulmonary fibrosis

A

imits gas exchange due to thickenign of pulmonay capillarhamper o2 delviery to workitn muscles

185
Q

what is sichemic ehart disease

A

Lack of blood flow to cardiac tissue would limit depolarization and
contractility → decreased cardiac output
ATP

186
Q

what is coordinated adaptaion?

A

ithout high flux through the system, the other systems may adapt to the level of the reduced
flux (

187
Q

how is CPET useful on cardiac atitents

A

helps to identify patients at risk of heart failure - CPEY is best objective meaure of peak fucntional capcity - defines sevreity fo ehart failutre

188
Q

what is a main manifestation of heart failure taht can be alered

A

main manifestation is exerice tolerance, increasing tolerance can incres QOL

189
Q

what happens to CO in heart failure patients

A

fails to incrase wiht light intensity - decreased msucle blood low, insuff perfusion, metabolic acidosis at low intesnities and reduce recvoery

190
Q

how do we directly measure vo2 mac

A

thru expired gases nad ventilatory volumes to see hwo much oxygen has veen used

191
Q

what is minute ventialaiton formula
waht is tidal volume

A

tidal olume X breahtign frequency

tidal volume is litres per breath

192
Q

what is Ve at rest

A

6l/min (.5x 12)

193
Q

what is fio2

A

fractoin isnpired o2

194
Q

what is vo2 vco2

A

vo2 = o2 consumes
vco2 = co2 prduces

195
Q

what is RER equaiton

A

VCOs/Vo2

196
Q

what is minute ventialtion measured by in direct vo2 test

A

Measured by a Pneumotach – air flow and rate

197
Q

what variables are measured in metaolic carts?

A

Ve (min vent) , FeO2 anf FeCo2 (gas analyzers)

198
Q

what are the vo2 equations in direc tsting

A

VO2 = ViO2 –VeO2

VO2 = (Vi * FiO2) – (Ve * FeO2)

199
Q

are we able to measur Vi?

A

NO

200
Q

what is FIo2 constant

A

0.2093

201
Q

what is Ve measured using

A

turbine, penumotach, douglas bag + gas meter

202
Q

what is Feo2 meaured using

A

gas analyzer

203
Q

how do we calculate Vi

A

use nitrogen in and out
ViN2 = VeN2
Vi * FiN2 = Ve * FeN2
Vi * = (Ve * FeN2) / FiN

basocclal use FeN2 and FiO2 - have to caluclate FeN2 using FeN2 = 1-(FEO2 + FECO2

204
Q

what does the CPET measure?

A

Maximum amount of oxygen that can be consumed per unit of time by a person during a progressive test to exhaustion (using major muscle groups) - power of CR system
0 *Maximal rate (power) at which O2 is taken in, transported and used for muscular work (ATP synthesis/energy creation)

205
Q

what is the first step in determining if it is a vo2max or vo2 peak? second

A

1 - is vo increasing by 1.5 from first stage to second stage (last interval) - if it is greater than it is vo2 peak

if it is increasing by 1.5 it is peak if
- borg bete 18-20
rer >1.10
blood lactate >8-10mmol
achievement of max HR (w/in 10bpm)

206
Q

what are some goals of CPET

A

ncrease Intensity, measure body response to load
* Analyzes expired air to measure/calculate
* Gas concentrations
* Gas volumes
* VO2
* VCO2
* RER
* Tidal Volume
* Pulmonary Ventilation
* Also assess: HR, SpO2, ECG Responses, RPE, angina, dyspnea, leg pain
* Observe limitations to O2 delivery (identify mechanism)

207
Q

what is reccomended time to exhaistion for Vo2 max

A

6-12 mins - consider client history

208
Q

does it matter what protocol you use for direct vo2 max testing

A

if only wanting to find vo2 max then no but if you are wanting to use it for ex rx an pickig training zones/exrcise then the preotocl does matter more

209
Q

does the direct vo2 max protocol matter when prescribing exrecise?

A

yes because we need to know externa workload - the peak pwoer output changes based on the test - fr exaxmple reamp has higher peak power then step

210
Q

whar aer some protocol components?

A

Long warm-up at low intensity
* Starting speed between aerobic threshold (AT) and anerobic threshold (AnT)
* 1% grade to simulate outdoor terrain
* Increases of 1.0 kph every two minutes until max

211
Q

WHAT IS BRICE PROTOCOL COMMON FOR? do they walk run? differnce in the modified bruce?

A

common for clinical, at riak and senioes
first 3 stafes are walking
High grades icnreases itensity before running is requires

the modified adds two addtioinal low intenisty stages before first stage (at 0 grad and 5 grade rather tahn starting at 10 - mostlu a walking test - so more safe and easy to measure

212
Q

in cycle ergometere direct max vo2 test what should rpm start atfor untrained + trained

A

untrained = 60-70,, trained = 70-90

213
Q

In direct cycle ergo test what should starting resistance be for female and male

A

female = 1kg male =2kg (100w)

214
Q

for direct treadmill test what should starting speed be for male and female

A

male = 8mph and female 7mph

215
Q

how do you progress the direct tramdmill test

A

start at 0% grade and increase by 2% every 2 mins until vo2 max or volitional fatigue

216
Q

what type of protocols use verification ophase

A

high performacne

217
Q

what does verification phase of direct tests do?

A

confirm achivement of platuae for vo2 max

218
Q

how long to recover what should hr do for cerification phase

if subject lasts for more than8 mins do what?

if subject lasted for less than 8 mins then what?

how does it verify ?

A

recover 15 ins HR <100

more than 8 mins - increase power outpul by one incremenet

if less than 8 mins keep power output same

if increase in vo2 is less than2% compared to progressive tesst than it indicates that vo2 max has been achieved

219
Q

In a direct test when is BP measured

A

for interval - last 45s of eaxh stage

RAMP - last 45s of each 2 min period

220
Q

what are the primary things to monitor in direct vo2max test

A

HR, RPE and signs and syhmptoms
ECG if risk for CAD

221
Q

is RPE measured in recovery for direct test no? is BP?

A

rpe - no
BP yes right agfter and then every2 mins

222
Q

what is a symptom limtied max test

A

Assess physiological response to exercise whilst reducing risk of cardiac event or other significant health incident
* Very useful for exercise prescription
* Workload associated with 2/4 pain on PAD scale
* Duration walking at 3mph before 3/4 pain
* This data can then be used to assess effectiveness of an exercise intervention or other therapy

223
Q

termination is done in direct testing when SBP drop belwo___ with incerase workrate

A

drop in 10 or rore

224
Q

if SBP is greater thatn ___ or DBP than___ direct testing is terminated

A

250 , 115

225
Q

wahat are some idnications to stop an exercise test?

A

angina symtposm, reise in BP, drop is SBP, poor perfusion, wheezing, leg cramps, HR not increaseing, change in Heart rhythimg
subject asks to stop
seveere fatihue, failure of testing equipment, reach 85% HRmax

HES 211 (1 decks)

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