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Midterm II Flashcards

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0
Q

Sex

A

Male/Female

  • classification of individual based on biological foundation
  • Genetics
    • determined by our sex chromosomes and genes in those chromosomes
  • anatomy
    - physical differences between males and males
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1
Q

Gender

A

(Man/Woman)
Definition: social construct
-classification of individual based on behavioral, psychological, and cultural traits
-legal status

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2
Q

Gender role

A

Masculine/feminine

Definition: cultural expectation of behavior for each gender

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3
Q

Genitalia

A

Penis and testes
Vs
Vagina and clitoris

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4
Q

Identity

A

A persons own sense of being male or female

No assurance that ones personal gender identity will be consistent with ones biological sex

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5
Q

Sex is determined by

A

Presence of Y chromosome

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6
Q

Sperm Cells have…..

A

Either Y or X chromosome

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7
Q

Egg cells have ……

A

One X chromosome

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8
Q

Meiosis

A

Reduces 46 chromosomes into 23 to make gametes or eggs or sperm

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9
Q

Male/Female chromosomes

A

Male XY

Female XX

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10
Q

Y Chromosome

A

The smallest

  • 100 genes or less
  • many genes of Y control sperm production and capability to grow testes
  • yet most genes not essential for life
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11
Q

X Chromosome

A

Contains more than 1000 genes

  • genes for color vision, blood clotting and more
  • X in most cells of females are inactivated
    • Barr body
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12
Q

6th Week of prenatal development

A

First six weeks the Gonads and genitalia are undifferentiated

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13
Q

Embryos have two ducts systems

A

Müllerian
And
Wolffian

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14
Q

Müllerian

A

One duct system in embryo

- becomes female reproductive anatomy

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15
Q

Wolffian

A

One duct system in embryo

-becomes male reproductive anatomy

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16
Q

8th-12th week of prenatal development

A

By 8th week Sex chromosome influences anatomical and hormonal development

By 12th week genitalia have been differentiated and usually identifiable as male or female

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17
Q

Male differentiation

A

Determining region of Y called SRY gene and Sox9 gene aid in development of testes
In testes leydig cells produce testosterone

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18
Q

Male differentiation Testosterone

A

Wolffian duct system will develop into epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicles
DHT leads to growth of penis and scrotal sac
Sertoli cells produce Anti-Müllerian hormone
- stops process of female duct system

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19
Q

Female differentiation

A

If no SRY gene undifferentiated gonad will develop into ovary
Müllerian duct system will develop into uterus, Fallopian tubes and upper portion of vagina

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20
Q

Sex differentiation in Brain

A

Sizes differ in men and women

  • parts of frontal Cortex involved in reasoning and decision making are larger in woman
  • males have larger amygdalae which is important in anger and sex drive
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21
Q

Physiological differences

A

Sex differences

  • vary is almost every organ of body
    • M greater lungs n fewer breaths
    • F thin skin and less acne
  • mortality rates
    • M>F
  • drug metabolism
    • F have less enzyme that breaks down alch and become more intoxicated with same Alch
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22
Q

Behavioral differences

A

Gender differences
Gender roles=gender specific behaviors and personalities expected in our culture
Stereotypes
- preconceived ideas about the way men and women act

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23
Q

Interaction between nature and nurture

A
  • biological factors may influence behaviors

- social situation can affect physiology

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24
Q

Dr. Hyde Meta- Analysis

A

Both are more alike than different

Don’t know if differences are nature or nurture

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25
Q

Aggression

A

Males more aggressive

  • social aggression involves hurting others by damaging their relationships is exhibited by both genders
  • women have potential to be as aggressive as me. But are under social restrictions
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26
Q

Communication styles

A 
Men use report talk
- transmit info
Females use rapport talk
- means if sharing and connecting
Some lead to miscommunication
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27
Q

Behavioral differences in sexuality

A

Men more likely to initiate sex and prefer impersonal and casual sex
Women wants relationship sex

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28
Q

Gender schemas

A

A sense of what it means to be male or denial from interactions with others

  • sex determines how child is treated
  • Childers. Learn their role through culture defines and roles are learned and acted
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29
Q

Intersexuality

A

Variety of conditions where individuals are born with reproductive or sexual anatomy is ambiguous

  • female on outside but male on inside
  • genitals seem in between male and female
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30
Q

Greek mythology on intersexuality

A 
True hermaphrodites
- both ovarian and testicular tissue
     Very rare
Pseudohermaphrodite's
- external genitals often mixture of female and male
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31
Q

Intersex

A

Male and female it discreet or natural categories but socially constructed

  • doesn’t always show at birth
  • nature doesn’t decide where male and female categories stops, humans do
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32
Q

Congenital conditions

A

Present at birth
Sex chromosome disorders
- disorders affecting prenatal hormonal processes

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33
Q

Klinefelters syndrome

A 
XXY
47 chromosomes
Anatomically males
Sterile with undersized penis and testes
Little or no sexual activity
Some look at gender confusion
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34
Q

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

A 
Rare genetic defect 
Typically XY
Body cells completely or partially insensitive to androgens 
Two forms of condition
-complete or partial AIS
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35
Q

Complete AIS

A

Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

-outward appearance of external genitals are completely female and reared as female

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36
Q

Partial AIS

A

Partial Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
- outward appearance can be from completely female to mixture of male and female to completely male reared as female or male

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37
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

A

Rare atypical genetically induced malfunction if adrenal glands
- chromosomally normal female fetus XX
Malfunction I adrenal glands causes excess exposure to androgens
Enlarged clit and fused labia looks like scrotum
Usually treated with surgery or hormone therapy to eliminate ambiguity
Develop female gender identity some later assume male gender identity

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38
Q

Treatment of intersexuality

A

90% of cases, Intersex infants male and female undergo genital surgery to make them appear as anatomical females

  • scarring, many surgeries and sexual difficulties
  • May not lead to improvement in psychological or social health
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39
Q

John Money

A

Established protocols for treatment of intersexuality that became standards by early 1960’s

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40
Q

Gender identity

A

Subjective sense if being a man or woman

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41
Q

Transgendered

A

Whose appearance and/or behavior may not confirm to gender roles

  • cross dress
  • transcestite refers to people who cross dress to achieve sexual arousal
  • sex orientation or identity and gender identity are different issues
  • May be gay straight or bisexual
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42
Q

Transgender Community

A

A loose association if people who transgress gender norms in a wide variety of ways

  • unconditional acceptance of freedoms
  • includes l who feel that male categories are inadequate to describe their experience
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43
Q

Transsexual

A

Person who’s gender identity is opposite to his or her biological sex

  • feel trapped in body of wrong sex
  • gender dysphoria and unhappy about biological sex
  • FTM or transman female to male
  • MTF or trams woman malt to female
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44
Q

Origins of transsexuality

A

Before thought it was due to upbringing
Now affected identity before birth
- brain anatomy: bed nucleus of stria terminalis
- genetic variations
- prenatal hormone imbalance or prenatal exposure to drugs

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45
Q

Transsexualism

A

-biologically typical, intact reproductive systems, proper complement of XX XY

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46
Q

Respectful Communication with transgender individual

A

Refer to person as thy would like to be
Never out someone
Never ask what their genitals look like
Make no assumption towards orientation

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47
Q

Humans motives for having sex

A

Procreation, pleasure, financial gain, power, stress relief, social and antisocial reasons
Meston and Buss’ research on why people have sex

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48
Q

Influences sexual expression

A

Bio, psych, religion, culture and social factors

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49
Q

Masturbation

A

Stimulation of ones own genitals which produces feelings of pleasure and often results in orgasm

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50
Q

Masturbation Views

A

Historically bad behavior because procreation is only for sex
1800s promotion of sexual abstinence simple food and fitness
-reverend Sylvester graham: abstinence to prevent loss of vital fluids
- doc John Kellogg bland foods dampens sexual desire

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51
Q

Maturation factors for frequency

A

Sex
-men more likely than women
-women less likely to admit to maturbating
Age
-teens and college report highest frequency
- decreases with age

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52
Q

Masturbation Vibrators

A

Invented in 1880s by Kelsey Stinner

Used by physicians to treat women with hysteria to save time

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53
Q

Masturbation concerns

A

Frequency

  • No physical or mental problems associated
  • if it interferes with daily functioning
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54
Q

Brain

A

Largest sex organ

  • thoughts can either enhance or diminish sexual arousal and activity
  • erotic dreams occur when sleeping
  • sexual fantasies
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55
Q

Erotic dreams

A 
Involuntary
Different from fantasies
Dreams within erotic content
Some can result in orgasm
- nocturnal emissions or wet dreams( males)
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56
Q

Sexual fantasies

A

Mental imagery that is sexually arousing

  • most common and private form of sexual expression
  • while awake
  • daydreams, masturbation, intercourse
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57
Q

Women Fantasies

A

Fantasize about something done to them
- rape fantasies
Fantasies tend to be passive and romantic with focus on emotional aspects

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58
Q

Male fantasies

A

Fantasies about doing something to a partner

Tend to be more active, visual, and sexually explicit

59
Q

Erotic Fantasies Functions

A 
Source of pleasure and arousal
Help to overcome anxiety
Mentally rehearse and anticipate new experiences
Outlet for forbidden wishes
Relief from gender roles expectations
You are in control
60
Q

Why erotic fantasies are helpful?

A

May help women to experience arousal and orgasm

Can be an acceptable expression of socially unacceptable behavior

61
Q

Why are erotic fantasies problematic?

A

Get in the way of intimacy
Double standard - causes jealousy
Unwanted sexual fantasies in response to childhood abuse
Some fantasies should stay fantasies

62
Q

What is sex?

A

Studies show that opinions are widely divergent and change overtime

63
Q

Interpersonal Sex context

A

Wendy Maltz(2001)

  • hierarchy
  • constructive to destructive to destructive contexts for sexual energy
  • sex itself is neutral but the intent and consequences lead to pos or neg experiences
64
Q

Interpersonal Sex Starting points

A 
Close body contact
Embraces
Kisses
Massages
Touches of an erogenous area
65
Q

Foreplay

A

Term can be problematic

  • sexual activity including touching, cuddling, kissing and manual and oral sexual contact before or without intercourse
  • outer course: sex activity without penetrations
  • duration of foreplay: avg time 12 min
66
Q

Kissing

A

Word is At least 1,200 years old
Lips one of the most sensitive part of body
Many types of kissing

67
Q

Manual stimulation of genitals and breasts

A

Touch is important

  • critical for growth, development, and health
  • plays role in sexuality
68
Q

Sex toys

A

Devices used to enhance a persons sexual pleasure during masturbation with partner
- used by all ages and orientations
- cleanliness of sex toys is crucial due to STIs
Examples: dildos, Ben Wa balls, vibrators, pocket pussies, cock rings, nipple clamps, butt plug

69
Q

Vaginal Intercourse

A

Coitus

  • erect penis is inserted into vagina
  • lubrication is important prior to insertion
  • different preferences
  • most women don’t get orgasm from coitus
70
Q

Genital - genital stimulation

A

Many different positions

  • man/woman on top
  • side by side
  • doggy style rear entrance
71
Q

Oral genital stimulation

A

Blowjob or going down
- official terms fellatio or cunnilingus
Mutual oral sex: 69

72
Q

Anal stimulation

A

Anus contains dense nerve endings that can respond erotically

  • manually
  • called analingus, “rimming”
  • risky for STI
  • thin lining high risk HIV
73
Q

Keys to anal stimulation

A

Use non irritant lube and gentle penetration
Enter tilted towards colon
Toys or objects should have larger base to avoid 911
Use one condom

74
Q

Communication strategies about sex

A

Do: right time and place, communicate, honest, respectful, calm, positive mindset, maybe sex therapist
Don’t: wait too long, rush, avoid issue, change subject, make it a joke, limit yourselfs

75
Q

Sexual arousal

A

Referred to as turned on or revved up

  • a state of activation of a complex system of reflexes involving sexual organs, hormones and nervous system which includes the brain
  • factors of emotions, the level of intimacy between two people and host
76
Q

CNS

A

Central Nervous System

- all behavior including sexual behavior, is controlled by this system

77
Q

Brain

A 
Senses (touch, vision, hearing, olfaction and taste) give info to CNS
Behaviors
-reflexive 
     Erection
-controlled
     Approach of partner
78
Q

SRC (Sexual Response Cycle) Background

A 
Individual process
Some general physiologic patterns
Masters and Johnson 1966
- observed >10.000 episodes of people having sex in lab
- 4 stages
79
Q

Sexual Response Cycle

A

4 phases
- excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
Same for both sexes
Helen Kaplan 1979 added desire

80
Q

Desire

A

Mental state of desire was not included in HSRC because not physiological response

  • drive or motivation to seek out sexual objects or to engage in sexual activities
  • types of desire: proceptivity and arousability
81
Q

Proceptivity in desire

A

Type of desire

Lust or libido

82
Q

Arousability of desire

A

Capacity to become aroused once certain triggers are activated/ encountered

83
Q

SRC smililarities

A

Sexual response cycle

  • similar for masturbation, manual/oral, coitus, dreaming
  • intensity and rapidity vary according to the kind of stimulation
84
Q

SRC based on two physiological reactions

A

Vasocongestion

Myotonia

85
Q

Vasocongestion

A 
Body tissues become engorged with blood
Normally: inflow=outflow
Visible and deeper tissues become warm swollen , red
- penis becomes erect
- vaginal tissue swells
- other areas: nipples and earlobes
86
Q

Myotonia

A 
Increased muscle tension
Voluntary flexing
Involuntary muscle contractions
- facial grimaces
- spasmodic contractions of limbs
- orgasmic contractions
87
Q

SRC Excitement

A

Phase 1
Increased myotonia and vasocongestion, heart rate and blood pressure
Length of phase is variable
- increases in vasocongestion, myotonia, blood pressure and heart rate
- sex flush and nipple erections occur ( common in females)

88
Q

SRC Plateau

A

Misnomer: many changes occur
Powerful surge of sexual tension
- increase in heart rate, breathing, BP
- usually brief seconds to minutes
- myotonia becomes pronounced which may include involuntary contractions of hands and feet
- heart rate blood pressure and breathing increases

89
Q

SRC Orgasm

A

Series of muscular contractions of pelvic muscles at peak if sexual arousal
- waves of pleasure
- feeling of euphoria
- brain areas related to reward are activated while amygdala shuts down
Two stages

90
Q

Two stages of orgasm

A

Emission
- seminal fluids move into upper urethra
Ejaculation
-sperm and semen from penis

91
Q

Retrograde ejaculation

A

Ejaculated fluid enters man bladder rather than leaving body
Male orgasm

92
Q

Faking orgasm

A

Why?

-fatigue,stress, distracted, want to end sex, avoid embarassment, illness

93
Q

SRC Resolution

A

Sexual systems return to non excited
Begins immediately after orgasm
Men erection subsides, scrotum relaxes, testes drop
- myotonia goes away and heart rate BP and breathing returns to normal
Sex flush disappears

94
Q

Refractory period

A

Following ejaculation, men are unable to reach orgasm for minutes or longer

95
Q

Pheromones

A

Chemicals released by individual that changes the physiology or behavior of another individual

96
Q

Vomeronasal organ

A

VNO organ that detects pheromones in many species

97
Q

Aphrodisiacs

A

Substance that are thought to arouse or increase sexual response
Only works if they believes it works
-herbs plants, tea, zinc, vitamin E, arginine, dugs, poppers

98
Q

Anaphrodisiac

A

Substance that diminishes sexual desire

-antidepressants, opioids, nicotine, aspirin

99
Q

Aging Women

A 
Intensity of response cycle decreases
Vasocongestion occurs slower
Intercourse might become painful
Reduced contractions at orgasm
More difficulties to reach orgasm
More rapid resolution phase
100
Q

Aging Men

A 
Intensity and duration of response reduced
Slower, less firm erection
Less myotonia
Delayed ejaculation/ greater control
Decline in intensity of orgasm
More rapid resolution
101
Q

Factors that affect sexual arousal

A

Spectatoring
External factors
Emotions
Physical concerns

102
Q

Sense vision

A

Both genders respond to visual stimuli

103
Q

Sense taste

A

Intimate sense because object must be taken into body through the mouth

104
Q

Sense hearing

A

Sounds can both enhance or lessen arousal

105
Q

Sense smell

A

Or olfaction

  • signals from olfactory system in humans travel directly to lambic system
  • some smells increase or decrease arousal
106
Q

Rape

A

Unwanted sexual penetration of the vagina, mouth or ants by use of force
- doesn’t have to be physical violence

107
Q

Sexual assault

A

Sexual contact or activity that occurs without consent

108
Q

Myths about rape

A

Women really want to be raped
Men who rape do so because they can control their desires
Rape is usually committed by psychopathic strangers
Only women can be raped

109
Q

Stranger Rape

A

Only 17% of rapes against women and only 23% of rapes against men are committed by a stranger
Rapists that attach strangers are most likely to reoffend

110
Q

Acquaintance and Date Rape

A

80% to 90% of rapes are done by someone they know

Most of these rapes are never reported

111
Q

Partner Rape

A

Until 1993 it was legal for a man to force his wife to have sex with him
Least likely to be reported
Motives are dominance and degradation

112
Q

Gang Rape

A

Victim is raped by a group of assailants

Tend to be more violent than attacks by one rapist

113
Q

Statutory rape

A

Rape of someone who is not a child but below age of consent

- age or consent varies from state to state usually 14 to 18

114
Q

Alcohol and rape

A

Alch is one of the strongest predictors if acquaintance rape and sexual aggression
Alcohol specialized and environment increases risky behaviors and limits knew ability to consider negative consequences

115
Q

Date rape drugs

A

Drugs to help commit a sexual assault
Have amnesiac, disinhibition and dissociative properties
Roofies, like Valium but 10x stronger

116
Q

Child Sex Abuse

A

Inappropriate sexual behavior between child and adult

117
Q

Types of Child Abuse

A

Incest

Pedophillia or Molestation

118
Q

Incest

A

Sexual contact between a child and an adult who is related to him or her

119
Q

Pedophillia or Molestation

A

Sexual contact between a child and a non related adult

120
Q

Types of Sexual Harassment

A

Quid Pro Quo

Hostile Environment

121
Q

Quid Pro Quo

A

Latin term meaning something for something

When compliance with unwanted sexual advances is required as condition of employment or advancement

122
Q

Hostile Environment

A

When persistent and inappropriate behaviors make the workplace offensive or unbearable

123
Q

Vanilla

A

Bland, commonplace heterosexual sexual activities

124
Q

Kink

A

Umbrella term, fetishes, BDSM

125
Q

Love involves

A

Concern for well being of another
Desire for physical presence and emotional support
Longing for intimate, confidential communication

126
Q

Love

A

Feeling of pleasure in another’s happiness

Feeling of pain in another’s harm

127
Q

Kinds of love

A 
Romantic
Platonic
Self
Limerence
Unconditional
Tough
Maternal/paternal
Companion
Brotherly
128
Q

Eros love

A

Romantic passionate love

129
Q

Mania love

A

Manic love combo of Eros and ludus

130
Q

Ludus love

A

Ludicrous love game playing and scoring

131
Q

Agape love

A

Altruistic and selfless love. Combo of Eros and storge.

132
Q

Storge love

A

Deep compassionate attachment deep friendship or no sexual affection

133
Q

Pragma love

A

Pragmatic love combines the cold conscious elements of ludic love with storgic love

134
Q

What exactly is love?

A

Endorphins

135
Q

Endorphins

A

Oxytocin, phenylethylamine, vasopressin, dopamine, serotonin

136
Q

Serotonin

A

Neurotransmitter
Low levels associated with depression and OCD
Low levels in people who have recently fallen in love

137
Q

Dopamine

A

Neurotransmitter

Attention, exhilaration, loss of sleep & appetite, anxiety

138
Q

Phenylethylamine

A

Love drug
Increase levels of dopamine and norepinephrine
High levels associated with love and orgasm

139
Q

Vasopressin

A

Fluid regulation
Blood pressure
Memory formation
Pair bonding

140
Q

Oxytocin

A 
Uterine functions
Release of breast milk
Reduction of stress hormones
Trust and empathy
Pair bonding positive judgements
141
Q

Why do we fall in love?

A

Behavioral reinforcement
Evolution
Psychological arousal

142
Q

Paraphilias

A

Persistanent & atypical sexual interest in non human objects, physically or emotionally painful experiences, or non-consenting or sexually immature individuals
Noncoercive
Coercive

143
Q

BDSM

A

Bondage/Discipline
Dominance/Submission
Sadism/Masochism

144
Q

Safe

A

Consider physical health
Know risks and how to minimize
Seek education
Listen to gut

145
Q

Sane

A

Clear mined, self control and judge your actions
Differ fantasy and reality
Consider participants
Protect against unreasonable emotional harm
Consider mental health

146
Q

Consensual

A 
All parties must give consent
No one is forced or coerced
Make boundaries
Hard limits must be respected
Age of consent

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