Midterm II Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 4 main components of CV system?
A
High pressure disturbitons - arterial system
low pressure collection - venosu system
exchange system - lungs
pump - heart
2
Q
What are 5 parts of oxygen cascasde?
A
ventilation
pulmoary diffusion
o2 delivery
skeletal muscle difusion
skel muscle oxugen utilization
3
Q
what is Vo2 peak?
A
peak rate (power) at which O2 is consumed, transported and used for muscular work (energy)
4
Q
in order to meet demands the body has to ____ and ____ o2 efficiently
A
deliver and utililize
5
Q
O2 consumptions = _____ x ____
A
delivery utilixation
6
Q
oxygen enters teh o2 cascade thru the _____. system
A
pulmonary
7
Q
once o2 enter lungs it diffuses across ____
A
alveoli
8
Q
how is o2 transported to tissues?
A
hemoglobin
9
Q
what is amount and rate of gs exchange faciliated by? what is the 2 components of this
A
pulmonary minute ventialtion
- respiration rate and tidal volume
10
Q
For succsfull perfusion of o2 there needs to be enough ____. This is generated thru ___
A
pressure/blood pressure. genrated thru cardiac output (Q) and Vasuular (TPR) methods
11
Q
how does body akter blood flow during exercise? how much does it change
A
residitubtues blod flow to working organs and muscles - goes from 5000mL to 25 000 during exercise
12
Q
Gas-carrying blood is transported by the ______ via flow generated by the
_____
A
VASCULAR SYSTEM , CARIDAC SYSTEM
13
Q
Heart increases flow & delivery by increasing ___ which is product of __
A
CO, SV + HR
14
Q
what is SV
A
amount of blodo pumped per beat
15
Q
what is the fick equation
A
VO2 = (SV x HR) x (a-vO2 diff)
16
Q
Both___ and __ regulatory mechanisms affect magnitude of O2 consumption
A
central and peripheral
17
Q
increaes of VO2 max with trianing primarily due to ?
A
SV
18
Q
what are some fators that affect SV ?
A
ventricle size, contracitlity, blood volume/hemoglobin
19
Q
some factors that affeect HR?
A
Sympathetic/parasumpatheric systems
20
Q
what are 2 main component sof Avo2 difference>
A
metabolic oxidative potenital + muscle blood flow
21
Q
tests lasting longer tahn ___ typicall challenge aerboc metabolism
A
2 minutes
22
Q
what is Vo2 and VO2 max
A
vo2 is amount of o2 consumer per minute at given exercise intensity
Vo2max is max amount of o2 consumed per minute
23
Q
what shodul u keep SBP below?
A
250
24
Q
what are some factors you could consider when deciding to test?
A
what CRF will tell you about individual and how u can use results/are they beenficial
individual peception of exercise + motivation
what tools od i have to increase asafety and reduce risk
most situation benefits outweigh risk - may need to put work - trust, empathy and rapport are important
25
what is the difference between absolute and realtive contraindications
absolute means under no circumstance should test be executes
and relative means it could be executed if benefits outweigh risks
26
what are teh two main sub categories of Vo2max tests?
Lab tests or field tests
27
which test measures expired gases?
max direct lab test
28
Does a maximal indirect lab test measure expired gases? How is measured?
no - it is graded
29
what is an example of a submax direct test?
symptom limited, ventilaotru threshold or stress test
30
what type of test is the YMCA and single stage ebbling?
Submax indirect lab test - graded
31
what is an example of a macimal direct FIELD teset?
one with douglnbas bag - a time trial with portable gas analysis
32
what type of tets is the beep test?
Indirect maximal field test
33
Example of submax direct FIELD test
training sessions with portable gas analysis
34
what type of test is a 1 mile walk/6min walk/step test?
Submax indrect
35
what are some pros of Field test? cons?
PROS
- practical: low cost, resources, trained personell time
- familiar
- group testing
- reasonable valid +relaible (mod/high correaltion to vo2 max)
CONS
- difficulty/no monitoring
- assumptions (running at constant speed)
- prediction of Vo2 (i.e efficiency)
- environmental issues - competeitveness (beep)
36
what are some pros and cons of lab tests?
PROS
- better quality
- controlled enviroment
- better monitoring/risk reduc
- more data produced( HR, BP, RPE symptom
- useful in exercise rx
CONS
- equipmment needs (access, maintenance and quality control0
- trained personnel
- inorgani environemnt
- time demand
- psychological
37
pros and cons of indirect tests
PROS
- practical and accesible
- reduced cost
- more comfortable
- less specialized personnel
- incraesd group size
- can have good qaulity
CONS
- assumptions (i.e HR max)
- reduced validity
- affected by medication
- rigid procedures
- specific to pop/demographics
- reliant on predictive variables
38
pros and cons of direct tests?
pros - valid + reliable
- criterion
- more useable data
- no assumptions
- flexibility in protocol
- all populations
- less reliant on predictive
CONS
- specialized equipment
- trained personnel
- inorganic environment
- time demand
- comfort
39
what are pros and cons of submax test
PROS
- more safe, reduced risk and increased comfort for client
- less specialized staff
- large groups
- shorter duration
CONS
- lower test quality (10-20% error)
- predictive varibles + assumptions
- less data for exercise rx
- predicted max _ limited diagnostic capability
40
Pros and cons of MAX test
PROS
- increased validity
- more data for rx (i.e symptom limited)
- increaed dianoses
- clincal effectiveness
CONS
- increased risk, less safe + uncomfortable for clinet
- specialized personnel
- increased time req
- increased monitoring
- lomited to individual testint
41
what is tthe typical modality for clinacl popilations? why?
bike - safeer , can use lower intenity and it is easier to monitor
42
pros and cons of using treadmill for test?
Pros
familiar, automized, incr validity
Cons
- safety
- varied efficiency
- monitoring chllenge
- hard to do lower intensity
43
pros and cons of bike as modality for vo2 max test
Pros
- safe
- low intsity
- easy to monitor
Cons
- decreased validity (10%)
- muscle fatigure
- familiarity
- influence by musle ibre, type and cadence
44
What are the pros and cons of arm ergometry for tessting
pros
- accessible + safe
cons
- increased risk of HT
- increased work respiratory muscle
- decreased validity
45
what are some other considerations when testing?
age, emogrpahic, ability
modality
wuality
number of individuals to test
estimated fitness level
current health status
CVD risk
time
practicality
46
what are the 4 types of CRF tests in terms of differing intensity?
Contstant load/single stage test, ramp test, incremental/step test, non fixed load/time trial test
47
what is the purpose fo constant load CRF tests?
what is held constant and what is varied?
what are teh dependent on
measure phsyiological respose to support work at a pre-detmrmined workload
External workload held constant while internal is varied - response to support fatiure resistance/ power output endurance
intensity - wether a steady sate is achieved
48
example of constant load test
cycing at set work rate till exhaustion
49
what is a ramp test?
gradual increase in intenisty/workload over time(i.e 2W very 5s)
50
what is the difference between ramp and incremental/step test
incremental test has a verifcation phase/validuty check to determine if it is increaed or not
51
what type of intensity test is the ymca cycle ergometer/ebbling
Incremental/step test
52
what is a functional thrshol power test/non fixed load/ time trial test?
a that evaluates abilit over a period of time? for example 12min run
53
what type of test is the CPET?
direct maximal
54
what does a CPET do?
increase intensity and meaures bodys response to load - measures expired air/gas content
55
what does a CPET asses?
inspired/expired air, metabolic measurement
dozens of meaured/calc variables per breat (VO2, RER, tidal volumune, pulm vent)
- HR, SPO2, ECG
56
what is one hugely awesome thing CPET can do in terms of O2?
obersve limtaitons to o2 delivery and identify the mechanisms
57
whar are 4 general reasons we measure things?
safety, internal workload, external workloald, preception of pain/faitgue.. in systems
58
what is the main reason we measeure HR, BP and ECG
safety
59
what are some examples of external workload measurements? Internal?
External - speed, grade, power
Internal - physiological response
60
what are the main things you should mo
61
what are 5 ways we can monitor intesnity during symptom-limited max test
ecg, HR, BP, signs and symptoms, RPE
62
what should you do before, during and after test for ECG monitoring
Before - monitor coninuously, record in supine and postion of exercise
during
during - record last 5-10 seconds or every 2 mins
after - record immediatly post exercise, after 60 seconds and then every 2 mins
63
For ECG, HR +BP how should u montior before the test?
monitor continuously, record in supine position and the position of the exercise
64
what should you make sure to do before montioring RPE?
explain the scale to client
65
when shoudl you record ECG - when shoudl you monitor?
record ecg last 5-10sec of each stage or ecery 2 mins for RAMp
monitor continously
66
what should you do before, during and after test for HR monitoring
before: record in supine and position of exercise
during +after- monitor continous - record last 5-10 s of each min
67
what should you do before, during and after test for BP monitoring
before - supine + execise postion
during + = last 30-60s of each stage or 2 mins (for ramp)
after - immediately post exercise, 60 s, then every 2 mins
68
what should you do before, during and after test for sign and symptom monitoring
measure continuosly throughout whole time and record as observed - at end until shymtpoms resolve
69
what should you do before, during and after test for RPE monitoring
before = supine = exercis eposition
during = last 5-10s of each stage or every 2 mins (ramp_
after - obtain peak exercise shortlu after exercise is terminated
70
what 3 variables are taken during the last 5-10 seconds of each stage durin symptom limited max test
HR, ECG, RPE
71
if you miss something / a measurement should u move onto next stage?
no should extend the stage to get the data
72
can we measure variable immediatelt after incrasing or while increasin workload/
no - must wait for steady state
73
what are some condition realted ways to monitor intensity? when are testsypically terminated with thes? how many levels on the scale?
angina + dyspnea scale +PAD/peripheral vasular disease (leg pain) scales
4 levels on the scale - terminated if scales reported at 3/4
74
what are 2 fundamental measures? also useful info?
HR and RPE
BP - req tech skill tho
75
what are the 3 other scales (angina, dypnea, leg pain) dependent on?
past med history, current diagnoses, signs and symptoms
76
when would u measure o2 sat?
espiratory conditions, suspected hypoxia, supplemental oxygen
* Pulse oximeter is a very simple piece of equipment, measuring constantly, not invasive
* Hard cut off of <88%
When to use what
LO6
77
what is the cutoff for o2 stauration?
Hard cut off of <88%
78
what is the test termination criteria for all CRF testing?
Signs of physiological distress:
* Pain/discomfort in chest, jaw, arms, neck
* Dyspnea
* Dizziness / Syncope
* Pallor/cyanosis (poor perfusion)
* Unable to maintain cadence, speed, correct posture on equipment
* Unusual fatigue or SOB with exertion
* Subject request to stop
Equipment:
* Failure
* Obvious calibration error/problem with data
* Safety issue
79
what is the test termination for
a) disease specific scales
b) SPo2
c) HRmax
1) 3/4
2) <88%
3) 85% HR max
80
how do you use the instantaneous hr method to calcualte Hr from ECG
divide the number of second in a minute by time elapsed in r-r interval (each boc is 0.04s)
81
can rates aboveor below 60-100 be normal
yes fependinf on context
82
what is NSR?
Normal sinus rhythm - idnicated normal rhythm originating at SA node/ The R-r intervals are consistent.
83
what are the 2 ways NSR can be altered?
inconsisten R waves or atypical waveform
84
Does the conduction system need to be perfect for heart to work?
yes - very precise and coordinated
85
if the elctrical system of heart isnt working problem what happens?
arrythmia?
86
Explain electrical path of heart?
SA node (spontanous depolarization) - thru right and left atria - to AV node - to bundle of his - bundle branches (wrap aorund venticles posteriorly and anteriorly) - to purkinje fibres and branch off - reach ventricles and send main contraction
87
what does AV node do?
slow down depolarization by fraction of a second and allow ventricles time to fill/blood to empry from atria
88
what type of channels does the SA node have? whta does this cause?
leaky NA+ and ca2+ channels. spontatnous depolarization after repolarization
89
quick path of conduction of hear
SA node - atria - AV node - bundle of his - bundle branches - purkinje fibres - ventricles
90
what does ECG measure
heart as a voltage and elcetrical activity of hear
91
how many seconds is each litte? big? box on ecg
little = 0.04 seconds and big is 0.2 seconfs
92
93
what is 1 small box in voltage on ecg? 1 large box? 2 lage boxes?
1 small box = 0.1mv
1 large box. = 0.5 mV
2 = 1mV
94
what do we sue to analyze a wave form?
time and voltage and compate it to reg cardiac cycle
95
what does P wave rep?
atrial depolarization - smal and thin walled so so they produce small wave firm
96
what is the PR segemtn in ECG?
electrically quiet period between atrial and ventricle depolariation
97
what does the QRS complex represernt?
venricular deoplarization
98
what is greater volatfe at the QRS cmoplex indicative of
more cardiac cells/larger champer
99
Q = ___ deflection
R =
s _
negative, postiiev, negative
100
what does the ST segment rep?
early initial ventricular repolrization
101
what does the T wave rep
ventriular repolarixation
102
what wave is soemtimes seen and what does itmean ?
U wave - terminal ventricular repolarization
103
what is a normal p wave duration?
less than 120ms (0.23s)
104
what is s normal P wave amplitude?
less tahn 0.25 mV
105
what is a normal PR. interval
120-200
106
QRS duration
les than 100ms
107
How do u use 1500 method for measurement of HR
r-r intervals - divide 1500 byb number of boxes
108
what is bradycardia
slow hear reate <60bom
109
what is tachycardia
rate>100bpm
110
what are teh two elecgtrodes at the top of ur collar bone called
RA and LA
111
where are leads 1 to 6 electrodes place
V1 - right centre - goes down and under left boob - ends under arpit of left at V6
112
where ate LL and LR electrodes
just above hips
113
what plane do teh 6 limb leads give us? chest ;eads?
vertical plane,
ches = horizontal plane
114
waht does negative pile rep in 12 lead ecg> positive?
negative = zero reference
p;ostive = point of ciew
line = line of sight
115
what is lead one and what does it look at
lead 1 = RA negative LA postive - looks at heart from left
116
What electrodes does lead II use and what doe it looka t?
RA (-) to LL (+)
inferior left view of heart - (looking up from left foot to right arm
117
What electrodes does lead III use and what doe it looka t?
LA (-) and LL (+) - inferior righht - from left leg to left arm
118
what are augmentred limb leads ?
they record cvotlage from one positive electrode only and take the negative electrode as the average of the two remaining limb leads
119
what are the three augmented limb leads
aVR, aVL, AVF
120
what are augmented limb leads sometimes called?
unipolar or bipoalr
121
how many small boxes in one large box in an ecg
5 small boxes in one large
122
whar does AVR look at and what leads?
aVR looks at upper right side of heart
it is RA (+) to LA/LL(-)
123
what does aVL look at? what leads?
looks at upper left side of heart
LA (+) and LL/RA(-)
124
what does aVF measure? what leads
measures inferior wall of heart
LL+ AND RA/LA (-)
125
what do chest leads provide views of?
horizontal plane
126
are chest and augmented leads uni or bipolar?
unipolar
127
average of ___ limb elctrodes are taken as negative reference for chest leads. and ___ for augmente
3 for chest, 2 for augmented
128
depolarization towards a lead causes a ____ defelction
postiive
129
depolarization away from a lead causes _____ deflection
negative
130
how many limb leads and how many chest leads
limb = 4
chest = 6
131
what pole do u look from on the lead of ecg
positive to negative
132
ECG provides excellent diagnosis for those at riskof ____
CVD
133
how does ECG detect MI
changes in ST segment
134
what does the ST stegment represent?
early stages of ventricular repolarization
135
what is vo2max/peak
Highest rate of oxygen transport and utilization that can be achieved at maximal exertion
136
why predict crf fitness
driect measurement is impractical - equipment, highly trained people, not accesible
- improve feasibility of testing, less stressful, , improves safety
137
what are. 5 key assumptions of indirect testing
steady sstae acheived at each submax wrok;pad
2 )linear relationship betwen HR and work rate
3) linear relationships exists between vo2 and work rate
4) mechanical efficiency is cosntant for all individuals
5) max HR decreases with age in a predictable fashion
138
what is steady state defined as? when do u measure HR
c change in <5bpm in last 2 mins. Last 5s of the stage
139
what do u do if the stage is not as steady state?
extend the stage
140
what will udnerestimatd HR do? overestimate?
inflate vo2, overestimate will decreaes it.
141
what are pre testing guidleines for HR?
no smoking, caffeine, food >2hrs prior, no alcohol, vigorous exercisse >6hrs
142
what RPM is considered comfortable and mechncially efficient?
50rpm
143
what are some considerations for mechanical efiiciency
familiarity, rpm consisten, power ouput/speed consistent
144
what are 5 factors that can affect HR during testing?
pre testing instuction (caffeins, food, smoking, vig activiry)
2 ) anxiet/nervosuenss by testing environment
3) medications or substances
4) equipment/meaurement error - right sensor, averaginf, poor technique
5) looking at, or thinking about HR
145
what IS APMHR. Equation?
age predicted max HR. 220-age, or 208-(0.7*age)
146
is APMHR accurate?
lots of error - 10-15bpm
147
at low intensities of _____ HR Q is mostly depdnednt on?
110-120, SV
148
at high intensities >170 ___ can decrease and ___ les achieveable
SV can decrease and steady state less acheivable
149
when is relationship betwen vo3 and HR steongest
when HR is betwen 110-170
149
most preditive protocols requrire HR to be within___ and ___ rto rpoduce valid results
110 - 85% HRmax (around 85% HR max is ideal)
150
when do elite atheltes better use SV and what does this result in
better during mod intesnity resulting in lower Hr
151
predictive tests genrallt ____ Vo2max for athletes
overestimate
152
what is a fixed distance test?
predetermined distance in shrotest anmtn of time
consiten pace
cinverts walking/runnign speed to vo2
regression equation to predict VO2max (validated against a criterion measure
1 mile run/walk
153
what is a fixed time test
max distance in set time
converts walking/runnign speed to vo2
regression equation to predict VO2max (validated against a criterion measure
12 min run or 6 min walk
154
what s a multistage test. what populatios is it used for? why is it usefulf or exercise prescription?
Uses incremental exercise to increase HR to 110-85% HRmax in a systematic way, achieving
steady state at each stage
heathy and cardiac pop
useful for exercise prescriptiin - your ecord response to several workloads
Ymca, bruce, mCaftstep
155
what are single stage test? wghat is the steady state HR?
ses heart rate response to a single workload to predict VO2max
based on ACSM metabolic equations for estimating vo2 (energy cost)
steady stsate Hr 5--70% HRreserve
ebbling, queens college step test
156
what are step teest? what pop used for?
Used a fixed stepping rate and step height to predict VO2
* Can be single stage or multistage
* Can be individualized for stepping rate and step height
* Used more with younger healthy participants
* Risk of falls with older adults
* O2 cost can be high even at lower stages
* Good for large groups
* Consider skill level and familiarity (administrator and client!)
Step tests
157
what incremenets and rpm are used for cycle ergometer test
25 watts (0.5kg) and 50rpm
158
in order to calculate preicted vo2 max you need a mun of ___ steady satet stages between 110-85% HRmax
2
159
how shoukd you always start ymca test
at 50rpm and 0.5kp/25W
160
if Hr is less than 80 after warm up how much to add?
2.5kp
161
if hr is between 80-89 during warm up f ymca how much to add?
2kp/100W
162
if Hr between 90-100during warmuo of ymca hwow much to add?
1.5kp/75Q
163
if HR is >100 during ymca warm up, how mcuh should you add?
1kp/50W
164
after the warm up and first stage how much shoukd you add?
DONT USE tHE tABLE , add 0.5kp
165
what do you do if client reached 85% HR max?
TERMINATE TEST IMMEDIATELY
166
when should you stop tst .. when HR comes withing ___ of HR max?
wyen HR comes iwthing 10bpm of HR maxit is best to stop and go to recovery
167
if the stage is not increasing by at least 5 bpm what do u do?
extend stage
168
what ages is ebbling designed for?
ealthy adults between 20-49 years
169
how do you warm up for ebbling ?
4 mins , 3.2-4.0mph and 0% grade - then 5% grade (at same speed as warmup) - test ends when 4 mins at 5% grade is completed or other test termination is reached
170
when should u monitor HR
before <100, during = last 5 s of min
171
when do u do blood pressure, what is cut off before
after/
cut off before. = 160/90
last 30s of each stage
After = immediately, mins 3, 5 post
172
when do u take rpe
last 5 sec of staf e
173
what are some situations that require a more acurate dtermination of Vo2max
- asses effectiveness in traing, Info needed for diagnosis/prognosis (i.e stress test)
Inform prescription based on onset of symptoms
-
174
what are some main prupsoes for max tests?
Asses potential for endurance performance
Diagnosis: used to determine presence of ischemic heart disease
Prognosis: determine risk for adverse event relative to disease history
Evaluation of the cute exercise response to inform exercise prescription
175
176
what are diff terms of direct max test
CPET, GXT, stress test, incremental, symptom-limited max test, MAP
177
what is the gold standard for arobic fitness and cv health
Vo2 direct
178
what are some ubnphysiological factos that determine vo3max
genetics, sex,age, mdoality, trainig, environemnt
179
up to ___ % of vo2 max by genetics
75
180
males have ___ vo2 max because ___
greater cardiac mass, blood volume and elan mass
181
after ___ vo2 decreases 10% per decade due to ___
30, decrease in HR max/reduced Q and oxidatvie metabolism
182
what percent of. vo2max is trainable
20-25%
183
what is. alimit to vo2 max
anything thta effecs oxygen delivery an duse for example pulmoanry fibrosis - limits gas exchange due to thickenign of pulmonay capillarhamper o2 delviery to workitn muscles
184
what is pulmonary fibrosis
imits gas exchange due to thickenign of pulmonay capillarhamper o2 delviery to workitn muscles
185
what is sichemic ehart disease
Lack of blood flow to cardiac tissue would limit depolarization and
contractility → decreased cardiac output
ATP
186
what is coordinated adaptaion?
ithout high flux through the system, the other systems may adapt to the level of the reduced
flux (
187
how is CPET useful on cardiac atitents
helps to identify patients at risk of heart failure - CPEY is best objective meaure of peak fucntional capcity - defines sevreity fo ehart failutre
188
what is a main manifestation of heart failure taht can be alered
main manifestation is exerice tolerance, increasing tolerance can incres QOL
189
what happens to CO in heart failure patients
fails to incrase wiht light intensity - decreased msucle blood low, insuff perfusion, metabolic acidosis at low intesnities and reduce recvoery
190
how do we directly measure vo2 mac
thru expired gases nad ventilatory volumes to see hwo much oxygen has veen used
191
what is minute ventialaiton formula
waht is tidal volume
tidal olume X breahtign frequency
tidal volume is litres per breath
192
what is Ve at rest
6l/min (.5x 12)
193
what is fio2
fractoin isnpired o2
194
what is vo2 vco2
vo2 = o2 consumes
vco2 = co2 prduces
195
what is RER equaiton
VCOs/Vo2
196
what is minute ventialtion measured by in direct vo2 test
Measured by a Pneumotach – air flow and rate
197
what variables are measured in metaolic carts?
Ve (min vent) , FeO2 anf FeCo2 (gas analyzers)
198
what are the vo2 equations in direc tsting
VO2 = ViO2 –VeO2
VO2 = (Vi * FiO2) – (Ve * FeO2)
199
are we able to measur Vi?
NO
200
what is FIo2 constant
0.2093
201
what is Ve measured using
turbine, penumotach, douglas bag + gas meter
202
what is Feo2 meaured using
gas analyzer
203
how do we calculate Vi
use nitrogen in and out
ViN2 = VeN2
Vi * FiN2 = Ve * FeN2
Vi * = (Ve * FeN2) / FiN
basocclal use FeN2 and FiO2 - have to caluclate FeN2 using FeN2 = 1-(FEO2 + FECO2
204
what does the CPET measure?
Maximum amount of oxygen that can be consumed per unit of time by a person during a progressive test to exhaustion (using major muscle groups) - power of CR system
0 *Maximal rate (power) at which O2 is taken in, transported and used for muscular work (ATP synthesis/energy creation)
205
what is the first step in determining if it is a vo2max or vo2 peak? second
1 - is vo increasing by 1.5 from first stage to second stage (last interval) - if it is greater than it is vo2 peak
if it is increasing by 1.5 it is peak if
- borg bete 18-20
rer >1.10
blood lactate >8-10mmol
achievement of max HR (w/in 10bpm)
206
what are some goals of CPET
ncrease Intensity, measure body response to load
* Analyzes expired air to measure/calculate
* Gas concentrations
* Gas volumes
* VO2
* VCO2
* RER
* Tidal Volume
* Pulmonary Ventilation
* Also assess: HR, SpO2, ECG Responses, RPE, angina, dyspnea, leg pain
* Observe limitations to O2 delivery (identify mechanism)
207
what is reccomended time to exhaistion for Vo2 max
6-12 mins - consider client history
208
does it matter what protocol you use for direct vo2 max testing
if only wanting to find vo2 max then no but if you are wanting to use it for ex rx an pickig training zones/exrcise then the preotocl does matter more
209
does the direct vo2 max protocol matter when prescribing exrecise?
yes because we need to know externa workload - the peak pwoer output changes based on the test - fr exaxmple reamp has higher peak power then step
210
whar aer some protocol components?
Long warm-up at low intensity
* Starting speed between aerobic threshold (AT) and anerobic threshold (AnT)
* 1% grade to simulate outdoor terrain
* Increases of 1.0 kph every two minutes until max
211
WHAT IS BRICE PROTOCOL COMMON FOR? do they walk run? differnce in the modified bruce?
common for clinical, at riak and senioes
first 3 stafes are walking
High grades icnreases itensity before running is requires
the modified adds two addtioinal low intenisty stages before first stage (at 0 grad and 5 grade rather tahn starting at 10 - mostlu a walking test - so more safe and easy to measure
212
in cycle ergometere direct max vo2 test what should rpm start atfor untrained + trained
untrained = 60-70,, trained = 70-90
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In direct cycle ergo test what should starting resistance be for female and male
female = 1kg male =2kg (100w)
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for direct treadmill test what should starting speed be for male and female
male = 8mph and female 7mph
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how do you progress the direct tramdmill test
start at 0% grade and increase by 2% every 2 mins until vo2 max or volitional fatigue
216
what type of protocols use verification ophase
high performacne
217
what does verification phase of direct tests do?
confirm achivement of platuae for vo2 max
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how long to recover what should hr do for cerification phase
if subject lasts for more than8 mins do what?
if subject lasted for less than 8 mins then what?
how does it verify ?
recover 15 ins HR <100
more than 8 mins - increase power outpul by one incremenet
if less than 8 mins keep power output same
if increase in vo2 is less than2% compared to progressive tesst than it indicates that vo2 max has been achieved
219
In a direct test when is BP measured
for interval - last 45s of eaxh stage
RAMP - last 45s of each 2 min period
220
what are the primary things to monitor in direct vo2max test
HR, RPE and signs and syhmptoms
ECG if risk for CAD
221
is RPE measured in recovery for direct test no? is BP?
rpe - no
BP yes right agfter and then every2 mins
222
what is a symptom limtied max test
Assess physiological response to exercise whilst reducing risk of cardiac event or other significant health incident
* Very useful for exercise prescription
* Workload associated with 2/4 pain on PAD scale
* Duration walking at 3mph before 3/4 pain
* This data can then be used to assess effectiveness of an exercise intervention or other therapy
223
termination is done in direct testing when SBP drop belwo___ with incerase workrate
drop in 10 or rore
224
if SBP is greater thatn ___ or DBP than___ direct testing is terminated
250 , 115
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wahat are some idnications to stop an exercise test?
angina symtposm, reise in BP, drop is SBP, poor perfusion, wheezing, leg cramps, HR not increaseing, change in Heart rhythimg
subject asks to stop
seveere fatihue, failure of testing equipment, reach 85% HRmax
