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Midterm II Flashcards

0
Q

Sex

A

Male/Female

  • classification of individual based on biological foundation
  • Genetics
    • determined by our sex chromosomes and genes in those chromosomes
  • anatomy
    - physical differences between males and males
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1
Q

Gender

A

(Man/Woman)
Definition: social construct
-classification of individual based on behavioral, psychological, and cultural traits
-legal status

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2
Q

Gender role

A

Masculine/feminine

Definition: cultural expectation of behavior for each gender

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3
Q

Genitalia

A

Penis and testes
Vs
Vagina and clitoris

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4
Q

Identity

A

A persons own sense of being male or female

No assurance that ones personal gender identity will be consistent with ones biological sex

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5
Q

Sex is determined by

A

Presence of Y chromosome

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6
Q

Sperm Cells have…..

A

Either Y or X chromosome

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7
Q

Egg cells have ……

A

One X chromosome

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8
Q

Meiosis

A

Reduces 46 chromosomes into 23 to make gametes or eggs or sperm

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9
Q

Male/Female chromosomes

A

Male XY

Female XX

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10
Q

Y Chromosome

A

The smallest

  • 100 genes or less
  • many genes of Y control sperm production and capability to grow testes
  • yet most genes not essential for life
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11
Q

X Chromosome

A

Contains more than 1000 genes

  • genes for color vision, blood clotting and more
  • X in most cells of females are inactivated
    • Barr body
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12
Q

6th Week of prenatal development

A

First six weeks the Gonads and genitalia are undifferentiated

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13
Q

Embryos have two ducts systems

A

Müllerian
And
Wolffian

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14
Q

Müllerian

A

One duct system in embryo

- becomes female reproductive anatomy

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15
Q

Wolffian

A

One duct system in embryo

-becomes male reproductive anatomy

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16
Q

8th-12th week of prenatal development

A

By 8th week Sex chromosome influences anatomical and hormonal development

By 12th week genitalia have been differentiated and usually identifiable as male or female

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17
Q

Male differentiation

A

Determining region of Y called SRY gene and Sox9 gene aid in development of testes
In testes leydig cells produce testosterone

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18
Q

Male differentiation Testosterone

A

Wolffian duct system will develop into epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicles
DHT leads to growth of penis and scrotal sac
Sertoli cells produce Anti-Müllerian hormone
- stops process of female duct system

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19
Q

Female differentiation

A

If no SRY gene undifferentiated gonad will develop into ovary
Müllerian duct system will develop into uterus, Fallopian tubes and upper portion of vagina

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20
Q

Sex differentiation in Brain

A

Sizes differ in men and women

  • parts of frontal Cortex involved in reasoning and decision making are larger in woman
  • males have larger amygdalae which is important in anger and sex drive
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21
Q

Physiological differences

A

Sex differences

  • vary is almost every organ of body
    • M greater lungs n fewer breaths
    • F thin skin and less acne
  • mortality rates
    • M>F
  • drug metabolism
    • F have less enzyme that breaks down alch and become more intoxicated with same Alch
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22
Q

Behavioral differences

A

Gender differences
Gender roles=gender specific behaviors and personalities expected in our culture
Stereotypes
- preconceived ideas about the way men and women act

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23
Q

Interaction between nature and nurture

A
  • biological factors may influence behaviors

- social situation can affect physiology

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24
Dr. Hyde Meta- Analysis
Both are more alike than different | Don't know if differences are nature or nurture
25
Aggression
Males more aggressive - social aggression involves hurting others by damaging their relationships is exhibited by both genders - women have potential to be as aggressive as me. But are under social restrictions
26
Communication styles
``` Men use report talk - transmit info Females use rapport talk - means if sharing and connecting Some lead to miscommunication ```
27
Behavioral differences in sexuality
Men more likely to initiate sex and prefer impersonal and casual sex Women wants relationship sex
28
Gender schemas
A sense of what it means to be male or denial from interactions with others - sex determines how child is treated - Childers. Learn their role through culture defines and roles are learned and acted
29
Intersexuality
Variety of conditions where individuals are born with reproductive or sexual anatomy is ambiguous - female on outside but male on inside - genitals seem in between male and female
30
Greek mythology on intersexuality
``` True hermaphrodites - both ovarian and testicular tissue Very rare Pseudohermaphrodite's - external genitals often mixture of female and male ```
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Intersex
Male and female it discreet or natural categories but socially constructed - doesn't always show at birth - nature doesn't decide where male and female categories stops, humans do
32
Congenital conditions
Present at birth Sex chromosome disorders - disorders affecting prenatal hormonal processes
33
Klinefelters syndrome
``` XXY 47 chromosomes Anatomically males Sterile with undersized penis and testes Little or no sexual activity Some look at gender confusion ```
34
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
``` Rare genetic defect Typically XY Body cells completely or partially insensitive to androgens Two forms of condition -complete or partial AIS ```
35
Complete AIS
Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome | -outward appearance of external genitals are completely female and reared as female
36
Partial AIS
Partial Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome - outward appearance can be from completely female to mixture of male and female to completely male reared as female or male
37
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
Rare atypical genetically induced malfunction if adrenal glands - chromosomally normal female fetus XX Malfunction I adrenal glands causes excess exposure to androgens Enlarged clit and fused labia looks like scrotum Usually treated with surgery or hormone therapy to eliminate ambiguity Develop female gender identity some later assume male gender identity
38
Treatment of intersexuality
90% of cases, Intersex infants male and female undergo genital surgery to make them appear as anatomical females - scarring, many surgeries and sexual difficulties - May not lead to improvement in psychological or social health
39
John Money
Established protocols for treatment of intersexuality that became standards by early 1960's
40
Gender identity
Subjective sense if being a man or woman
41
Transgendered
Whose appearance and/or behavior may not confirm to gender roles - cross dress - transcestite refers to people who cross dress to achieve sexual arousal - sex orientation or identity and gender identity are different issues - May be gay straight or bisexual
42
Transgender Community
A loose association if people who transgress gender norms in a wide variety of ways - unconditional acceptance of freedoms - includes l who feel that male categories are inadequate to describe their experience
43
Transsexual
Person who's gender identity is opposite to his or her biological sex - feel trapped in body of wrong sex - gender dysphoria and unhappy about biological sex - FTM or transman female to male - MTF or trams woman malt to female
44
Origins of transsexuality
Before thought it was due to upbringing Now affected identity before birth - brain anatomy: bed nucleus of stria terminalis - genetic variations - prenatal hormone imbalance or prenatal exposure to drugs
45
Transsexualism
-biologically typical, intact reproductive systems, proper complement of XX XY
46
Respectful Communication with transgender individual
Refer to person as thy would like to be Never out someone Never ask what their genitals look like Make no assumption towards orientation
47
Humans motives for having sex
Procreation, pleasure, financial gain, power, stress relief, social and antisocial reasons Meston and Buss' research on why people have sex
48
Influences sexual expression
Bio, psych, religion, culture and social factors
49
Masturbation
Stimulation of ones own genitals which produces feelings of pleasure and often results in orgasm
50
Masturbation Views
Historically bad behavior because procreation is only for sex 1800s promotion of sexual abstinence simple food and fitness -reverend Sylvester graham: abstinence to prevent loss of vital fluids - doc John Kellogg bland foods dampens sexual desire
51
Maturation factors for frequency
Sex -men more likely than women -women less likely to admit to maturbating Age -teens and college report highest frequency - decreases with age
52
Masturbation Vibrators
Invented in 1880s by Kelsey Stinner | Used by physicians to treat women with hysteria to save time
53
Masturbation concerns
Frequency - No physical or mental problems associated - if it interferes with daily functioning
54
Brain
Largest sex organ - thoughts can either enhance or diminish sexual arousal and activity - erotic dreams occur when sleeping - sexual fantasies
55
Erotic dreams
``` Involuntary Different from fantasies Dreams within erotic content Some can result in orgasm - nocturnal emissions or wet dreams( males) ```
56
Sexual fantasies
Mental imagery that is sexually arousing - most common and private form of sexual expression - while awake - daydreams, masturbation, intercourse
57
Women Fantasies
Fantasize about something done to them - rape fantasies Fantasies tend to be passive and romantic with focus on emotional aspects
58
Male fantasies
Fantasies about doing something to a partner | Tend to be more active, visual, and sexually explicit
59
Erotic Fantasies Functions
``` Source of pleasure and arousal Help to overcome anxiety Mentally rehearse and anticipate new experiences Outlet for forbidden wishes Relief from gender roles expectations You are in control ```
60
Why erotic fantasies are helpful?
May help women to experience arousal and orgasm | Can be an acceptable expression of socially unacceptable behavior
61
Why are erotic fantasies problematic?
Get in the way of intimacy Double standard - causes jealousy Unwanted sexual fantasies in response to childhood abuse Some fantasies should stay fantasies
62
What is sex?
Studies show that opinions are widely divergent and change overtime
63
Interpersonal Sex context
Wendy Maltz(2001) - hierarchy - constructive to destructive to destructive contexts for sexual energy - sex itself is neutral but the intent and consequences lead to pos or neg experiences
64
Interpersonal Sex Starting points
``` Close body contact Embraces Kisses Massages Touches of an erogenous area ```
65
Foreplay
Term can be problematic - sexual activity including touching, cuddling, kissing and manual and oral sexual contact before or without intercourse - outer course: sex activity without penetrations - duration of foreplay: avg time 12 min
66
Kissing
Word is At least 1,200 years old Lips one of the most sensitive part of body Many types of kissing
67
Manual stimulation of genitals and breasts
Touch is important - critical for growth, development, and health - plays role in sexuality
68
Sex toys
Devices used to enhance a persons sexual pleasure during masturbation with partner - used by all ages and orientations - cleanliness of sex toys is crucial due to STIs Examples: dildos, Ben Wa balls, vibrators, pocket pussies, cock rings, nipple clamps, butt plug
69
Vaginal Intercourse
Coitus - erect penis is inserted into vagina - lubrication is important prior to insertion - different preferences - most women don't get orgasm from coitus
70
Genital - genital stimulation
Many different positions - man/woman on top - side by side - doggy style rear entrance
71
Oral genital stimulation
Blowjob or going down - official terms fellatio or cunnilingus Mutual oral sex: 69
72
Anal stimulation
Anus contains dense nerve endings that can respond erotically - manually - called analingus, "rimming" - risky for STI - thin lining high risk HIV
73
Keys to anal stimulation
Use non irritant lube and gentle penetration Enter tilted towards colon Toys or objects should have larger base to avoid 911 Use one condom
74
Communication strategies about sex
Do: right time and place, communicate, honest, respectful, calm, positive mindset, maybe sex therapist Don't: wait too long, rush, avoid issue, change subject, make it a joke, limit yourselfs
75
Sexual arousal
Referred to as turned on or revved up - a state of activation of a complex system of reflexes involving sexual organs, hormones and nervous system which includes the brain - factors of emotions, the level of intimacy between two people and host
76
CNS
Central Nervous System | - all behavior including sexual behavior, is controlled by this system
77
Brain
``` Senses (touch, vision, hearing, olfaction and taste) give info to CNS Behaviors -reflexive Erection -controlled Approach of partner ```
78
SRC (Sexual Response Cycle) Background
``` Individual process Some general physiologic patterns Masters and Johnson 1966 - observed >10.000 episodes of people having sex in lab - 4 stages ```
79
Sexual Response Cycle
4 phases - excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution Same for both sexes Helen Kaplan 1979 added desire
80
Desire
Mental state of desire was not included in HSRC because not physiological response - drive or motivation to seek out sexual objects or to engage in sexual activities - types of desire: proceptivity and arousability
81
Proceptivity in desire
Type of desire | Lust or libido
82
Arousability of desire
Capacity to become aroused once certain triggers are activated/ encountered
83
SRC smililarities
Sexual response cycle - similar for masturbation, manual/oral, coitus, dreaming - intensity and rapidity vary according to the kind of stimulation
84
SRC based on two physiological reactions
Vasocongestion | Myotonia
85
Vasocongestion
``` Body tissues become engorged with blood Normally: inflow=outflow Visible and deeper tissues become warm swollen , red - penis becomes erect - vaginal tissue swells - other areas: nipples and earlobes ```
86
Myotonia
``` Increased muscle tension Voluntary flexing Involuntary muscle contractions - facial grimaces - spasmodic contractions of limbs - orgasmic contractions ```
87
SRC Excitement
Phase 1 Increased myotonia and vasocongestion, heart rate and blood pressure Length of phase is variable - increases in vasocongestion, myotonia, blood pressure and heart rate - sex flush and nipple erections occur ( common in females)
88
SRC Plateau
Misnomer: many changes occur Powerful surge of sexual tension - increase in heart rate, breathing, BP - usually brief seconds to minutes - myotonia becomes pronounced which may include involuntary contractions of hands and feet - heart rate blood pressure and breathing increases
89
SRC Orgasm
Series of muscular contractions of pelvic muscles at peak if sexual arousal - waves of pleasure - feeling of euphoria - brain areas related to reward are activated while amygdala shuts down Two stages
90
Two stages of orgasm
Emission - seminal fluids move into upper urethra Ejaculation -sperm and semen from penis
91
Retrograde ejaculation
Ejaculated fluid enters man bladder rather than leaving body Male orgasm
92
Faking orgasm
Why? | -fatigue,stress, distracted, want to end sex, avoid embarassment, illness
93
SRC Resolution
Sexual systems return to non excited Begins immediately after orgasm Men erection subsides, scrotum relaxes, testes drop - myotonia goes away and heart rate BP and breathing returns to normal Sex flush disappears
94
Refractory period
Following ejaculation, men are unable to reach orgasm for minutes or longer
95
Pheromones
Chemicals released by individual that changes the physiology or behavior of another individual
96
Vomeronasal organ
VNO organ that detects pheromones in many species
97
Aphrodisiacs
Substance that are thought to arouse or increase sexual response Only works if they believes it works -herbs plants, tea, zinc, vitamin E, arginine, dugs, poppers
98
Anaphrodisiac
Substance that diminishes sexual desire | -antidepressants, opioids, nicotine, aspirin
99
Aging Women
``` Intensity of response cycle decreases Vasocongestion occurs slower Intercourse might become painful Reduced contractions at orgasm More difficulties to reach orgasm More rapid resolution phase ```
100
Aging Men
``` Intensity and duration of response reduced Slower, less firm erection Less myotonia Delayed ejaculation/ greater control Decline in intensity of orgasm More rapid resolution ```
101
Factors that affect sexual arousal
Spectatoring External factors Emotions Physical concerns
102
Sense vision
Both genders respond to visual stimuli
103
Sense taste
Intimate sense because object must be taken into body through the mouth
104
Sense hearing
Sounds can both enhance or lessen arousal
105
Sense smell
Or olfaction - signals from olfactory system in humans travel directly to lambic system - some smells increase or decrease arousal
106
Rape
Unwanted sexual penetration of the vagina, mouth or ants by use of force - doesn't have to be physical violence
107
Sexual assault
Sexual contact or activity that occurs without consent
108
Myths about rape
Women really want to be raped Men who rape do so because they can control their desires Rape is usually committed by psychopathic strangers Only women can be raped
109
Stranger Rape
Only 17% of rapes against women and only 23% of rapes against men are committed by a stranger Rapists that attach strangers are most likely to reoffend
110
Acquaintance and Date Rape
80% to 90% of rapes are done by someone they know | Most of these rapes are never reported
111
Partner Rape
Until 1993 it was legal for a man to force his wife to have sex with him Least likely to be reported Motives are dominance and degradation
112
Gang Rape
Victim is raped by a group of assailants | Tend to be more violent than attacks by one rapist
113
Statutory rape
Rape of someone who is not a child but below age of consent | - age or consent varies from state to state usually 14 to 18
114
Alcohol and rape
Alch is one of the strongest predictors if acquaintance rape and sexual aggression Alcohol specialized and environment increases risky behaviors and limits knew ability to consider negative consequences
115
Date rape drugs
Drugs to help commit a sexual assault Have amnesiac, disinhibition and dissociative properties Roofies, like Valium but 10x stronger
116
Child Sex Abuse
Inappropriate sexual behavior between child and adult
117
Types of Child Abuse
Incest | Pedophillia or Molestation
118
Incest
Sexual contact between a child and an adult who is related to him or her
119
Pedophillia or Molestation
Sexual contact between a child and a non related adult
120
Types of Sexual Harassment
Quid Pro Quo | Hostile Environment
121
Quid Pro Quo
Latin term meaning something for something | When compliance with unwanted sexual advances is required as condition of employment or advancement
122
Hostile Environment
When persistent and inappropriate behaviors make the workplace offensive or unbearable
123
Vanilla
Bland, commonplace heterosexual sexual activities
124
Kink
Umbrella term, fetishes, BDSM
125
Love involves
Concern for well being of another Desire for physical presence and emotional support Longing for intimate, confidential communication
126
Love
Feeling of pleasure in another's happiness | Feeling of pain in another's harm
127
Kinds of love
``` Romantic Platonic Self Limerence Unconditional Tough Maternal/paternal Companion Brotherly ```
128
Eros love
Romantic passionate love
129
Mania love
Manic love combo of Eros and ludus
130
Ludus love
Ludicrous love game playing and scoring
131
Agape love
Altruistic and selfless love. Combo of Eros and storge.
132
Storge love
Deep compassionate attachment deep friendship or no sexual affection
133
Pragma love
Pragmatic love combines the cold conscious elements of ludic love with storgic love
134
What exactly is love?
Endorphins
135
Endorphins
Oxytocin, phenylethylamine, vasopressin, dopamine, serotonin
136
Serotonin
Neurotransmitter Low levels associated with depression and OCD Low levels in people who have recently fallen in love
137
Dopamine
Neurotransmitter | Attention, exhilaration, loss of sleep & appetite, anxiety
138
Phenylethylamine
Love drug Increase levels of dopamine and norepinephrine High levels associated with love and orgasm
139
Vasopressin
Fluid regulation Blood pressure Memory formation Pair bonding
140
Oxytocin
``` Uterine functions Release of breast milk Reduction of stress hormones Trust and empathy Pair bonding positive judgements ```
141
Why do we fall in love?
Behavioral reinforcement Evolution Psychological arousal
142
Paraphilias
Persistanent & atypical sexual interest in non human objects, physically or emotionally painful experiences, or non-consenting or sexually immature individuals Noncoercive Coercive
143
BDSM
Bondage/Discipline Dominance/Submission Sadism/Masochism
144
Safe
Consider physical health Know risks and how to minimize Seek education Listen to gut
145
Sane
Clear mined, self control and judge your actions Differ fantasy and reality Consider participants Protect against unreasonable emotional harm Consider mental health
146
Consensual
``` All parties must give consent No one is forced or coerced Make boundaries Hard limits must be respected Age of consent ```

Bio 30 (2 decks)

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