midterm II Flashcards
how did fire lead to humans evolving
providing strength and growth of brains; food brought groups together; form of campsites to come to at night , leading to division of labour and dev of social org; some hunted some gathered or watched camp; home=secure base of refuge to return to
charles darwin published
origin of speech, introducing evolutionary theory
variation sin species occur….
to promote ability to survive and reproduce; happens bc determinants of optimal variations are passed down bc only those with optimal variation will survive and be able to reproduce
natural selection favours _____; sexual selection favours ______
survival; reproduction
_____ can impact gene expression; some may remain dormant but some may be triggered
life stressors/envirnmental stressors
sexual selection is
Evolution of characteristics because of mating advantage
intersexual competition
compete with members of same sex for opportunity to mate with the opposite sex
intersexual competition
members of one sex prefering certain qualities on mates; ie intellectual and health preferred
gene selection theory
genes increase their own replication; Survival and mating genes are inherited if favourable
genome is
totality of individual genes; contributes to overall design of organism
kin selection
were predisposed to engage in helpful behaviour that benefits those close to us, loved ones; caring, sharing, saving others form danger
Promoting propagation of our own genes; care more for those we are certain to relate to; to pass our own genes on increase own proliferation; influence
inclusive fitness
organisms total genetic fitness; overall ability to maximize the replication of our genes; better inclusive fitness always wins out; ability to survive
More likely to help those closer to us
single gene disorder
can identify in gene pool that a certain gene found in can indicate diseases
3 products of natural selection
psychological adaptations; byproducts of adaptations; evolutionary noise
products of natural selection: psych adaptations
work on genes involved in behaviour
Anything that impacts life, ability to survive and reproduce (sex arousal); heart is anatomical adaptation to circulate blood; sweat is physiological adaptation to maintain homeostasis
Eg; jealous to keep mate around, ensure survival of self and child
products of natural selection: byproducts of adaptations
Not proper adaptations, may or may not be useful/functional
Bellybutton; does not directly contribute to ensure survival and reprod (by product of adaptation from umbilical cord)
More motivation, esteem, arousal, etc (psychological adaptation)
products of natural selection: evolutionary noise
random variations, neutral to selection unlinkes to any characteristics
Eg. fact that belllybutton is innie or outie doesnt matter its evolutionary noise
evolutionary psych
psych adaptations interact with culture; activate certain adapts or suppress; some may be irrelevant in certain cultures
purpose of groups
sharing of resources, fulfills need to belong; kin selection; inclusive fitness
social pain
if someone feels rejected, bullies; acceptance is avoidance of pain; same area of brain as physical pain
prosocial behaviour
attitudes and behaviours that benefit others, altruism
antisocial behaviour
behaviour that goes against needs and feelings of others
Reciprocal altruism-hypothesis
risk their own well-being under implicit bargain or getting help from others in exchange for helping others; eg firefighter; want for +ive reputation in a group
Kin selection-hypothesis;
more likely to help people who are genetically similar; particularly the elderly and the young
sexual strategies theory by who
david buss
sexual strategies theory
were driven by sexual desire to reproduce; evolve to promote survival and sexual reproduction; argued a sex difference in sexual desire, mate preferences and competition; surface physical attraction is 1st draw
sexual strategies theory: desires of women
possession of or access to resources(income, connections); long commitment(linked to pregnancy)
sexual strategies theory: desires of men
youth, health, attractiveness(fertility); shorter investment
sexual strategies: men on average tend to
want more sex partners, want more freq sex, lower standards, willing to consent with strangers
error management theory
not only sex diff in mate preferences, but sex diffs in perception of potential mates; male over perception bias and female underperception bias
error management theory: male over perception bias
men more likely to interpret ambig cue as romantic interest
Wrongly assuming someone is interested and attempting to pursue (false +ive) has better chance of leading to report than not trying (false negative)
error management theory: female under perception bias
someone behaves ambiguously so assumed its not romantic interest
To protect self from short-term interest/deception
criticisms of evolutionary psychology
limited and not universally applicable
Backwards engineering from data (millions of yrs ago) to theory; can be biased; Reinforcing social scripts; Deterministic consequences of the theories don’t account for interactionism and situationism; misses individual differences
heritability…
can apply to a single individual; isn’t immutable; isn’t a precise statistic
genes make a trait heritable, and the environment…
creates the social context that will shape the expression of this gene/heritable trait
family studies
look at the degree of genetic overlap between family members, and then look at the degree to which specific traits are similarly expressed by these fam members
what is h^2
heritability
adoption studies
disentangling G effects from E effects
Correlation in trait between adopted child and biol parents (G) and adopetive parents (E)
twin studies
Twin studies: monozygotic twins ahre 100% of genes vs dizygotic twins share 50% of genes
Take correlation of monozygotic twins subtract the correlation of dizygotic twins
h^2 = 2(Rmz - Rdz)
attempts to quantify correlation b/n genes and behaviour still flawed bc
can’t pin a behaviour on a specific gene; sometimes have to look genome wide
modernly, traits are _____; heritability of various traits ranges ___
heritable; 20-45%
Minnesota study of twins reared apart (1979)
monozygotic twins raised in diff enviros
-Bouchard 1984 and Lykken et al 1990; looking at genetic and enviro factors on individuals behvaiur and personality
-Found that mono twins reared apart had same chance of being similar as mono twins raised together; genetic factors have important on traits and behaviour; cant consider one without the other however
Gene enviro interaction
creates personality; people have diff genetic dispositions, and then behave certain way in certain situations
Hamilton’s concept of inclusive fitness
-distinction between personal survival and genetic survival
-people may accept personal risks and losses if they increase their inclusive fitness (predict when helping will occur)
Activity of a gene code _____ change
can; as function of environment; remain susceptible to enviro change throughout life; important to look at what gene is involved in
gene and environment interaction : Reactive (evocative) G-E
Enviro reacts to genotype; can encourage or discourage gene expression
Genetic expression appears and then parents create a enviro that fosters this; eg. If child shows interest in books, parents notice this and give more kid more complex books; enviro responds to genetic expression
3 mechanisms of Gene and environment interaction
passive G-E; Reactive G-E; Active G-E
-No ONE mechanism that gene and enviro interact in; when younger, it’s more passive or reactive, as we age becomes active
gene and environment interaction : passive G-E
Interrelationship between enviro provided by parents and genetic predisposition they transmit to their children
Enviro where we grow up and genes; both provided by parents to children; eg. Parents with high openness to exp may give kids books about cultural info; not only transit openness through genes, also create enviro that brings out that genetic disposition
gene and environment interaction : Active (niche picking) G-E
Genetic disposition seeks out a particular environment to foster capabilities
See over time, as people are more aware of skills,m preferences
Someone with high extrovertedness, may choose to engage in extracurricular activities
gene pool/genetic code is _____; while activity/expression/functioning of genes can
unchanging; change
epigenetic study
looking at genetic expression not just DNA
Stressors in adulthood ____change gene expression (dynamic element)
can
psychoanalytic approach credited to
freud
determinism
nothing happens randomly or by chance, reasoning (in the unconscious) for every act every feeling
sigmund freud 19th cent; psychoanalytic model focused on…
-unconscious thoughts, beliefs memories; unconscious processes affect
-human nature based on psychic energy/power of mind to motivate human activity; looking at mind/psyche
instinct
driven by innate strong forces/instincts that provide all energy in out mind/psyche
2 types of instinct
life instinct (eros) and death instinct (thanatos)
-instincts describe hoe someone works innately, and then how we follow social rules
types of instinct: life instinct (eros)
drives sex desire, life sustaining behaviour; pleasure impulses
types of instinct: Death instinct thanatos
destructive energy; aggression towards others or self (self harm)
Personality in 3 levels
conscious, preconscious, unconscious
Personality in 3 levels: conscious
thoughts, feelings, perceptions that we are aware of
Personality in 3 levels: preconscious
small level, right under the surface; part of psyche that stores things that can be made conscious (ie. how you spent last bday)
Personality in 3 levels: unconscious
very important, hidden; vast majority of mind; totally hidden from our awareness; ie. trauma, desires, lustful thoughts, revenge
3 structures of the mind: Id
unconscious processes (emotional, logical, jealousy, sex drive, vengeance); pleasure principle, immediate gratification; so far in unconscious, source of psychic energy and instincts; primitive, dominating part of mind; no values or morals
3 structures of the mind
Id; Ego; Superego
3 structures of the mind: ego
executive of personality; operate on reality principle; mediating id and superego; Id is conflicting with social reality and superego is too guilt inducing at a point;
Starts around 2-3 and we learn to regulate better and better; more secondary processing;
3 structures of the mind: superego
upholder of societal values; having a conscious; operating on preconscious level ; dev around age 5; operates on moral principle (instilled by parents and society); moral ideas of perfection, right fropm wrong; makes judgements; main tool is guilt in enforcing right vs wrong (guilty, ashamed, wrong when doing/thinking smt wrong); don’t want it to supercede other structures
anxiety occurs when ____ and ____conflict; mediate this through
superego; Id; defence mechanisms
defemse mechanisms serve 2 functions
-Protect ego Enable ego to control and mediate
-Minimize anxiety and distress form the conflict
cathexis is
when the anxiety and guilt from Id-superego conflict truly leaves you; through sublimation through cultural, intellectual ‘self actualization’
defence mechanisms (from primitive to mature)
denial, regression, projection, reaction formation, repression, displacement, rationalization, (compensation, sublimation)
difference between suppression and repression is
whether you consciously push it down or unconsciously push it down
goal of psychoanalysis
to bring unconscious to the conscious; started with hypnosis and dream analysis
Once everything is brought to the surface of consciousness ans alleviated, this is catharsis
defense mechanisms: denial
refusing to acknowledge unacceptable behaviors/feelings/ideas
Refuse the facts (smokers refusing health hazard)
defense mechanisms: regression
when facing unpleasant exp. Return to previous stages that felt more secure
Regress into space where we don’t have to deal with an issue (teens giggling uncontrollably when anxious)
defense mechanisms: repression
pushing away disturbing memory/thought/behaviour
Occurs when person pushes away painful thoughts, for pleasure
Ie. loss of memory of childhood trauma, distrusting people
defense mechanisms: projection
attributing one’s unacceptable feelings/impulses onto another
Ie. someone cheats on partner, then they’ll be suspicious the other person is cheating
defense mechanisms: reaction formation
behaving in opposite way to one’s own unacceptable behaviour/thoughts/ideas
Ie. criminal that becomes protector of society
defense mechanisms: displacement
transferring a feeling/response to object/person that is causing this, onto a less threatening thing
Ie. taking anger out from boss’s mistreatment onto sibling
defense mechanisms: rationalization
justifying unacceptable feelings/ideas by dev acceptable incorrect explanations
generating acceptable reasons for behaviour, white lies to yourself
Apply to a job and are rejected; so you say actually i didn’t even want it or it would have been bad for me
defense mechanisms: sublimation
converting unacceptable urges to acceptable behaviour
ie. turning upset into journaling, arts and crafts, exercise to get rid of the anxiety
According to freud was mostly intellectual achievements
defense mechanisms: compensation
outdoing yourself in one domain to eclipse the unacceptable outcome in another domain
freuds psychosexual theory
infancy (oral)
early childhood (anal)
childhood play age (phallic)
childhood school age (latency
adolescence and young adulthood (genital)
- not progressing from dev stages at right time would lead to fixations
criticisms of freuds psychoanalysis and psychosexual development model
-mostly only of historical value
-cant be evaluated on scientific grounds bc freud didn’t believe in hypothesis testing
-relied on case studies, limited generalizability
-neg view on human nature
-little empirical evidence supporting only sexual urges
freuds psychosexual theory: infancy
oral;
year and a half following birth
Main source of pleasure are mouth lips, tongue
Weaning
Not weaned off properly(too long)-> psych dep on oral fixation
freuds psychosexual theory: early childhood
anal;
Toddlerhood, till 3 years
Pleasure from anal sphincter; control over this, potty training
If not dev at proper age (3) could lead to fixation….self control
freuds psychosexual theory: childhood play age
phallic
Age 3-5, preschool
Sexual urges sent outwards, directed at parents
Boys display irritation towards father, fantasize about mom
freuds psychosexual theory: childhood school age
latency
Age 6-puberty
Not much, dormancy
Focus on learning
freuds psychosexual theory: young adult an adolescence
genital
Sexual; awaking in puberty, lasts through life
Aware of genitals, social rules
merits of freuds psychoanalysis and psychosexual development model
- dev of talk therapy
-historical value
-empirical evidence to support existence of uncurious thinking and processes
if we have overactive Id and weak superego then
impulsive, antisocial, aggressive
implicit info processing
brushing teeth; don’t have to think about it; freud didn’t talk about this
heuristics
mental shortcuts to to make quick decisions and judgements; can create biases and stereotypes; ie. classify tree as a plant
erik eriksons psychosocial development theory
accepted first 5 of freuds stages, and idea of ego
main aspect is ego-identity which comes from overcoming personal challenges; Erickson thought its social dev and that it continues into adulthood (father of lifespan development)
-each stage has a psychosocial task that must be completed or it will impact the next stage of dev
erik eriksons stages of psychosocial development: infancy
infancy: trust vs mistrust; dev trust from parents quality of care; hope to be cared for and secure
erik eriksons stages of psychosocial development: toddlerhood
autonomy vs shame and doubt; toilet training, dev autonomy (accomplish, or make mistakes and learn) or shame and inadequacy (if punished when fail)
erik eriksons stages of psychosocial development: childhood (play age)
initiative vs guilt; larger radius of operations, exploring things including bodies; reprimand with reasoning and explanation to avoid guilt
erik eriksons stages of psychosocial development:
erik eriksons stages of psychosocial development: childhood (school age)
industry vs inferiority; exploring independence, harsh punishment leads to inferiority
erik eriksons stages of psychosocial development: adolescence
ego identity vs role confusion; adapting to social groups; experimentation and testing new roles (poli views, sexuality); forming social connections; teens become peer dependent, take less cues from parents
erik eriksons stages of psychosocial development: young adult
intimacy vs isolation; forming mature love relationships;
erik eriksons stages of psychosocial development: mature adult
generatively vs stagnation; (40-60); nurture and create things that will outlast them, what you are doing that is legacy like,
erik eriksons stages of psychosocial development: old age
ego integrity vs despair; did i contribute to the world an faithful to my ID; did we lead meaningful satisfying life; universal but triggered by life events like retirement
eriksons criticisms
-difficult to create objective standard to evaluate theory
-focus on male development (bc female hormones, lack of educational access)
Oedipus complex
attachment/desire to mother, or parent of opposite sex; in competition with parent of same sex and jealousy
karen horens contemporary psychoanalysis (1960s-70s)
revised theory of penis envy; penis is symbol of social power
highlighted socio cultural understanding in terms of gender roles and norms; jobs, school; more important than sexual instinct
women fear of success (karen horney)
given the norms and traditions based on gender, women may be more uncomfortable or afraid of losing respect, being embarrassed, not taken seriously so may nogt display certain treatise or skills
melanie kleins object relations theory
centred around ego; Infants relationship with caregiver determines formation of personality , Emphasis on social relations; others, especially the mother, become internalized by the child in the form of mental objects; meaning abstract things that are safe or support
Bowlbys work on emotional bonds
strong and enduring; Bond between caregiver and infant, not only bc of food (oral) but emotional needs too; attachment is evolutionary development to stay close to those who are caring, security, warmth, affirmation, learning, love
strange situation paradigm dev by who
mary ainsworth; We all form attachments differently; how do infants behave differently based on the caregiver?
-experiment: inviting primary caregiver and infant to lab, place in room; stranger enters room once familiarized; then parent exits the room; stranger interacts with infant; caregiver comes back; observe reaction and actions all throughout
mary ainsworth’s attachment styles
secure, insecure, (avoidant and ambivalent/resistant)
mary ainsworth’s attachment styles: secure
sensitive, responsive parents; promotes infants sense of security in needs being met
comfortable as long as parent around; didn’t want to interact with stranger, towards where they saw parent exit; seek parents comfort, easily soothed
mary ainsworth’s attachment styles: insecure
parents midget be insensitive, neglectful; promoting ambivalent/resistant, avoidant behaviour or attachment
mary ainsworth’s attachment styles: avoidant
Infant doesn’t pay attention to parent; indifferent to parents presence
When parent leaves a stranger approaches, infant might play or be indifferent
When parent comes back, they ignore or act indifferent; protect against rejection
mary ainsworth’s attachment styles: ambivalent/resistant
when parent leaves, much distress s
Don’t want anything to do with stranger
Resistance in affection; in arms but pushing
Ambivalent response to inconsistent care
solomons theory of attachment styles
added disorganized attachment; fearful of parent bc of mistreatment, inconsistent and hard to predict behaviour
Secure attachments show
better, enduring friendships; positive self concept
3 adult relationship styles (hazan and shaver)
Strong correlation between infant and adult attachment; stable concept but can change (difficult); can be further refined by establishing connections with others;
secure; minimal ambivalent
adult relationship styles: secure
minimal problems develop enduring, loving, satisfying relationships; independent attachments but still nurturing
adult relationship styles: avoidant
difficulty learning to trust other people; afraid of commitment and dependence; live in anticipation of abandonment
adult relationship styles: ambivalent
